Business English is a newly developed applied discipline quite different from the traditional English discipline, and it requires different qualities for Business English teachers. This paper attempts to explore the s...Business English is a newly developed applied discipline quite different from the traditional English discipline, and it requires different qualities for Business English teachers. This paper attempts to explore the specific professional qualities required of Business English teachers and put forward teacher development mechanisms for the purpose of promoting professionalism of Business English teachers and facilitating construction and development of the Business English discipline.展开更多
The increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide and the global warming due to its greenhouse effect resulted in worldwide concerns. On the other hand, carbon dioxide might be considered as a valuable and renewable carbon s...The increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide and the global warming due to its greenhouse effect resulted in worldwide concerns. On the other hand, carbon dioxide might be considered as a valuable and renewable carbon source. One approach to reduce carbon dioxide emissions could be its capture and recycle via transformation into chemicals using the technologies in C1 chemistry. Despite its great interest, there are difficulties in CO2 separation on the one hand, and thermodynamic stability of carbon dioxide molecule rendering its chemical activity low on the other hand. Carbon dioxide has been already used in petrochemical industries for production of limited chemicals such as urea. The utilization of carbon dioxide does not necessarily involve development of new processes, and in certain processes such as methanol synthesis and methane steam reforming, addition of CO2 into the feed results in its utilization and increases carbon efficiency. In other cases, modifications in catalyst and/or processes, or even new catalysts and processes, are necessary. In either case, catalysis plays a crucial role in carbon dioxide conversion and effective catalysts are required for commercial realization of the related processes. Technologies for CO2 utilization are emerging after many years of research and development efforts.展开更多
The Clean Development Mechanism,a flexibility mechanism contained in the KyotoProtocol, offers China an important tool to attractinvestment in clean energy technology and processesinto its electricity sector. The Chin...The Clean Development Mechanism,a flexibility mechanism contained in the KyotoProtocol, offers China an important tool to attractinvestment in clean energy technology and processesinto its electricity sector. The Chinese electricitysector places centrally in the country’s economy andenvironment, being a significant contributor to theacid rain and air pollution problems that plague manyof China’s cities and regions, and therefore a focusof many related energy and environmental policies.China’s electricity sector has also been the subjectof a number of economic analyses that have showedthat it contains the highest potential for clean energyinvestment through the Clean DevelopmentMechanism of any economic sector in China. Thismechanism, through the active participation frominvestors in more industrialized countries, can helpalleviate the environmental problems attributable toelectricity generation in China through advancingsuch technology as wind electricity generation, cleancoal technology, high efficient natural gas electricitygeneration, or utilization of coal mine methane. Inthis context, the Clean Development Mechanismalso compliments a range of environmental and energypolicies which are strategizing to encourage thesustainable development of China’s economy.展开更多
China is now facing huge pressure from both the domestic concern of energy security and the global community's call for emission reduction commitment.As one of the major energy consumers and greenhouse gas emitter...China is now facing huge pressure from both the domestic concern of energy security and the global community's call for emission reduction commitment.As one of the major energy consumers and greenhouse gas emitters,China's iron and steel industry has a huge clean development mechanism(CDM) potential.This article both quantitatively and qualitatively analyzes the current status of CDM project activities in the iron and steel industry in China,including characteristics of approved project types,applicable methodologies,and potential technology fields.From the perspective of project implementation,the article summarizes development barriers such as high investment risk,difficulty in project identification,strict requirements on PPDs,long registration waiting time,and etc.Policy suggestions are also put forwarded to help better promote the development of CDM projects in the iron and steel industry.展开更多
This paper presents a three-stage hypothesis on the development of creative industrial clusters, which includes stages of agglomeration, interfacing, and network development. In the first stage, micro-entities concent...This paper presents a three-stage hypothesis on the development of creative industrial clusters, which includes stages of agglomeration, interfacing, and network development. In the first stage, micro-entities concentrate geographically in a creative industrial cluster in search of resources. The second stage reflects the need for building identity. Finally, the third stage is the outcome of multi-dimensional expansion. As a creative industrial cluster develops, its focus moves from geographic concentration to division of labor and the creation of novel systems. Using this three-stage framework, this paper conducts an empirical study on Beijing＇s 798 District （＂798＂）. Our study finds that the ＂self-destruction ＂phenomenon （which appeared after 798 had reached the stage of network development in a low-level capacity） is essentially the product of a squeezing effect of commercial prosperity on art production. Our study further examines four models of art-commerce integration and explains the ways in which creative industrial clusters are different from conventional industrial clusters： a creative cluster is a platform of integration for culture, commerce, and technology. Its course of development is characterized by novelty, emergence of identity through interfacing, and network cooperation.展开更多
Alzheimer’s disease （AD） is an age-related eurodegenerative disease that represents the most common cause of dementia among the elderly people. With the increasingly aging population, AD has presented an overwhelmi...Alzheimer’s disease （AD） is an age-related eurodegenerative disease that represents the most common cause of dementia among the elderly people. With the increasingly aging population, AD has presented an overwhelming healthcare challenge to modern society; the World Alzheimer Report 2015 has estimated that 46.8 million people worldwide lived with dementia in 2015 and this number will rise to 74.7 million in 2030 and that the total cost of dementia was 818 billion in US$ in 2015 and will reach two trillion in 2030. Post-mortem studies have identified two histopathological hallmarks in the brains of AD patients; extracellular senile plaque with elevated deposition of amyloid β （Aβ） peptides, and intracellular neurofibrillary tangle composed of hyper-phosphorylated microtubule-associated protein tau.Etiologically, progressive neuronal loss within the cerebral cortex and hippocampus regions of the brain leads to irreversible decline in, and eventually complete loss of, memory and other cognitive functions that afflict AD patients. The widely-accepted amyloid cascade hypothesis for AD pathogenesis holds that accumulation and aggregation of neurotoxic Aβ peptides, due to imbalance of their generation and clearance as a result of changes in genetic makeup, aging and/or exposure to environmental risk factors, is a major and early trigger of AD. This hypothesis has continuously gained support by preclinical and clinical studies （Selkoe and Hardy, 2016）. However, the intensive and costly drug discovery efforts over the past decades based on such a hypothesis have proved extremely frustrating in developing effective therapeutics to treat or slow down the progress of AD, highlighting the need for more research to improve our understanding towards the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which Aβ peptides bring about neurotoxicity and cognitive dysfunction.展开更多
Since the launch of the economic reform and opening to the outside world, China has seen rapid growth in its export of mechanical and electrical products, with its export
This paper summarizes the results of the implementation of the CDM in Argentina during the first period of commitment of the Kyoto Protocol. From a total of sixty- five projects ideas, forty-four achieved registration...This paper summarizes the results of the implementation of the CDM in Argentina during the first period of commitment of the Kyoto Protocol. From a total of sixty- five projects ideas, forty-four achieved registration under the CDM EB while the rest remained approved at national level (12), under evaluation (2), suspended (5) or rejected (2). Most of the projects focused on the generation of electricity from renewable energy, mainly wind energy and the use of landfill gas and methane for energy. Emissions reductions achieved 33.4% of the expected CERs up to 2012 with strong differences among sectors. Results demonstrated that under the current Argentina’s energy policy framework, the income by the selling of CERs covered less than 6% of the incremental costs for renewable energy projects. A sensitivity analysis to evaluate the impact of CDM in the coverage of incremental costs for renewable energy based on the prices of both the energy in the local market and the CER demonstrated that the best conditions would only cover 15% of those costs. The contribution of CDM to technology transfer in Argentina was minor considering that 45% of the projects qualified as type III where technological learning and capacity building were limited at the level of operation and maintenance of a foreign technology. Domestic and external barriers that prevented a better performance of CDM projects in terms of GHG mitigation, technology transfer and the contribution to a sustainable development were also analyzed.展开更多
Global climate change has been identified as the first of the top ten environmental problems in the world. As climate change will have serious effects on the social and economic development and everyday, living of peo...Global climate change has been identified as the first of the top ten environmental problems in the world. As climate change will have serious effects on the social and economic development and everyday, living of people in the world, many of the countries and governments are taking untiring efforts to combat climate change. As one of the important mechanisms of reducing greenhouse gas （GHG） emissions in the Kyoto Protocol, Clean Development Mechanism （CDM） has not only provided chance for developed countries to fulfill greenhouse emission reduction obligations, but also provided an opportunity for developing countries to combat climate change under the sustainable development frame. The dual objectives of developed countries＇ GHG emissions＇ reduction obligation achievement and developing cotmtries＇sustainable development will be achieved under the CDM. As a country with responsibility; China has been positively developing CDM projects and promoting energy saving and emissions reduction during the three yeors after the Kyoto Protocol came into force, and CDM projects development has always been in the front tank in the world. However; as the vast clime within China, notable differences occur in different regions. In order to promote the CDM development in China, it is necessa^T to have regional CDM capability construction in accordance with the practicality in different regions. Based on the Slat Analysis of developed CDM projects and current CDM development status in China, problems in the CDM development of China, including the inefficiency in small and medium-sized CDM Projects＇ development, over centralization of CDM development scope and especially the differentiated provincial CDM projects developing capability are pointed out in the paper： What＇s more, reasons for the problems are analyzed from fire leading.factors, including policy orient, information asymmetry and weak CDM capability, In order to promote CDM projects development in China, a new CDM capability, construction model is put forward in the paper.展开更多
There are abundant energy reserves such as oil,natural gas,hydrate,and wind energy in the ocean.Countries around the globe are competing to advance their marine energy development technologies.The exploitation of mari...There are abundant energy reserves such as oil,natural gas,hydrate,and wind energy in the ocean.Countries around the globe are competing to advance their marine energy development technologies.The exploitation of marine resources relies on cutting-edge industrial equipment.After decades of R&D endeavors,China has obtained most of the key technologies for the design,production,testing,and field application of marine energy development equipment(Xie and Zeng,2021).展开更多
The ancient underground cavern of Longyou has a history of more than 2,000 years,and it exhibits a considerable value in archeology,history,science,and culture;therefore,its protection is of considerable significance....The ancient underground cavern of Longyou has a history of more than 2,000 years,and it exhibits a considerable value in archeology,history,science,and culture;therefore,its protection is of considerable significance.Investigating the development mechanism of vault cracks is an important part of the protection work.Most previous studies have been conducted from a single perspective.展开更多
Smart logistics is a new direction for the development of the current logistics industry. This paper mainly analyzes and summarizes the main development status of China's smart logistics and related policies. It f...Smart logistics is a new direction for the development of the current logistics industry. This paper mainly analyzes and summarizes the main development status of China's smart logistics and related policies. It finds that China's current investment in innovation and the application of smart systems in the smart logistics industry are gradually increasing, indicating that China's entire logistics system is also in constant transition towards smart direction. However, there is still a certain gap between the related technology application level and the international developed countries, and these problems should be solved in a timely manner. At the same time, this paper also puts forward specific suggestions on relevant issues, hoping to provide certain reference value for the development of China's smart logistics business platform model and innovation mechanism.展开更多
Background:Since its inception,clinical pharmacy has played an increasingly significant role.However,compared to the successful establishment of pioneering Western countries,the outcomes of later-developing countries,...Background:Since its inception,clinical pharmacy has played an increasingly significant role.However,compared to the successful establishment of pioneering Western countries,the outcomes of later-developing countries,despite substantial investments,have been less than ideal.Methods:This article adopts a two-tier comparison approach and a philosophical integration method.Results:At the first-tier level,this article examines the current status of clinical pharmacy in advanced countries,highlighting the differences and commonalities among the models adopted by countries such as the USA,the UK,and Japan.Subsequently,at the second-tier level,it analyzes the evolutionary trajectory of the“human-medication”relationship from a sociological perspective,derives the driving force of organizational“common goal orientation”from a management perspective,and identifies three types of“macro-micro inconsistencies”from a policy perspective:disruptive,counter-pulling,and insoluble.To penetrate and converge the above dimensions,this article integrates philosophical considerations from the theory of knowledge.Transitioning from multi-faceted interpretations to ontological research,it points out that the essence of clinical pharmacy development lies in the expansion of World 3 and the complementation of new Interactional Expertise.Conclusion:Clinical pharmacy is a combination of total increase in statistical knowledge and individualized precise application.Late-developing countries,including China,must especially recognize this essence when formulating and implementing relevant policies.展开更多
The Northeastern China cold vortex(NCCV)is one type of strong cyclonic vortex that occurs near Northeastern China(NEC),and NCCV activities are typically accompanied by a series of hazardous weather.This paper employed...The Northeastern China cold vortex(NCCV)is one type of strong cyclonic vortex that occurs near Northeastern China(NEC),and NCCV activities are typically accompanied by a series of hazardous weather.This paper employed an automatic algorithm to identify the NCCVs from 1979 to 2018 and analyzed their circulation patterns and climatic impacts by using the defined NCCV intensity index(NCCVI).The analysis revealed that the NCCV activities in summer exhibited a strong inter-annual variability,with an obvious periodicity of 3-4 years and 6-7 years,but without significant trends.In years when the NCCVI was high,NEC experienced negative geopotential height anomalies,cyclonic circulation,and cooler temperature anomalies,which were conducive to the maintenance and development of NCCV activities.Furthermore,large amounts of water vapor converged in NEC through two transportation routes as the NCCVs intensified,leading to a significant positive(negative)correlation with the summer precipitation(surface temperature)in NEC.The Atlantic sea surface temperature(SST)anomalies were closely related to summer NCCV activities.As the Atlantic SST rose,large amounts of surface sensible and latent heat flux were transported into the lower troposphere,inducing a positive geopotential height anomaly that occurred on the east side of the heat source.As a result,an eastward diverging flow was formed in the upper troposphere and propagated downstream,i.e.,the eastward propagating Rossby wave train,which eventually led to a coupled circulation in the Ural Mountains and NEC,as well as more intensive NCCV activities in summer.展开更多
Tamarix nabkha is one of the most widespread nabkhas, distributing in the arid region of China. Based on the observations outdoors and the simulation experiments in laboratories, analysis in this paper refers to the b...Tamarix nabkha is one of the most widespread nabkhas, distributing in the arid region of China. Based on the observations outdoors and the simulation experiments in laboratories, analysis in this paper refers to the biological geomorphologic features and growth process of Tamarix nabkhas in the middle and lower reaches of the Hotan River, Xinjiang. And the results indicate that the ecological type of Tamarix in the study area is a kind of Tugaic soil habitat based on the deep soil of the Populus Diversifolia forests and shrubs. This type of habitat can be divided into three kinds of sub-habitats which demonstrate the features of ecological environment of Tamarix nabkhas during the differential developed phases. Meanwhile, the Tamar, ix nabkha can exert intensified disturbance current on wind-sand flow on the ground,and its root and stems not only have strong potential of sprouting but are characteristic of wind erosion-tolerance, resistance to be buried by sand and respectively tough rigid of the lignified branches, for it has a rather longer life-time. Thus, the wind speed profile influenced by the Tamarix nabkha is different from the Phragmites nabkha and Alhagi nabkha. And the structure of the wind flow is beneficial to aeolian sand accumulating in/around Tamarix shrub, which can create unique Tamarix nabkhas with higher average gradient and longer periodicity of life. Tamarix nabkha evolution in the area experienced three stages： growth stage, mature and steady stage and withering stage. In each stage, morphological features and geomorphic process of Tamarix nabkha are different due to the discrep- ant interaction between the nabkha and aeolian sand flow.展开更多
In this paper, a heavy sea fog event occurring over the Yellow Sea on 11 April 2004 was investigated based upon observational and modeling analyses. From the observational analyses, this sea fog event is a typical adv...In this paper, a heavy sea fog event occurring over the Yellow Sea on 11 April 2004 was investigated based upon observational and modeling analyses. From the observational analyses, this sea fog event is a typical advection cooling case. Sea surface temperature(SST) and specific humidity(SH) show strong gradients from south to north, in which warm water is located in the south and consequently, moisture is larger in the south than in the north due to evaporation processes. After fog formation, evaporation process provides more moisture into the air and further contributes to fog evolution. The sea fog event was reproduced by the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System(RAMS) reasonably. The roles of important physical processes such as radiation, turbulence as well as atmospheric stratification in sea fog's structure and its formation mechanisms were analyzed using the model results. The roles of long wave radiation cooling, turbulence as well as atmospheric stratification were analyzed based on the modeling results. It is found that the long wave radiative cooling at the fog top plays an important role in cooling down the fog layer through turbulence mixing. The fog top cooling can overpower warming from the surface. Sea fog develops upward with the aid of turbulence. The buoyancy term, i.e., the unstable layer, contributes to the generation of TKE in the fog region. However, the temperature inversion layer prevents fog from growing upward.展开更多
In concert with developments in global trade and energy resource transportation, there has been a marked increase in reliance on overseas shipping. Unimpeded marine transportation has therefore become a key issue whic...In concert with developments in global trade and energy resource transportation, there has been a marked increase in reliance on overseas shipping. Unimpeded marine transportation has therefore become a key issue which influences national maritime interests including the security of trade and energy resources. A strategic shipping pivot thus performs a vital controlling function for global shipping networks. In this study strategic shipping pivots are defined and subdivided into sea hubs, channels and areas. We then develop a model to identify strategic shipping pivots on a global scale. The results show that, depending on differences in location, function, and type, the concept of strategic shipping pivot permits the identification of both spatial and structural differentiation with respect to strategic hubs, corridors, and seas. Now 44 strategic hubs have formed across the globe. These hubs have become the control centers of local shipping network organization. At the same time, seven strategic corridors containing most shipping routes and transportation capacity connect important sea areas, and permit a high-degree of control over the transport of strategic materials. The strategic seas, the Caribbean, the Mediterranean, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific provide vital import and export pathways, so that the formation of strategic shipping pivots is mainly influenced by factors such as physical geographical conditions, the spatial distribution of socio-economic activities, business organization, technical progress, geopolitical patterns and geopolitical disputes. Physical geographical conditions provide the potential foundations for strategic shipping pivots, while the spatial distribution of socio-economic activities and communications determine the strategic value of these points. Finally, business organization, technical progress, and geopolitical disputes all function to strengthen the strategic mechanisms and the mutagenicity of strategic shipping pivots.展开更多
Postoperative adhesion(POA)widely occurs in soft tissues and usually leads to chronic pain,dysfunction of adjacent organs and some acute complications,seriously reducing patients’quality of life and even being life-t...Postoperative adhesion(POA)widely occurs in soft tissues and usually leads to chronic pain,dysfunction of adjacent organs and some acute complications,seriously reducing patients’quality of life and even being life-threatening.Except for adhesiolysis,there are few effective methods to release existing adhesion.However,it requires a second operation and inpatient care and usually triggers recurrent adhesion in a great incidence.Hence,preventing POA formation has been regarded as the most effective clinical strategy.Biomaterials have attracted great attention in preventing POA because they can act as both barriers and drug carriers.Nevertheless,even though much reported research has been demonstrated their efficacy on POA inhibition to a certain extent,thoroughly preventing POA formation is still challenging.Meanwhile,most biomaterials for POA prevention were designed based on limited experiences,not a solid theoretical basis,showing blindness.Hence,we aimed to provide guidance for designing anti-adhesion materials applied in different soft tissues based on the mechanisms of POA occurrence and development.We first classified the postoperative adhesions into four categories according to the different components of diverse adhesion tissues,and named them as“membranous adhesion”,“vascular adhesion”,“adhesive adhesion”and“scarred adhesion”,respectively.Then,the process of the occurrence and development of POA were analyzed,and the main influencing factors in different stages were clarified.Further,we proposed seven strategies for POA prevention by using biomaterials according to these influencing factors.Meanwhile,the relevant practices were summarized according to the corresponding strategies and the future perspectives were analyzed.展开更多
The railway is an indispensable feature of a nation’s infrastructure,and the gauge isan internal and objective technical regulation of the railway.In the large-scale regional space,the track gauges reflect the develo...The railway is an indispensable feature of a nation’s infrastructure,and the gauge isan internal and objective technical regulation of the railway.In the large-scale regional space,the track gauges reflect the development differences,historical relations and mutual influencesbetween countries and regions.This makes the railway,originally as a regional connection,have special social,political,military and other multiple attributes.Based on this,thepaper,from the perspective of railway gauge,takes the Eurasian continent as the case regionto explore the spatial pattern,formation mechanism and organizational mode of communicationof the Eurasian continental railway geo-system.The results show that 11 kinds of railwaygauge structures exist in Eurasia,which respectively belong to three types of wide-gauge,standard-gauge,and narrow-gauge,but the mainstream gauge only includes 1520 mm,1435mm and 1067 mm.Considerable variation in the coverage length and space range of differentgauges is apparent,which provides a physical and technological basis for railway systemdifferentiation and network fragmentation,which leads to the formation of eight railwaygeo-systems.Due to different modes for railway transport management in different geographicallocations,the geographical pattern and geographical relationship of four transportorganizations are formed.What especially important is the emergence of“1435 gauge space”and“1520 gauge space”,as well as the railway geo-space confrontation between them,onthe Eurasian continent.Besides,we also find that the railway geo-system of Eurasia is mainlyaffected by the technology dissemination,path dependence,geopolitics,national defenseand the colonial expansion of military latitude,and on this basis,five geo-modes of railwaygauge propagation are formed.展开更多
文摘Business English is a newly developed applied discipline quite different from the traditional English discipline, and it requires different qualities for Business English teachers. This paper attempts to explore the specific professional qualities required of Business English teachers and put forward teacher development mechanisms for the purpose of promoting professionalism of Business English teachers and facilitating construction and development of the Business English discipline.
文摘The increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide and the global warming due to its greenhouse effect resulted in worldwide concerns. On the other hand, carbon dioxide might be considered as a valuable and renewable carbon source. One approach to reduce carbon dioxide emissions could be its capture and recycle via transformation into chemicals using the technologies in C1 chemistry. Despite its great interest, there are difficulties in CO2 separation on the one hand, and thermodynamic stability of carbon dioxide molecule rendering its chemical activity low on the other hand. Carbon dioxide has been already used in petrochemical industries for production of limited chemicals such as urea. The utilization of carbon dioxide does not necessarily involve development of new processes, and in certain processes such as methanol synthesis and methane steam reforming, addition of CO2 into the feed results in its utilization and increases carbon efficiency. In other cases, modifications in catalyst and/or processes, or even new catalysts and processes, are necessary. In either case, catalysis plays a crucial role in carbon dioxide conversion and effective catalysts are required for commercial realization of the related processes. Technologies for CO2 utilization are emerging after many years of research and development efforts.
文摘The Clean Development Mechanism,a flexibility mechanism contained in the KyotoProtocol, offers China an important tool to attractinvestment in clean energy technology and processesinto its electricity sector. The Chinese electricitysector places centrally in the country’s economy andenvironment, being a significant contributor to theacid rain and air pollution problems that plague manyof China’s cities and regions, and therefore a focusof many related energy and environmental policies.China’s electricity sector has also been the subjectof a number of economic analyses that have showedthat it contains the highest potential for clean energyinvestment through the Clean DevelopmentMechanism of any economic sector in China. Thismechanism, through the active participation frominvestors in more industrialized countries, can helpalleviate the environmental problems attributable toelectricity generation in China through advancingsuch technology as wind electricity generation, cleancoal technology, high efficient natural gas electricitygeneration, or utilization of coal mine methane. Inthis context, the Clean Development Mechanismalso compliments a range of environmental and energypolicies which are strategizing to encourage thesustainable development of China’s economy.
文摘China is now facing huge pressure from both the domestic concern of energy security and the global community's call for emission reduction commitment.As one of the major energy consumers and greenhouse gas emitters,China's iron and steel industry has a huge clean development mechanism(CDM) potential.This article both quantitatively and qualitatively analyzes the current status of CDM project activities in the iron and steel industry in China,including characteristics of approved project types,applicable methodologies,and potential technology fields.From the perspective of project implementation,the article summarizes development barriers such as high investment risk,difficulty in project identification,strict requirements on PPDs,long registration waiting time,and etc.Policy suggestions are also put forwarded to help better promote the development of CDM projects in the iron and steel industry.
文摘This paper presents a three-stage hypothesis on the development of creative industrial clusters, which includes stages of agglomeration, interfacing, and network development. In the first stage, micro-entities concentrate geographically in a creative industrial cluster in search of resources. The second stage reflects the need for building identity. Finally, the third stage is the outcome of multi-dimensional expansion. As a creative industrial cluster develops, its focus moves from geographic concentration to division of labor and the creation of novel systems. Using this three-stage framework, this paper conducts an empirical study on Beijing＇s 798 District （＂798＂）. Our study finds that the ＂self-destruction ＂phenomenon （which appeared after 798 had reached the stage of network development in a low-level capacity） is essentially the product of a squeezing effect of commercial prosperity on art production. Our study further examines four models of art-commerce integration and explains the ways in which creative industrial clusters are different from conventional industrial clusters： a creative cluster is a platform of integration for culture, commerce, and technology. Its course of development is characterized by novelty, emergence of identity through interfacing, and network cooperation.
基金supported in parts by grants from the Disciplinary Group of Psychology and Neuroscience Xinxiang Medical University,China(2016PN-KFKT-06)Department of Education of Henan Province,China(16IRTSTHN020)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31471118)UK Alzheimer’s Research Trust(ART/PPG2009A/2)
文摘Alzheimer’s disease （AD） is an age-related eurodegenerative disease that represents the most common cause of dementia among the elderly people. With the increasingly aging population, AD has presented an overwhelming healthcare challenge to modern society; the World Alzheimer Report 2015 has estimated that 46.8 million people worldwide lived with dementia in 2015 and this number will rise to 74.7 million in 2030 and that the total cost of dementia was 818 billion in US$ in 2015 and will reach two trillion in 2030. Post-mortem studies have identified two histopathological hallmarks in the brains of AD patients; extracellular senile plaque with elevated deposition of amyloid β （Aβ） peptides, and intracellular neurofibrillary tangle composed of hyper-phosphorylated microtubule-associated protein tau.Etiologically, progressive neuronal loss within the cerebral cortex and hippocampus regions of the brain leads to irreversible decline in, and eventually complete loss of, memory and other cognitive functions that afflict AD patients. The widely-accepted amyloid cascade hypothesis for AD pathogenesis holds that accumulation and aggregation of neurotoxic Aβ peptides, due to imbalance of their generation and clearance as a result of changes in genetic makeup, aging and/or exposure to environmental risk factors, is a major and early trigger of AD. This hypothesis has continuously gained support by preclinical and clinical studies （Selkoe and Hardy, 2016）. However, the intensive and costly drug discovery efforts over the past decades based on such a hypothesis have proved extremely frustrating in developing effective therapeutics to treat or slow down the progress of AD, highlighting the need for more research to improve our understanding towards the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which Aβ peptides bring about neurotoxicity and cognitive dysfunction.
文摘Since the launch of the economic reform and opening to the outside world, China has seen rapid growth in its export of mechanical and electrical products, with its export
文摘This paper summarizes the results of the implementation of the CDM in Argentina during the first period of commitment of the Kyoto Protocol. From a total of sixty- five projects ideas, forty-four achieved registration under the CDM EB while the rest remained approved at national level (12), under evaluation (2), suspended (5) or rejected (2). Most of the projects focused on the generation of electricity from renewable energy, mainly wind energy and the use of landfill gas and methane for energy. Emissions reductions achieved 33.4% of the expected CERs up to 2012 with strong differences among sectors. Results demonstrated that under the current Argentina’s energy policy framework, the income by the selling of CERs covered less than 6% of the incremental costs for renewable energy projects. A sensitivity analysis to evaluate the impact of CDM in the coverage of incremental costs for renewable energy based on the prices of both the energy in the local market and the CER demonstrated that the best conditions would only cover 15% of those costs. The contribution of CDM to technology transfer in Argentina was minor considering that 45% of the projects qualified as type III where technological learning and capacity building were limited at the level of operation and maintenance of a foreign technology. Domestic and external barriers that prevented a better performance of CDM projects in terms of GHG mitigation, technology transfer and the contribution to a sustainable development were also analyzed.
基金supported by National Key Project of ScientificTechnical Supporting Programs Funded by Ministry of Science & Technology of China in the 11th Five-Year Plan (Grant No.2007BAC03A04)
文摘Global climate change has been identified as the first of the top ten environmental problems in the world. As climate change will have serious effects on the social and economic development and everyday, living of people in the world, many of the countries and governments are taking untiring efforts to combat climate change. As one of the important mechanisms of reducing greenhouse gas （GHG） emissions in the Kyoto Protocol, Clean Development Mechanism （CDM） has not only provided chance for developed countries to fulfill greenhouse emission reduction obligations, but also provided an opportunity for developing countries to combat climate change under the sustainable development frame. The dual objectives of developed countries＇ GHG emissions＇ reduction obligation achievement and developing cotmtries＇sustainable development will be achieved under the CDM. As a country with responsibility; China has been positively developing CDM projects and promoting energy saving and emissions reduction during the three yeors after the Kyoto Protocol came into force, and CDM projects development has always been in the front tank in the world. However; as the vast clime within China, notable differences occur in different regions. In order to promote the CDM development in China, it is necessa^T to have regional CDM capability construction in accordance with the practicality in different regions. Based on the Slat Analysis of developed CDM projects and current CDM development status in China, problems in the CDM development of China, including the inefficiency in small and medium-sized CDM Projects＇ development, over centralization of CDM development scope and especially the differentiated provincial CDM projects developing capability are pointed out in the paper： What＇s more, reasons for the problems are analyzed from fire leading.factors, including policy orient, information asymmetry and weak CDM capability, In order to promote CDM projects development in China, a new CDM capability, construction model is put forward in the paper.
文摘There are abundant energy reserves such as oil,natural gas,hydrate,and wind energy in the ocean.Countries around the globe are competing to advance their marine energy development technologies.The exploitation of marine resources relies on cutting-edge industrial equipment.After decades of R&D endeavors,China has obtained most of the key technologies for the design,production,testing,and field application of marine energy development equipment(Xie and Zeng,2021).
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41672321)Special research project of Shaanxi Provincial Education Department(16JK1489).
文摘The ancient underground cavern of Longyou has a history of more than 2,000 years,and it exhibits a considerable value in archeology,history,science,and culture;therefore,its protection is of considerable significance.Investigating the development mechanism of vault cracks is an important part of the protection work.Most previous studies have been conducted from a single perspective.
文摘Smart logistics is a new direction for the development of the current logistics industry. This paper mainly analyzes and summarizes the main development status of China's smart logistics and related policies. It finds that China's current investment in innovation and the application of smart systems in the smart logistics industry are gradually increasing, indicating that China's entire logistics system is also in constant transition towards smart direction. However, there is still a certain gap between the related technology application level and the international developed countries, and these problems should be solved in a timely manner. At the same time, this paper also puts forward specific suggestions on relevant issues, hoping to provide certain reference value for the development of China's smart logistics business platform model and innovation mechanism.
基金Funded by Stable Funding for General Research Projects in Higher Education Institutions:Research on the Patterns of Shifts in the World’s Scientific Centers and Shenzhen’s Construction as a Global Talent and Innovation Center(WDZC20231127152239002).
文摘Background:Since its inception,clinical pharmacy has played an increasingly significant role.However,compared to the successful establishment of pioneering Western countries,the outcomes of later-developing countries,despite substantial investments,have been less than ideal.Methods:This article adopts a two-tier comparison approach and a philosophical integration method.Results:At the first-tier level,this article examines the current status of clinical pharmacy in advanced countries,highlighting the differences and commonalities among the models adopted by countries such as the USA,the UK,and Japan.Subsequently,at the second-tier level,it analyzes the evolutionary trajectory of the“human-medication”relationship from a sociological perspective,derives the driving force of organizational“common goal orientation”from a management perspective,and identifies three types of“macro-micro inconsistencies”from a policy perspective:disruptive,counter-pulling,and insoluble.To penetrate and converge the above dimensions,this article integrates philosophical considerations from the theory of knowledge.Transitioning from multi-faceted interpretations to ontological research,it points out that the essence of clinical pharmacy development lies in the expansion of World 3 and the complementation of new Interactional Expertise.Conclusion:Clinical pharmacy is a combination of total increase in statistical knowledge and individualized precise application.Late-developing countries,including China,must especially recognize this essence when formulating and implementing relevant policies.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(41975073,42274215)Wuxi University Research Start-up Fund for Introduced Talents (2023r037)+1 种基金Qinglan Project of Jiangsu Province for DING Liu-guan"333"Project of Jiangsu Province for DING Liu-guan
文摘The Northeastern China cold vortex(NCCV)is one type of strong cyclonic vortex that occurs near Northeastern China(NEC),and NCCV activities are typically accompanied by a series of hazardous weather.This paper employed an automatic algorithm to identify the NCCVs from 1979 to 2018 and analyzed their circulation patterns and climatic impacts by using the defined NCCV intensity index(NCCVI).The analysis revealed that the NCCV activities in summer exhibited a strong inter-annual variability,with an obvious periodicity of 3-4 years and 6-7 years,but without significant trends.In years when the NCCVI was high,NEC experienced negative geopotential height anomalies,cyclonic circulation,and cooler temperature anomalies,which were conducive to the maintenance and development of NCCV activities.Furthermore,large amounts of water vapor converged in NEC through two transportation routes as the NCCVs intensified,leading to a significant positive(negative)correlation with the summer precipitation(surface temperature)in NEC.The Atlantic sea surface temperature(SST)anomalies were closely related to summer NCCV activities.As the Atlantic SST rose,large amounts of surface sensible and latent heat flux were transported into the lower troposphere,inducing a positive geopotential height anomaly that occurred on the east side of the heat source.As a result,an eastward diverging flow was formed in the upper troposphere and propagated downstream,i.e.,the eastward propagating Rossby wave train,which eventually led to a coupled circulation in the Ural Mountains and NEC,as well as more intensive NCCV activities in summer.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.40461002 The Key Project of the Ministry of Education, N0.205184
文摘Tamarix nabkha is one of the most widespread nabkhas, distributing in the arid region of China. Based on the observations outdoors and the simulation experiments in laboratories, analysis in this paper refers to the biological geomorphologic features and growth process of Tamarix nabkhas in the middle and lower reaches of the Hotan River, Xinjiang. And the results indicate that the ecological type of Tamarix in the study area is a kind of Tugaic soil habitat based on the deep soil of the Populus Diversifolia forests and shrubs. This type of habitat can be divided into three kinds of sub-habitats which demonstrate the features of ecological environment of Tamarix nabkhas during the differential developed phases. Meanwhile, the Tamar, ix nabkha can exert intensified disturbance current on wind-sand flow on the ground,and its root and stems not only have strong potential of sprouting but are characteristic of wind erosion-tolerance, resistance to be buried by sand and respectively tough rigid of the lignified branches, for it has a rather longer life-time. Thus, the wind speed profile influenced by the Tamarix nabkha is different from the Phragmites nabkha and Alhagi nabkha. And the structure of the wind flow is beneficial to aeolian sand accumulating in/around Tamarix shrub, which can create unique Tamarix nabkhas with higher average gradient and longer periodicity of life. Tamarix nabkha evolution in the area experienced three stages： growth stage, mature and steady stage and withering stage. In each stage, morphological features and geomorphic process of Tamarix nabkha are different due to the discrep- ant interaction between the nabkha and aeolian sand flow.
基金supported by the 201205010-5 program of the State Oceanic Administration of China and the Natural Science Foundation of China under the grant 41306028partly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under the grant number, 406750060 and 41275049+5 种基金the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology under the 863 Project grant number 2006 AA09Z151the Chinese Meteorological Administration under the grant number GYHY(QX)200706031the China Scholarship Council for the financial support to his study in NOAA from 2008 to 2010, which enables him to participate in the present worksupported by China postdoctoral funding under the grant 2012M511545the Natural Science Foundation of China under the grant 41305086supported by the open project of the Lab. of Physical Oceanography, Ocean University of China
文摘In this paper, a heavy sea fog event occurring over the Yellow Sea on 11 April 2004 was investigated based upon observational and modeling analyses. From the observational analyses, this sea fog event is a typical advection cooling case. Sea surface temperature(SST) and specific humidity(SH) show strong gradients from south to north, in which warm water is located in the south and consequently, moisture is larger in the south than in the north due to evaporation processes. After fog formation, evaporation process provides more moisture into the air and further contributes to fog evolution. The sea fog event was reproduced by the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System(RAMS) reasonably. The roles of important physical processes such as radiation, turbulence as well as atmospheric stratification in sea fog's structure and its formation mechanisms were analyzed using the model results. The roles of long wave radiation cooling, turbulence as well as atmospheric stratification were analyzed based on the modeling results. It is found that the long wave radiative cooling at the fog top plays an important role in cooling down the fog layer through turbulence mixing. The fog top cooling can overpower warming from the surface. Sea fog develops upward with the aid of turbulence. The buoyancy term, i.e., the unstable layer, contributes to the generation of TKE in the fog region. However, the temperature inversion layer prevents fog from growing upward.
基金The Strategic Priority Research Program of the CAS,No.XDA20010101National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.41571113The Key Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,No.ZDRW-ZS-2017-4
文摘In concert with developments in global trade and energy resource transportation, there has been a marked increase in reliance on overseas shipping. Unimpeded marine transportation has therefore become a key issue which influences national maritime interests including the security of trade and energy resources. A strategic shipping pivot thus performs a vital controlling function for global shipping networks. In this study strategic shipping pivots are defined and subdivided into sea hubs, channels and areas. We then develop a model to identify strategic shipping pivots on a global scale. The results show that, depending on differences in location, function, and type, the concept of strategic shipping pivot permits the identification of both spatial and structural differentiation with respect to strategic hubs, corridors, and seas. Now 44 strategic hubs have formed across the globe. These hubs have become the control centers of local shipping network organization. At the same time, seven strategic corridors containing most shipping routes and transportation capacity connect important sea areas, and permit a high-degree of control over the transport of strategic materials. The strategic seas, the Caribbean, the Mediterranean, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific provide vital import and export pathways, so that the formation of strategic shipping pivots is mainly influenced by factors such as physical geographical conditions, the spatial distribution of socio-economic activities, business organization, technical progress, geopolitical patterns and geopolitical disputes. Physical geographical conditions provide the potential foundations for strategic shipping pivots, while the spatial distribution of socio-economic activities and communications determine the strategic value of these points. Finally, business organization, technical progress, and geopolitical disputes all function to strengthen the strategic mechanisms and the mutagenicity of strategic shipping pivots.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.32171345,T2288101,U20A20390,and 11827803)Fok Ying Tung Education Foundation(No.141039)+1 种基金International Joint Research Center of Aerospace Biotechnology and Medical Engineering,Ministry of Science and Technology of China,the 111 Project(No.B13003)the Academic Excellence Foundation of BUAA for PhD Students.
文摘Postoperative adhesion(POA)widely occurs in soft tissues and usually leads to chronic pain,dysfunction of adjacent organs and some acute complications,seriously reducing patients’quality of life and even being life-threatening.Except for adhesiolysis,there are few effective methods to release existing adhesion.However,it requires a second operation and inpatient care and usually triggers recurrent adhesion in a great incidence.Hence,preventing POA formation has been regarded as the most effective clinical strategy.Biomaterials have attracted great attention in preventing POA because they can act as both barriers and drug carriers.Nevertheless,even though much reported research has been demonstrated their efficacy on POA inhibition to a certain extent,thoroughly preventing POA formation is still challenging.Meanwhile,most biomaterials for POA prevention were designed based on limited experiences,not a solid theoretical basis,showing blindness.Hence,we aimed to provide guidance for designing anti-adhesion materials applied in different soft tissues based on the mechanisms of POA occurrence and development.We first classified the postoperative adhesions into four categories according to the different components of diverse adhesion tissues,and named them as“membranous adhesion”,“vascular adhesion”,“adhesive adhesion”and“scarred adhesion”,respectively.Then,the process of the occurrence and development of POA were analyzed,and the main influencing factors in different stages were clarified.Further,we proposed seven strategies for POA prevention by using biomaterials according to these influencing factors.Meanwhile,the relevant practices were summarized according to the corresponding strategies and the future perspectives were analyzed.
基金The Strategic Priority Research Program of the CAS,No.XDA20010101The Key Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,No.ZDRW-ZS-2017-4。
文摘The railway is an indispensable feature of a nation’s infrastructure,and the gauge isan internal and objective technical regulation of the railway.In the large-scale regional space,the track gauges reflect the development differences,historical relations and mutual influencesbetween countries and regions.This makes the railway,originally as a regional connection,have special social,political,military and other multiple attributes.Based on this,thepaper,from the perspective of railway gauge,takes the Eurasian continent as the case regionto explore the spatial pattern,formation mechanism and organizational mode of communicationof the Eurasian continental railway geo-system.The results show that 11 kinds of railwaygauge structures exist in Eurasia,which respectively belong to three types of wide-gauge,standard-gauge,and narrow-gauge,but the mainstream gauge only includes 1520 mm,1435mm and 1067 mm.Considerable variation in the coverage length and space range of differentgauges is apparent,which provides a physical and technological basis for railway systemdifferentiation and network fragmentation,which leads to the formation of eight railwaygeo-systems.Due to different modes for railway transport management in different geographicallocations,the geographical pattern and geographical relationship of four transportorganizations are formed.What especially important is the emergence of“1435 gauge space”and“1520 gauge space”,as well as the railway geo-space confrontation between them,onthe Eurasian continent.Besides,we also find that the railway geo-system of Eurasia is mainlyaffected by the technology dissemination,path dependence,geopolitics,national defenseand the colonial expansion of military latitude,and on this basis,five geo-modes of railwaygauge propagation are formed.
