Emitting alarm calls may be costly,but few studies have asked whether calling increases a caller’s risk of predation and survival.Since observing animals calling and being killed is relatively rare,we capitalized on ...Emitting alarm calls may be costly,but few studies have asked whether calling increases a caller’s risk of predation and survival.Since observing animals calling and being killed is relatively rare,we capitalized on over 24,000 h of observations of marmot colonies and asked whether variation in the rate that yellow-bellied marmots(Marmota faviventer)alarm called was associated with the probability of summer mortality,a proxy for predation.Using a generalized mixed model that controlled for factors that infuenced the likelihood of survival,we found that marmots who called at higher rates were substantially more likely to die over the summer.Because virtually all summer mortality is due to predation,these results suggest that calling is indeed costly for marmots.Additionally,the results from a Cox survival analysis showed that marmots that called more lived signifcantly shorter lives.Prior studies have shown that marmots reduce the risk by emitting calls only when close to their burrows,but this newly quantifed survival cost suggests a constraint on eliminating risks.Quantifying the cost of alarm calling using a similar approach in other systems will help us better understand its true costs,which is an essential value for theoretical models of calling and social behavior.展开更多
In the 21st century,as algorithmic hegemony reconfigures global security architectures,war gaming methodologies have been strategically reconstituted through national security frameworks.These encompass military simul...In the 21st century,as algorithmic hegemony reconfigures global security architectures,war gaming methodologies have been strategically reconstituted through national security frameworks.These encompass military simulation training,gamified military exercises,and virtual reality battlefield projections.Against the backdrop of intensifying global security crises,postcolonial resurgence,and accelerated technological innovation,this study employs national security theory to analyze the multifaceted roles of Western war gaming in advancing military-technological innovation,disseminating strategic cultural paradigms,and reshaping public consciousness.Through empirical case studies,it investigates how such practices generate novel forms of strategic deterrence while critically assessing their implications for the evolving global security landscape.展开更多
基金National Geographic Society,UCLA(Faculty Senate and the Division of Life Sciences),a Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory research fellowship,NSF IDBR-0754247,and DEB-1119660 and 1557130 all to D.T.B.DBI-0242960,0731346,1226713,and 1755522 to the RMBL.K.A.was a NSF GRFP fellow during the fnal preparation of this MS。
文摘Emitting alarm calls may be costly,but few studies have asked whether calling increases a caller’s risk of predation and survival.Since observing animals calling and being killed is relatively rare,we capitalized on over 24,000 h of observations of marmot colonies and asked whether variation in the rate that yellow-bellied marmots(Marmota faviventer)alarm called was associated with the probability of summer mortality,a proxy for predation.Using a generalized mixed model that controlled for factors that infuenced the likelihood of survival,we found that marmots who called at higher rates were substantially more likely to die over the summer.Because virtually all summer mortality is due to predation,these results suggest that calling is indeed costly for marmots.Additionally,the results from a Cox survival analysis showed that marmots that called more lived signifcantly shorter lives.Prior studies have shown that marmots reduce the risk by emitting calls only when close to their burrows,but this newly quantifed survival cost suggests a constraint on eliminating risks.Quantifying the cost of alarm calling using a similar approach in other systems will help us better understand its true costs,which is an essential value for theoretical models of calling and social behavior.
基金Funded by Hunan Provincial College Students Innovation Project(S202490002265).
文摘In the 21st century,as algorithmic hegemony reconfigures global security architectures,war gaming methodologies have been strategically reconstituted through national security frameworks.These encompass military simulation training,gamified military exercises,and virtual reality battlefield projections.Against the backdrop of intensifying global security crises,postcolonial resurgence,and accelerated technological innovation,this study employs national security theory to analyze the multifaceted roles of Western war gaming in advancing military-technological innovation,disseminating strategic cultural paradigms,and reshaping public consciousness.Through empirical case studies,it investigates how such practices generate novel forms of strategic deterrence while critically assessing their implications for the evolving global security landscape.
