Free will is difficult to classify with respect to determinism or indeterminism, and its phenomenology in consciousness often shows both aspects. Initially, it is felt as unlimited and indeterminate will power, with t...Free will is difficult to classify with respect to determinism or indeterminism, and its phenomenology in consciousness often shows both aspects. Initially, it is felt as unlimited and indeterminate will power, with the potentiality of multiple choices. Thereafter, reductive deliberation is led by determinism to the final decision, which realises only one of the potential choices. The reductive deliberation phase tries to find out the best alternative and simultaneously satisfying vague motivations, contextual conditions and personal preferences. The essential sense of free will is the introduction of personal preferences, which allows a higher diversity of reactions to vague motivations. With an oversimplified model of determinism as a chain of events, incompatibilists define ＂free＂ as ＂undetermined＂ so that determinism becomes incompatible with any free choice between alternatives. In consciousness, free will requires a more complex model of network determinism as well as the consideration of unconsciousness as a causal factor. When ＂free＂ defined as ＂undetermined＂ is applied to the context of consciousness, it should be reinterpreted as ＂unconscious of being determined＂ or not aware of underlying determinism. Lacking information on determinism generates a feeling of ＂free＂ in consciousness and, therefore, gives the impression of indeterminism. Lacking information may be induced by an uncertain future without determined events--an unconscious past with biological reactions suddenly emerging from the unconsciousness or an unknown present unable to distinguish determinism of complex events. Therefore, at the level of human consciousness, the experience of free will is associated with apparent indeterminism although it is based on unconscious determinism. The concepts of compatibilism and incompatibilism are only two different aspects of the same phenomenon and correspond to consciousness and unconsciousness. Nevertheless, they can be considered together with a free will concept based on relativity depending on two different reference frames--the first person＇s experience frame or the Laplace＇s demon frame with knowledge on every molecule of the universe. Only relativity of the free will concept avoids the contradiction between ＂free＂ and ＂unfree＂ for the same phenomenon and could be a compromise for considering compatibilism and incompatibilism equally.展开更多
By Invoking symmetry principle, we present a self-consistent interpretation of the existing quantum theory which explains why our world is fundamentally indeterministic and that why non-local quantum jumps occur. Symm...By Invoking symmetry principle, we present a self-consistent interpretation of the existing quantum theory which explains why our world is fundamentally indeterministic and that why non-local quantum jumps occur. Symmetry principle dictates that the concept of probability is more fundamental than the notion of the wave function in that the former can be derived directly from symmetries rather than have to be assumed as an additional axiom. It is argued that the notion of quantum probability and that of the wavefunction are intimately connected.展开更多
Estimating causal effects is a principal goal in epidemiology and other branches of science. Nonetheless, what constitutes an effect and which measure of effect is pre-ferred are unsettled questions. I argue that, und...Estimating causal effects is a principal goal in epidemiology and other branches of science. Nonetheless, what constitutes an effect and which measure of effect is pre-ferred are unsettled questions. I argue that, under indeterminism, an effect is a change in the tendency of the outcome variable to take each of its values, and then present a critical analysis of commonly used measures of effect and the measures of frequency from which they are calculated. I conclude that all causal effects should be quantified using a unifying measure of effect called the log likelihood ratio (which is the log probability ratio when the outcome is a discrete variable). Furthermore, I suggest that effects should be estimated for all causal contrasts of the causal variable (i.e., expo-sure), on all values of the outcome variable, and for all time intervals between the cause and the outcome. This goal should be kept in mind in practical approximations.展开更多
Irreducible indeterminism is considered by most physicists as an ontological interpretation of quantum mechanics, which attributes inherent indeterminism to elementary paJcticles. This view was extrapolated by von Neu...Irreducible indeterminism is considered by most physicists as an ontological interpretation of quantum mechanics, which attributes inherent indeterminism to elementary paJcticles. This view was extrapolated by von Neumann from the atomocosm to the entire universe. Heisenberg proposed an epistemic interpretation, postulating that indeterminism stems from ambivalent detection systems, rather than being a characteristic of elementary particles Transformative detection that inherently affects the measured phenomena is responsible for the indeterminism in the atomocosm. As the same does not generally hold true in the macrocosm, this discrepancy has led to the notion of the Heisenberg cut. As explained by Heisenberg＇s microscope example, high-energy light can displace electrons from their atomic shells in the atomocosm, but would not induce the same effect on objects in the macrocosm, thus rendering such detection neutral. Therefore, detection systems are ambivalent in that they can be transformative under the cut and neutral otherwise. Device variation is found under and above the cut and is the essential cause of outcome variability in the macrocosm. Thus, two completely different categories of indeterminism exist simultaneously under the Heisenberg cut, but only one is found above the cut, known as measurement variations of devices. Experimental exploration of elementary paJcticle behaviors is possible only with the help of detection systems. If these systems affect particle characteristics in any way, this would be sufficient to explain the irreducible quantum mechanical indeterminism. Consequently, the true behavior of elementary particles, whether indeterminist or determinist, would never be detectable. Above the cut, on the other hand, variations in device performance are inevitable, due to reducible perturbing factors, inducing measurement wJciation of devices Heisenberg discovered a general principle of ambivalent detection systems, which can also be found in the macrocosm. In the Wilson Cloud Chamber, vapor is an ambivalent detection system, since high-energy charged particles would produce straight tracks, whereas those of lower energy would leave an irregular trace. According to the epistemic interpretation, von Neumann＇s extrapolation of irreducible quantum mechanical indeterminism to the entire universe would not be necessary, thereby avoiding the uncomfortable conclusion that the entire universe is based on indeterminism展开更多
This paper explores the ideological and political education teaching practice in the new media marketing course based on Bandura’s triadic reciprocal determinism.It first analyzes the appropriateness of the triadic r...This paper explores the ideological and political education teaching practice in the new media marketing course based on Bandura’s triadic reciprocal determinism.It first analyzes the appropriateness of the triadic reciprocal determinism,then points out the issues in the ideological and political education of the new media marketing course in terms of“individual,”“behavior,”and“environment,”and finally proposes implementation paths for the ideological and political education teaching in the new media marketing course:curriculum ideological and political education content design based on individual cognition,curriculum ideological and political education participation based on behavioral patterns,and curriculum ideological and political education support based on environmental factors.展开更多
In recent years,researchers have extensively investigated the Hankel determinant,which consists of coefficients appearing in a holomorphic function’s Taylor-Maclaurin series.Hankel matrices are widely used in Markov ...In recent years,researchers have extensively investigated the Hankel determinant,which consists of coefficients appearing in a holomorphic function’s Taylor-Maclaurin series.Hankel matrices are widely used in Markov processes,non-stationary signals,and other mathematical disciplines.The aim of the current research article is to first improve the bounds of coefficient-related problems by employing the well-known Carathéodory function.The problems that we are going to improve were obtained by Tang et al.The sharp estimates of the most difficult problem of geometric function theory known as the third-order Hankel determinant are also contributed here.Zalcman and Fekete-Szegöinequalities are also studied here for the defined family of holomorphic functions.展开更多
[Objectives]To determine the content of Zhuang medicine Sauropus spatulifolius Beille from Guangxi.[Methods]The amino acid content of S.spatulifolius Beille was determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometry(UVs).The con...[Objectives]To determine the content of Zhuang medicine Sauropus spatulifolius Beille from Guangxi.[Methods]The amino acid content of S.spatulifolius Beille was determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometry(UVs).The content of kaempferol-3-O-gentiobioside in S.spatulifolius Beille was determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS).Pesticide residues in S.spatulifolius Beille were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS).Heavy metal elements arsenic(As),cadmium(Cd),and lead(Pb)in S.spatulifolius Beille were detected by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS).[Results]The amino acid content in S.spatulifolius Beille was 3.233 mg/g,with a relative standard deviation(RSD)of 0.36%.The content of kaempferol-3-O-gentiobioside was 1.15μg/mL.No pesticide residues or heavy metals were detected in the S.spatulifolius Beille medicinal material.[Conclusions]This study improves the quality control system for S.spatulifolius Beille and provides a reference basis for the quality standard control of Zhuang medicine S.spatulifolius Beille from Guangxi.展开更多
HIV-indeterminate Western blotting(WB)results are typically obtained in WB confirmatory assays,and the number of indeterminate samples may increase with the detection of HIV infections,which will present considerable ...HIV-indeterminate Western blotting(WB)results are typically obtained in WB confirmatory assays,and the number of indeterminate samples may increase with the detection of HIV infections,which will present considerable challenges for the management of HIV/AIDS.Nucleic acid detection has been used as a laboratory test for screening suspected or indeterminate samples.However,the effectiveness of these assays for the differential diagnosis of HIV-indeterminate WB samples remained undetermined.In this study,210 subjects with HIV-indeterminate WB results were detected from 6360 positive HIV screening samples between 2015 and 2016 in southeastern China,in which HIV-indeterminate WB results accounted for 3.30%.The highest proportion of indeterminate results was observed in pregnant and lying-in women receiving physical examinations(16.67%),followed by that in voluntary blood donors(8.82%).The most common WB band patterns were p24,gpl60 and p24,and gpl60.The follow-up study revealed that the highest negative and positive conversion rates of HIV antibodies were in samples with a single p24 band(80.28%),and with gpl60 and p24 bands(86.21%),respectively.Among the Env,Gag,and Pol antibodies,samples with a Gag band showed the highest negative conversion rate(81.25%),whereas the highest positive conversion rate was observed in samples with an Env band(56.76%).In addition,quantitative and qualitative HIV nucleic acid testing exhibited the highest sensitivity(96.3%)and specificity(97.85%),respectively.Our results indicate a lower proportion of HIV indeterminate WB results in southeastern China compared to previous reports,and the follow-up re-examination of patients with HIV indeterminate results should be performed.Nucleic acid testing facilitates the identification of HIV infections.展开更多
AIM:To investigate the clinicopathologic parameters of pulmonary metastasis in colorectal cancer(CRC) patients after lung operation of indeterminate pulmonary nodules(IPNs).METHODS:From a prospective database of CRCpa...AIM:To investigate the clinicopathologic parameters of pulmonary metastasis in colorectal cancer(CRC) patients after lung operation of indeterminate pulmonary nodules(IPNs).METHODS:From a prospective database of CRCpatients,40 cases that underwent lung operation between November 2008 and December 2012 for suspicious metastatic pulmonary nodules on chest computed tomography(CT)were enrolled.The decision to perform a lung operation was made if the patient met the following criteria:(1)completely resected or resectable primary CRC;(2)completely resectable IPNs;(3)controlled or controllable extrapulmonary metastasis;and(4)adequate general condition and pulmonary function to tolerate pulmonary operation.Lung operation was performed by a thoracic surgeon without CT-guided biopsy for pathologic confirmation.RESULTS:A total of 40 cases of lung resection was performed in 29 patients.Five patients underwent repeated lung resection.The final pathology result showed metastasis from the CRC in 30 cases(75%)and benign pathology in 10 cases(25%).The primary tumor site was the rectum in 26/30(86.6%)cases with pulmonary metastasis,but only 3/10(30%)cases in the benign group had a primary rectal cancer(P=0.001).Positron emission tomography(PET)-CT was performed for 22/30(73.4%)patients in the lung metastasis group and for 6/10(60.0%)patients in the benign group.PET-CT revealed hot uptake of18fluorine 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose with all IPNs in both groups.The group with pulmonary metastasis had a higher incidence of primary rectal cancer(P=0.001),a more advanced tumor stage(P=0.011),and more frequent lymphatic invasion of tumor cells(P=0.005).Six cases with previous liver metastasectomy were present in the lung metastasis group.Serum carcinoembryonic antigen levels before lung operation were not elevated in any of the patients.CONCLUSION:The stage and location of the primary tumor and tumor cell infiltration of lymphatics provide useful indicators for deciding on lung resection of IPNs in CRC.展开更多
Patients with indeterminate colitis(IC) are significantly younger at diagnosis with onset of symptoms before the age of 18 years with significant morbidity in the interim. The successful care of IC is based on microsc...Patients with indeterminate colitis(IC) are significantly younger at diagnosis with onset of symptoms before the age of 18 years with significant morbidity in the interim. The successful care of IC is based on microscopic visual predict precision of eventual ulcerative colitis(UC) or Crohn's colitis(CC) which is not offered in 15%-30% of inflammatory bowel disease(IBD) patients even after a combined state-of-the-art classification system of clinical, visual endoscopic, radiologic and histologic examination. These figures have not changed over the past 3 decades despite the introduction of newer diagnostic modalities. The patient outcomes after restorative proctocolectomy and ileal pouch-anal anastomosis may be painstaking if IC turns into CC. Our approach is aiming at developing a single sensitive and absolute accurate diagnostic test tool during the first clinic visit through endoscopic biopsy derived proteomic patterns. Matrix-assisted-laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry(MS) and/or imaging MS technologies permit a histology-directed cellular test of endoscopy biopsy which identifies phenotype specific proteins, as biomarker that would assist clinicians more accurately delineate IC as beingeither a UC or CC or a non-IBD condition. These novel studies are underway on larger cohorts and are highly innovative with significances in differentiating a UC from CC in patients with IC and could lend mechanistic insights into IBD pathogenesis.展开更多
Biliary strictures are considered indeterminate when basic work-up, including transabdominal imaging and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with routine cytologic brushing, are non-diagnostic. Indeterminat...Biliary strictures are considered indeterminate when basic work-up, including transabdominal imaging and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with routine cytologic brushing, are non-diagnostic. Indeterminate biliary strictures can easily be mischaracterized which may dramatically affect patient's outcome. Early and accurate diagnosis of malignancy impacts not only a patient's candidacy for surgery, but also potential timely targeted chemotherapies. A significant portion of patients with indeterminate biliary strictures have benign disease and accurate diagnosis is, thus, paramount to avoid unnecessary surgery. Current sampling strategies have suboptimal accuracy for the diagnosis of malignancy. Emerging data on other diagnostic modalities, such as ancillary cytology techniques, single operator cholangioscopy, and endoscopic ultrasonography-guided fine needle aspiration, revealed promising results with much improved sensitivity.展开更多
Using the finite determinacy relation with the regular sequence in the Ring Theory and the complete intersection in Analytic Geometry, the finite indeterminacy of homogeneous polynomial germs under some subgroups R1（...Using the finite determinacy relation with the regular sequence in the Ring Theory and the complete intersection in Analytic Geometry, the finite indeterminacy of homogeneous polynomial germs under some subgroups R1（r） of R in both real and complex case is proven by the homogeneity of the polynomial germs. It results in the finite determinacy of homogeneous polynomial germs needn＇t be discussed respectively.展开更多
The FCSE controlling equation of pinned thinwalled curve box was derived and the indeterminate problem of continuous thin-walled curve box with diaphragm was solved based on flexibility theory. With Bayesian statistic...The FCSE controlling equation of pinned thinwalled curve box was derived and the indeterminate problem of continuous thin-walled curve box with diaphragm was solved based on flexibility theory. With Bayesian statistical theory,dynamic Bayesian error function of displacement parameters of indeterminate curve box was founded. The corresponding formulas of dynamic Bayesian expectation and variance were deduced. Combined with one-dimensional Fibonacci automatic search scheme of optimal step size,the Powell optimization theory was utilized to research the stochastic identification of displacement parameters of indeterminate thin-walled curve box. Then the identification steps were presented in detail and the corresponding calculation procedure was compiled. Through some classic examples,it is obtained that stochastic performances of systematic parameters and systematic responses are simultaneously deliberated in dynamic Bayesian error function. The one-dimensional optimization problem of the optimal step size is solved by adopting Fibonacci search method. And the Powell identification of displacement parameters of indeterminate thin-walled curve box has satisfied numerical stability and convergence,which demonstrates that the presented method and the compiled procedure are correct and reliable.During parameters鈥？iterative processes,the Powell theory is irrelevant with the calculation of finite curve strip element（FCSE） partial differentiation,which proves high computation effciency of the studied method.展开更多
Different histopathological manifestations of focal liver lesions show varying common and uncommon imaging findings and some pathologies may show similar appearance despite of different histopathology.It is necessary ...Different histopathological manifestations of focal liver lesions show varying common and uncommon imaging findings and some pathologies may show similar appearance despite of different histopathology.It is necessary to characterise focal liver lesions accurately as not only benign and malignant lesions are managed differently,but also certain benign lesions have differing management.These lesions are increasingly being detected due to rapid growth of use of crosssectional imaging as well as improvement in image quality and new imaging techniques.Contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)is considered the gold standard technique in characterising focal liver lesions.Addition of gadoxetic acid has been shown to significantly increase diagnostic accuracy in the detection and characterization of liver abnormalities.Classic imaging characteristics of common liver lesions,including their behaviour on gadoxetic acid enhanced MRI,have been described in literature over recent years.It is important to be familiar with the typical aspects of these lesions as well as know the uncommon and overlapping imaging features to reach an accurate diagnosis.In this article,we will review the well-described characteristic imaging findings of common and rare focal liver lesions and present several challenging cases encountered in the clinical setting,namely hepatocellular adenoma,focal nodular hyperplasia,hepatic angiomyolipoma,hepatocellular carcinoma,intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma,neuroendocrine tumours as well as a pleomorphic liposarcoma of the liver.展开更多
The paper presents the principles of a method, which in two simple stages makes possible to carry out the statically calculation of values of forces acting in the fiat static indeterminate trusses. In each stage, it i...The paper presents the principles of a method, which in two simple stages makes possible to carry out the statically calculation of values of forces acting in the fiat static indeterminate trusses. In each stage, it is considered the static determinate truss, scheme of which is obtained after remove the suitable number of members from the basic static indeterminate truss. The both intermediate statically determinate trusses are of the same clear span and they are loaded by forces of half values applied to the corresponding truss nodes. The method applies one of the typical procedures of calculation of the statically determinate trusses and then it is applied in an appropriate way the rule of superposition for obtaining the final values of forces acting in particular members of the basic truss. The values of forces calculated in this way are of a very close approximation to the force values determined in the special and complex ways being considered as the exact calculation methods. The proposed method can be useful mostly but not only for the initial structural design of such systems. The simplicity of the two-stage method justifies an assumption that it can be relatively easy and worthy to adjust to the requirements of the computer aided technology of statically calculation of the complex forms of trusses.展开更多
BACKGROUND Histological changes after direct-acting antivirals(DAAs)therapy in hepatitis C virus(HCV)patients has not been elucidated.Whether the predominantly progressive,indeterminate and predominately regressive(P-...BACKGROUND Histological changes after direct-acting antivirals(DAAs)therapy in hepatitis C virus(HCV)patients has not been elucidated.Whether the predominantly progressive,indeterminate and predominately regressive(P-I-R)score,evaluating fibrosis activity in hepatitis B virus patients has predictive value in HCV patients has not been investigated.AIM To identify histological changes after DAAs therapy and to evaluate the predictive value of the P-I-R score in HCV patients.METHODS Chronic HCV patients with paired liver biopsy specimens before and after DAAs treatment were included.Sustained virologic response(SVR)was defined as an undetectable serum HCV RNA level at 24 wk after treatment cessation.The Ishak system and P-I-R score were assessed.Inflammation improvement and fibrosis regression were defined as a≥2-points decrease in the histology activity index(HAI)score and a≥1-point decrease in the Ishak fibrosis score,respectively.Fibrosis progression was defined as a≥1-point increase in the Ishak fibrosis score.Histologic improvement was defined as a≥2-points decrease in the HAI score without worsening of the Ishak fibrosis score after DAAs therapy.The P-I-R score was also assessed.“absolutely reversing or advancing”was defined as the same directionality implied by both change in the Ishak score and posttreatment P-I-R score;and“probably reversing or advancing”was defined as only one parameter showing directionality.RESULTS Thirty-eight chronic HCV patients with paired liver biopsy specimens before and after DAAs treatment were included.The mean age of these patients was 40.9±14.6 years and there were 53%(20/38)males.Thirty-four percent(13/38)of patients were cirrhotic.Eighty-two percent(31/38)of patients achieved inflammation improvement.The median HAI score decreased significantly after SVR(pretreatment 7.0 vs posttreatment 2.0,Z=-5.146,P=0.000).Thirty-seven percent(14/38)of patients achieved fibrosis improvement.The median Ishak score decreased significantly after SVR(pretreatment 4.0 vs posttreatment 3.0,Z=-2.354,P=0.019).Eighty-two percent(31/38)of patients showed histological improvement.The P-I-R score was evaluated in 61%(23/38)of patients.The progressive group showed lower platelet(P=0.024)and higher HAI scores(P=0.070)before treatment.In patients with stable Ishak stage after treatment:Progressive injury was seen in 22%(4/18)of patients,33%(6/18)were classified as indeterminate and regressive changes were seen in 44%(8/18)of patients who were judged as probably reversing by the Ishak and P-I-R systems.CONCLUSION Significant improvement of necroinflammation and partial remission of fibrosis in HCV patients occurred shortly after DAAs therapy.The P-I-R score has potential in predicting fibrosis in HCV patients.展开更多
For statically indeterminate structure, the internal force will be changed with the translation of the supports, because the internal force is related to the absolute value of the stiffness EI. When the tension is dif...For statically indeterminate structure, the internal force will be changed with the translation of the supports, because the internal force is related to the absolute value of the stiffness EI. When the tension is different with the compression modulus, EI is the function of internal force and is not constant any more that is different from classic mechanics. In the other words, it is a nonlinear problem to calculate the internal force. The expression for neutral axis of the statically indeterminate structure was derived in the paper. The iterative program for nonlinear internal force was compiled. One case study was presented to illustrate the difference between the results using the different modulus theory and the single modulus theory as in classical mechanics. Finally, some reasonable suggestions were made for the different modulus structures.展开更多
Despite advances in cross-sectional imaging and endoscopic technology,bile duct strictures remain a challenging clinical entity.It is crucial to make an early determination of benign or malignant nature of biliary str...Despite advances in cross-sectional imaging and endoscopic technology,bile duct strictures remain a challenging clinical entity.It is crucial to make an early determination of benign or malignant nature of biliary strictures.Early diagnosis not only helps with further management but also minimizes mortality and morbidity associated with delayed diagnosis.Conventional imaging and endoscopic techniques,particularly endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP)and tissue sampling techniques play a key in establishing a diagnosis.Indeterminate biliary strictures(IDBSs)have no definite mass on imaging or absolute histopathological diagnosis and often warrant utilization of multiple diagnostics to ascertain an etiology.In this review,we discuss possible etiologies,clinical presentation,diagnosis,and management of IDBSs.Based on available data and expert opinion,we depict an evidence based diagnostic algorithm for management of IDBSs.Areas of focus include use of traditional tissue sampling techniques such as ERCP with brush cytology,intraductal biopsies,fluorescence in situ hybridization and flow cytometry.We also describe the role of endoscopic ultrasound(EUS)-guided fine needle aspiration and biopsies,cholangioscopy,confocal laser endomicroscopy,and intraductal EUS in management of IDBSs.展开更多
For A∈CmΧn, if the sum of the elements in each row and the sum of the elements in each column are both equal to 0, then A is called an indeterminate admittance matrix. If A is an indeterminate admit...For A∈CmΧn, if the sum of the elements in each row and the sum of the elements in each column are both equal to 0, then A is called an indeterminate admittance matrix. If A is an indeterminate admittance matrix and a Hermitian matrix, then A is called a Hermitian indeterminate admittance matrix. In this paper, we provide two methods to study the least squares Hermitian indeterminate admittance problem of complex matrix equation (AXB,CXD)=(E,F), and give the explicit expressions of least squares Hermitian indeterminate admittance solution with the least norm in each method. We mainly adopt the Moore-Penrose generalized inverse and Kronecker product in Method I and a matrix-vector product in Method II, respectively.展开更多
文摘Free will is difficult to classify with respect to determinism or indeterminism, and its phenomenology in consciousness often shows both aspects. Initially, it is felt as unlimited and indeterminate will power, with the potentiality of multiple choices. Thereafter, reductive deliberation is led by determinism to the final decision, which realises only one of the potential choices. The reductive deliberation phase tries to find out the best alternative and simultaneously satisfying vague motivations, contextual conditions and personal preferences. The essential sense of free will is the introduction of personal preferences, which allows a higher diversity of reactions to vague motivations. With an oversimplified model of determinism as a chain of events, incompatibilists define ＂free＂ as ＂undetermined＂ so that determinism becomes incompatible with any free choice between alternatives. In consciousness, free will requires a more complex model of network determinism as well as the consideration of unconsciousness as a causal factor. When ＂free＂ defined as ＂undetermined＂ is applied to the context of consciousness, it should be reinterpreted as ＂unconscious of being determined＂ or not aware of underlying determinism. Lacking information on determinism generates a feeling of ＂free＂ in consciousness and, therefore, gives the impression of indeterminism. Lacking information may be induced by an uncertain future without determined events--an unconscious past with biological reactions suddenly emerging from the unconsciousness or an unknown present unable to distinguish determinism of complex events. Therefore, at the level of human consciousness, the experience of free will is associated with apparent indeterminism although it is based on unconscious determinism. The concepts of compatibilism and incompatibilism are only two different aspects of the same phenomenon and correspond to consciousness and unconsciousness. Nevertheless, they can be considered together with a free will concept based on relativity depending on two different reference frames--the first person＇s experience frame or the Laplace＇s demon frame with knowledge on every molecule of the universe. Only relativity of the free will concept avoids the contradiction between ＂free＂ and ＂unfree＂ for the same phenomenon and could be a compromise for considering compatibilism and incompatibilism equally.
文摘By Invoking symmetry principle, we present a self-consistent interpretation of the existing quantum theory which explains why our world is fundamentally indeterministic and that why non-local quantum jumps occur. Symmetry principle dictates that the concept of probability is more fundamental than the notion of the wave function in that the former can be derived directly from symmetries rather than have to be assumed as an additional axiom. It is argued that the notion of quantum probability and that of the wavefunction are intimately connected.
文摘Estimating causal effects is a principal goal in epidemiology and other branches of science. Nonetheless, what constitutes an effect and which measure of effect is pre-ferred are unsettled questions. I argue that, under indeterminism, an effect is a change in the tendency of the outcome variable to take each of its values, and then present a critical analysis of commonly used measures of effect and the measures of frequency from which they are calculated. I conclude that all causal effects should be quantified using a unifying measure of effect called the log likelihood ratio (which is the log probability ratio when the outcome is a discrete variable). Furthermore, I suggest that effects should be estimated for all causal contrasts of the causal variable (i.e., expo-sure), on all values of the outcome variable, and for all time intervals between the cause and the outcome. This goal should be kept in mind in practical approximations.
文摘Irreducible indeterminism is considered by most physicists as an ontological interpretation of quantum mechanics, which attributes inherent indeterminism to elementary paJcticles. This view was extrapolated by von Neumann from the atomocosm to the entire universe. Heisenberg proposed an epistemic interpretation, postulating that indeterminism stems from ambivalent detection systems, rather than being a characteristic of elementary particles Transformative detection that inherently affects the measured phenomena is responsible for the indeterminism in the atomocosm. As the same does not generally hold true in the macrocosm, this discrepancy has led to the notion of the Heisenberg cut. As explained by Heisenberg＇s microscope example, high-energy light can displace electrons from their atomic shells in the atomocosm, but would not induce the same effect on objects in the macrocosm, thus rendering such detection neutral. Therefore, detection systems are ambivalent in that they can be transformative under the cut and neutral otherwise. Device variation is found under and above the cut and is the essential cause of outcome variability in the macrocosm. Thus, two completely different categories of indeterminism exist simultaneously under the Heisenberg cut, but only one is found above the cut, known as measurement variations of devices. Experimental exploration of elementary paJcticle behaviors is possible only with the help of detection systems. If these systems affect particle characteristics in any way, this would be sufficient to explain the irreducible quantum mechanical indeterminism. Consequently, the true behavior of elementary particles, whether indeterminist or determinist, would never be detectable. Above the cut, on the other hand, variations in device performance are inevitable, due to reducible perturbing factors, inducing measurement wJciation of devices Heisenberg discovered a general principle of ambivalent detection systems, which can also be found in the macrocosm. In the Wilson Cloud Chamber, vapor is an ambivalent detection system, since high-energy charged particles would produce straight tracks, whereas those of lower energy would leave an irregular trace. According to the epistemic interpretation, von Neumann＇s extrapolation of irreducible quantum mechanical indeterminism to the entire universe would not be necessary, thereby avoiding the uncomfortable conclusion that the entire universe is based on indeterminism
基金Research on the Teaching Practice of Ideological and Political Education in the New Media Marketing Course from a Three-Way Interactive Perspective under the 2024 Special Project for Curriculum-Based Ideological and Political Education at Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology(PX-2424813)Research on the Teaching Incentive of Xi Jinping’s Important Thoughts on Youth Work in Addressing College Students’Sense of“Powerlessness”under the 2023 General Teaching Research Project at Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology(PX-1923438)。
文摘This paper explores the ideological and political education teaching practice in the new media marketing course based on Bandura’s triadic reciprocal determinism.It first analyzes the appropriateness of the triadic reciprocal determinism,then points out the issues in the ideological and political education of the new media marketing course in terms of“individual,”“behavior,”and“environment,”and finally proposes implementation paths for the ideological and political education teaching in the new media marketing course:curriculum ideological and political education content design based on individual cognition,curriculum ideological and political education participation based on behavioral patterns,and curriculum ideological and political education support based on environmental factors.
基金supported by the NSFC(11561001)the Program for Young Talents of Science and Technology in Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(NJYT18-A14)+4 种基金the NSF of Inner Mongolia(2022MS01004,2020MS01011)the Higher School Foundation of Inner Mongolia(NJZY20200)the Program for Key Laboratory Construction of Chifeng University(CFXYZD202004)the Research and Innovation Team of Complex Analysis and Nonlinear Dynamic Systems of Chifeng University(cfxykycxtd202005)the Youth Science Foundation of Chifeng University(cfxyqn202133).
文摘In recent years,researchers have extensively investigated the Hankel determinant,which consists of coefficients appearing in a holomorphic function’s Taylor-Maclaurin series.Hankel matrices are widely used in Markov processes,non-stationary signals,and other mathematical disciplines.The aim of the current research article is to first improve the bounds of coefficient-related problems by employing the well-known Carathéodory function.The problems that we are going to improve were obtained by Tang et al.The sharp estimates of the most difficult problem of geometric function theory known as the third-order Hankel determinant are also contributed here.Zalcman and Fekete-Szegöinequalities are also studied here for the defined family of holomorphic functions.
基金Supported by Guangxi Key Research and Development Program Project(GuiKe AB18221095)Open Fund Project of Guangxi Key Laboratory of Research on Ethnic Medicinal Plants in the Youjiang River Basin(yykf2024-01)+1 种基金High-level Talent Research Project of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities(1002018079)2023 National-level College Student Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program Project(202310599008).
文摘[Objectives]To determine the content of Zhuang medicine Sauropus spatulifolius Beille from Guangxi.[Methods]The amino acid content of S.spatulifolius Beille was determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometry(UVs).The content of kaempferol-3-O-gentiobioside in S.spatulifolius Beille was determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS).Pesticide residues in S.spatulifolius Beille were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS).Heavy metal elements arsenic(As),cadmium(Cd),and lead(Pb)in S.spatulifolius Beille were detected by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS).[Results]The amino acid content in S.spatulifolius Beille was 3.233 mg/g,with a relative standard deviation(RSD)of 0.36%.The content of kaempferol-3-O-gentiobioside was 1.15μg/mL.No pesticide residues or heavy metals were detected in the S.spatulifolius Beille medicinal material.[Conclusions]This study improves the quality control system for S.spatulifolius Beille and provides a reference basis for the quality standard control of Zhuang medicine S.spatulifolius Beille from Guangxi.
基金supported by grants from the Cultivation of Young Talents Project Fund from the Fujian Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission (Grant No. 2015-ZQN-ZD11)the Pilot Project of Fujian Provincial Department of Science and Technology (Grant No. 2016Y0010)+2 种基金the Jiangsu Provincial Project of Invigorating Health Care through Science, Technology and EducationJiangsu Provincial Medical Youth Talentthe Project of Invigorating Health Care through Science, Technology and Education (Grant No. QNRC2016621)
文摘HIV-indeterminate Western blotting(WB)results are typically obtained in WB confirmatory assays,and the number of indeterminate samples may increase with the detection of HIV infections,which will present considerable challenges for the management of HIV/AIDS.Nucleic acid detection has been used as a laboratory test for screening suspected or indeterminate samples.However,the effectiveness of these assays for the differential diagnosis of HIV-indeterminate WB samples remained undetermined.In this study,210 subjects with HIV-indeterminate WB results were detected from 6360 positive HIV screening samples between 2015 and 2016 in southeastern China,in which HIV-indeterminate WB results accounted for 3.30%.The highest proportion of indeterminate results was observed in pregnant and lying-in women receiving physical examinations(16.67%),followed by that in voluntary blood donors(8.82%).The most common WB band patterns were p24,gpl60 and p24,and gpl60.The follow-up study revealed that the highest negative and positive conversion rates of HIV antibodies were in samples with a single p24 band(80.28%),and with gpl60 and p24 bands(86.21%),respectively.Among the Env,Gag,and Pol antibodies,samples with a Gag band showed the highest negative conversion rate(81.25%),whereas the highest positive conversion rate was observed in samples with an Env band(56.76%).In addition,quantitative and qualitative HIV nucleic acid testing exhibited the highest sensitivity(96.3%)and specificity(97.85%),respectively.Our results indicate a lower proportion of HIV indeterminate WB results in southeastern China compared to previous reports,and the follow-up re-examination of patients with HIV indeterminate results should be performed.Nucleic acid testing facilitates the identification of HIV infections.
文摘AIM:To investigate the clinicopathologic parameters of pulmonary metastasis in colorectal cancer(CRC) patients after lung operation of indeterminate pulmonary nodules(IPNs).METHODS:From a prospective database of CRCpatients,40 cases that underwent lung operation between November 2008 and December 2012 for suspicious metastatic pulmonary nodules on chest computed tomography(CT)were enrolled.The decision to perform a lung operation was made if the patient met the following criteria:(1)completely resected or resectable primary CRC;(2)completely resectable IPNs;(3)controlled or controllable extrapulmonary metastasis;and(4)adequate general condition and pulmonary function to tolerate pulmonary operation.Lung operation was performed by a thoracic surgeon without CT-guided biopsy for pathologic confirmation.RESULTS:A total of 40 cases of lung resection was performed in 29 patients.Five patients underwent repeated lung resection.The final pathology result showed metastasis from the CRC in 30 cases(75%)and benign pathology in 10 cases(25%).The primary tumor site was the rectum in 26/30(86.6%)cases with pulmonary metastasis,but only 3/10(30%)cases in the benign group had a primary rectal cancer(P=0.001).Positron emission tomography(PET)-CT was performed for 22/30(73.4%)patients in the lung metastasis group and for 6/10(60.0%)patients in the benign group.PET-CT revealed hot uptake of18fluorine 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose with all IPNs in both groups.The group with pulmonary metastasis had a higher incidence of primary rectal cancer(P=0.001),a more advanced tumor stage(P=0.011),and more frequent lymphatic invasion of tumor cells(P=0.005).Six cases with previous liver metastasectomy were present in the lung metastasis group.Serum carcinoembryonic antigen levels before lung operation were not elevated in any of the patients.CONCLUSION:The stage and location of the primary tumor and tumor cell infiltration of lymphatics provide useful indicators for deciding on lung resection of IPNs in CRC.
基金Supported by NIH/NIDDK R21DK095186-01A1,Nos.3U54 CA091408–09S1,U54RR026140/U54MD007593,and UL1 RR024975Research Foundation,American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons,Limited Project Grant(LPG-086)
文摘Patients with indeterminate colitis(IC) are significantly younger at diagnosis with onset of symptoms before the age of 18 years with significant morbidity in the interim. The successful care of IC is based on microscopic visual predict precision of eventual ulcerative colitis(UC) or Crohn's colitis(CC) which is not offered in 15%-30% of inflammatory bowel disease(IBD) patients even after a combined state-of-the-art classification system of clinical, visual endoscopic, radiologic and histologic examination. These figures have not changed over the past 3 decades despite the introduction of newer diagnostic modalities. The patient outcomes after restorative proctocolectomy and ileal pouch-anal anastomosis may be painstaking if IC turns into CC. Our approach is aiming at developing a single sensitive and absolute accurate diagnostic test tool during the first clinic visit through endoscopic biopsy derived proteomic patterns. Matrix-assisted-laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry(MS) and/or imaging MS technologies permit a histology-directed cellular test of endoscopy biopsy which identifies phenotype specific proteins, as biomarker that would assist clinicians more accurately delineate IC as beingeither a UC or CC or a non-IBD condition. These novel studies are underway on larger cohorts and are highly innovative with significances in differentiating a UC from CC in patients with IC and could lend mechanistic insights into IBD pathogenesis.
文摘Biliary strictures are considered indeterminate when basic work-up, including transabdominal imaging and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with routine cytologic brushing, are non-diagnostic. Indeterminate biliary strictures can easily be mischaracterized which may dramatically affect patient's outcome. Early and accurate diagnosis of malignancy impacts not only a patient's candidacy for surgery, but also potential timely targeted chemotherapies. A significant portion of patients with indeterminate biliary strictures have benign disease and accurate diagnosis is, thus, paramount to avoid unnecessary surgery. Current sampling strategies have suboptimal accuracy for the diagnosis of malignancy. Emerging data on other diagnostic modalities, such as ancillary cytology techniques, single operator cholangioscopy, and endoscopic ultrasonography-guided fine needle aspiration, revealed promising results with much improved sensitivity.
文摘Using the finite determinacy relation with the regular sequence in the Ring Theory and the complete intersection in Analytic Geometry, the finite indeterminacy of homogeneous polynomial germs under some subgroups R1（r） of R in both real and complex case is proven by the homogeneity of the polynomial germs. It results in the finite determinacy of homogeneous polynomial germs needn＇t be discussed respectively.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (10472045, 10772078 and 11072108)the Science Foundation of NUAA(S0851-013)
文摘The FCSE controlling equation of pinned thinwalled curve box was derived and the indeterminate problem of continuous thin-walled curve box with diaphragm was solved based on flexibility theory. With Bayesian statistical theory,dynamic Bayesian error function of displacement parameters of indeterminate curve box was founded. The corresponding formulas of dynamic Bayesian expectation and variance were deduced. Combined with one-dimensional Fibonacci automatic search scheme of optimal step size,the Powell optimization theory was utilized to research the stochastic identification of displacement parameters of indeterminate thin-walled curve box. Then the identification steps were presented in detail and the corresponding calculation procedure was compiled. Through some classic examples,it is obtained that stochastic performances of systematic parameters and systematic responses are simultaneously deliberated in dynamic Bayesian error function. The one-dimensional optimization problem of the optimal step size is solved by adopting Fibonacci search method. And the Powell identification of displacement parameters of indeterminate thin-walled curve box has satisfied numerical stability and convergence,which demonstrates that the presented method and the compiled procedure are correct and reliable.During parameters鈥？iterative processes,the Powell theory is irrelevant with the calculation of finite curve strip element（FCSE） partial differentiation,which proves high computation effciency of the studied method.
文摘Different histopathological manifestations of focal liver lesions show varying common and uncommon imaging findings and some pathologies may show similar appearance despite of different histopathology.It is necessary to characterise focal liver lesions accurately as not only benign and malignant lesions are managed differently,but also certain benign lesions have differing management.These lesions are increasingly being detected due to rapid growth of use of crosssectional imaging as well as improvement in image quality and new imaging techniques.Contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)is considered the gold standard technique in characterising focal liver lesions.Addition of gadoxetic acid has been shown to significantly increase diagnostic accuracy in the detection and characterization of liver abnormalities.Classic imaging characteristics of common liver lesions,including their behaviour on gadoxetic acid enhanced MRI,have been described in literature over recent years.It is important to be familiar with the typical aspects of these lesions as well as know the uncommon and overlapping imaging features to reach an accurate diagnosis.In this article,we will review the well-described characteristic imaging findings of common and rare focal liver lesions and present several challenging cases encountered in the clinical setting,namely hepatocellular adenoma,focal nodular hyperplasia,hepatic angiomyolipoma,hepatocellular carcinoma,intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma,neuroendocrine tumours as well as a pleomorphic liposarcoma of the liver.
文摘The paper presents the principles of a method, which in two simple stages makes possible to carry out the statically calculation of values of forces acting in the fiat static indeterminate trusses. In each stage, it is considered the static determinate truss, scheme of which is obtained after remove the suitable number of members from the basic static indeterminate truss. The both intermediate statically determinate trusses are of the same clear span and they are loaded by forces of half values applied to the corresponding truss nodes. The method applies one of the typical procedures of calculation of the statically determinate trusses and then it is applied in an appropriate way the rule of superposition for obtaining the final values of forces acting in particular members of the basic truss. The values of forces calculated in this way are of a very close approximation to the force values determined in the special and complex ways being considered as the exact calculation methods. The proposed method can be useful mostly but not only for the initial structural design of such systems. The simplicity of the two-stage method justifies an assumption that it can be relatively easy and worthy to adjust to the requirements of the computer aided technology of statically calculation of the complex forms of trusses.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81870406the Beijing Natural Science Foundation,No.7182174and the China National Science and Technology Major Project for Infectious Diseases Control during the 13th Five-Year Plan Period,No.2017ZX10202202.
文摘BACKGROUND Histological changes after direct-acting antivirals(DAAs)therapy in hepatitis C virus(HCV)patients has not been elucidated.Whether the predominantly progressive,indeterminate and predominately regressive(P-I-R)score,evaluating fibrosis activity in hepatitis B virus patients has predictive value in HCV patients has not been investigated.AIM To identify histological changes after DAAs therapy and to evaluate the predictive value of the P-I-R score in HCV patients.METHODS Chronic HCV patients with paired liver biopsy specimens before and after DAAs treatment were included.Sustained virologic response(SVR)was defined as an undetectable serum HCV RNA level at 24 wk after treatment cessation.The Ishak system and P-I-R score were assessed.Inflammation improvement and fibrosis regression were defined as a≥2-points decrease in the histology activity index(HAI)score and a≥1-point decrease in the Ishak fibrosis score,respectively.Fibrosis progression was defined as a≥1-point increase in the Ishak fibrosis score.Histologic improvement was defined as a≥2-points decrease in the HAI score without worsening of the Ishak fibrosis score after DAAs therapy.The P-I-R score was also assessed.“absolutely reversing or advancing”was defined as the same directionality implied by both change in the Ishak score and posttreatment P-I-R score;and“probably reversing or advancing”was defined as only one parameter showing directionality.RESULTS Thirty-eight chronic HCV patients with paired liver biopsy specimens before and after DAAs treatment were included.The mean age of these patients was 40.9±14.6 years and there were 53%(20/38)males.Thirty-four percent(13/38)of patients were cirrhotic.Eighty-two percent(31/38)of patients achieved inflammation improvement.The median HAI score decreased significantly after SVR(pretreatment 7.0 vs posttreatment 2.0,Z=-5.146,P=0.000).Thirty-seven percent(14/38)of patients achieved fibrosis improvement.The median Ishak score decreased significantly after SVR(pretreatment 4.0 vs posttreatment 3.0,Z=-2.354,P=0.019).Eighty-two percent(31/38)of patients showed histological improvement.The P-I-R score was evaluated in 61%(23/38)of patients.The progressive group showed lower platelet(P=0.024)and higher HAI scores(P=0.070)before treatment.In patients with stable Ishak stage after treatment:Progressive injury was seen in 22%(4/18)of patients,33%(6/18)were classified as indeterminate and regressive changes were seen in 44%(8/18)of patients who were judged as probably reversing by the Ishak and P-I-R systems.CONCLUSION Significant improvement of necroinflammation and partial remission of fibrosis in HCV patients occurred shortly after DAAs therapy.The P-I-R score has potential in predicting fibrosis in HCV patients.
文摘For statically indeterminate structure, the internal force will be changed with the translation of the supports, because the internal force is related to the absolute value of the stiffness EI. When the tension is different with the compression modulus, EI is the function of internal force and is not constant any more that is different from classic mechanics. In the other words, it is a nonlinear problem to calculate the internal force. The expression for neutral axis of the statically indeterminate structure was derived in the paper. The iterative program for nonlinear internal force was compiled. One case study was presented to illustrate the difference between the results using the different modulus theory and the single modulus theory as in classical mechanics. Finally, some reasonable suggestions were made for the different modulus structures.
文摘Despite advances in cross-sectional imaging and endoscopic technology,bile duct strictures remain a challenging clinical entity.It is crucial to make an early determination of benign or malignant nature of biliary strictures.Early diagnosis not only helps with further management but also minimizes mortality and morbidity associated with delayed diagnosis.Conventional imaging and endoscopic techniques,particularly endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP)and tissue sampling techniques play a key in establishing a diagnosis.Indeterminate biliary strictures(IDBSs)have no definite mass on imaging or absolute histopathological diagnosis and often warrant utilization of multiple diagnostics to ascertain an etiology.In this review,we discuss possible etiologies,clinical presentation,diagnosis,and management of IDBSs.Based on available data and expert opinion,we depict an evidence based diagnostic algorithm for management of IDBSs.Areas of focus include use of traditional tissue sampling techniques such as ERCP with brush cytology,intraductal biopsies,fluorescence in situ hybridization and flow cytometry.We also describe the role of endoscopic ultrasound(EUS)-guided fine needle aspiration and biopsies,cholangioscopy,confocal laser endomicroscopy,and intraductal EUS in management of IDBSs.
文摘For A∈CmΧn, if the sum of the elements in each row and the sum of the elements in each column are both equal to 0, then A is called an indeterminate admittance matrix. If A is an indeterminate admittance matrix and a Hermitian matrix, then A is called a Hermitian indeterminate admittance matrix. In this paper, we provide two methods to study the least squares Hermitian indeterminate admittance problem of complex matrix equation (AXB,CXD)=(E,F), and give the explicit expressions of least squares Hermitian indeterminate admittance solution with the least norm in each method. We mainly adopt the Moore-Penrose generalized inverse and Kronecker product in Method I and a matrix-vector product in Method II, respectively.
