Free will is difficult to classify with respect to determinism or indeterminism, and its phenomenology in consciousness often shows both aspects. Initially, it is felt as unlimited and indeterminate will power, with t...Free will is difficult to classify with respect to determinism or indeterminism, and its phenomenology in consciousness often shows both aspects. Initially, it is felt as unlimited and indeterminate will power, with the potentiality of multiple choices. Thereafter, reductive deliberation is led by determinism to the final decision, which realises only one of the potential choices. The reductive deliberation phase tries to find out the best alternative and simultaneously satisfying vague motivations, contextual conditions and personal preferences. The essential sense of free will is the introduction of personal preferences, which allows a higher diversity of reactions to vague motivations. With an oversimplified model of determinism as a chain of events, incompatibilists define ＂free＂ as ＂undetermined＂ so that determinism becomes incompatible with any free choice between alternatives. In consciousness, free will requires a more complex model of network determinism as well as the consideration of unconsciousness as a causal factor. When ＂free＂ defined as ＂undetermined＂ is applied to the context of consciousness, it should be reinterpreted as ＂unconscious of being determined＂ or not aware of underlying determinism. Lacking information on determinism generates a feeling of ＂free＂ in consciousness and, therefore, gives the impression of indeterminism. Lacking information may be induced by an uncertain future without determined events--an unconscious past with biological reactions suddenly emerging from the unconsciousness or an unknown present unable to distinguish determinism of complex events. Therefore, at the level of human consciousness, the experience of free will is associated with apparent indeterminism although it is based on unconscious determinism. The concepts of compatibilism and incompatibilism are only two different aspects of the same phenomenon and correspond to consciousness and unconsciousness. Nevertheless, they can be considered together with a free will concept based on relativity depending on two different reference frames--the first person＇s experience frame or the Laplace＇s demon frame with knowledge on every molecule of the universe. Only relativity of the free will concept avoids the contradiction between ＂free＂ and ＂unfree＂ for the same phenomenon and could be a compromise for considering compatibilism and incompatibilism equally.展开更多
The relationship between language and thought has long been a topic of great interest in the field of linguistics,especially in psycholinguistics.Herder,Humboldt,Trendelenburg Sapir,Whorf,Gui Shichun,Lian Shuneng,and ...The relationship between language and thought has long been a topic of great interest in the field of linguistics,especially in psycholinguistics.Herder,Humboldt,Trendelenburg Sapir,Whorf,Gui Shichun,Lian Shuneng,and Bao Human are some of the well-known scholars who have conducted research on the relationship between language and thought.With regard to the relationship between language and thought,there are three main viewpoints.The first group of scholars,represented by Sapir and Whorf,supports linguistic determinism.Some scholars believe that language and thought are mutually independent.However,others believe that language and thought are inseparable.Beginning from Sapir-Whorf hypothesis and their theory of linguistic determinism and linguistic relativity,this article agrees with the influence of language over thought but refutes the extreme viewpoint of linguistic determinism from several points,proving the independence and mutual influence of language and thought.This article finally concludes that the preferred relationship between language and thought should be that they are independent but interactive.展开更多
Current sciences fail in understanding the future trends of human beings＇ behaviors and cultures. From the hunting tribes to the agricultural society, the civilized country, and then to the industrial society, none o...Current sciences fail in understanding the future trends of human beings＇ behaviors and cultures. From the hunting tribes to the agricultural society, the civilized country, and then to the industrial society, none of these developments is the results of human beings＇ reasonable proposal. The human beings are ＂developed＂, i.e. pushed forward by certain invisible forces. As being cultural, they are dominated by their cultural concepts. To explore the source of every civilization＇s concepts, the formation history of its mythological concepts during the pre-historic period or at the beginning of its civilization shall be studied first. By interpreting the first literature works at the beginning of western civilization, the temporary mythologists reveal the rule that mythological concepts dominate the ritual behaviors and narrative expressions. This paper interprets the historical narratives in Records of the Grand Historian.＂ Annals of the First Emperor of Qin, to reproduce the concepts that dominate China＇s national rulers, present the theory of Mythological Concepts＇ Determinism, and correspond to the counter-force of ideology put forward by Friedrich Engels in his later years and the religious concepts＇ determinism by Max Weber, so as to illustrate the mythological concepts＇ function as the prototype code of ideology, and refer to a common and effective directory approach of social science studies.展开更多
Human beings live amidst several bonds. These bonds often place both internal and external limitations that apparently create the view that a human being has no free will but is determined. This paper explores the con...Human beings live amidst several bonds. These bonds often place both internal and external limitations that apparently create the view that a human being has no free will but is determined. This paper explores the controversial issue whether a human being possesses free will to make free choices or is determined. It is the stance of this study that if one does not have free will then one cannot be morally responsible for one＇s actions and consequently praise and blame would then have no value. The paper, therefore, is of the view that notwithstanding the many bonds within which they live, humans, with their special dignity, have free will that operate within the respective constraints set by the bonds of human life. Furthermore, since morality involves good and bad, the paper asserts that for an act to be designated as morally good or bad, it implies that the agent was free to perform the said act or do otherwise to merit praise or blame respectively. Thus, for human freedom to be significant, it must be responsible.展开更多
Urban development has acquired an important magnitude in touristic places in Greece. Many villages, especially in seaside areas have adapted to touristic requirements by the necessary infrastructures and activities. P...Urban development has acquired an important magnitude in touristic places in Greece. Many villages, especially in seaside areas have adapted to touristic requirements by the necessary infrastructures and activities. Pogonia, located in Vonitsa Etoloakarnanias, is a village which has welcomed the opportunity of touristic development. As a result, the house settlements increased 57.5% during the last 8 years. Urban growth modelling using Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) was applied in order to simulate the urban development in Pogonia village using two methods: determinism and stochasticity. The variables used for deterministic simulation were: distances to roads, urban areas and coastline, slope and elevation. It was found that urban development can be better described using the network of distances between all urban settlements (stochastic approach) rather than using determinism. This can be explained by the importance of the neighbourhood relationships and the interaction between urban settlements, occurred within the interconnected network of the self-organized urban system.展开更多
The existing interpretation of quantum mechanics is contrary to common sense. The existing quantum mechanical interpretation schemes are puzzling. The confusing theory is unconvincing, and needs to be amended and comp...The existing interpretation of quantum mechanics is contrary to common sense. The existing quantum mechanical interpretation schemes are puzzling. The confusing theory is unconvincing, and needs to be amended and completed. The successful interpretation program of quantum mechanics of local-realism and determinism is undoubtedly the most attractive. Preparing the interpretation program deserves to be chosen as a research goal. It is a very good premise to believe that an object particle consists of light-knot of monochromatic waves. According to this premise, the erroneous recognition about “superposition principle, wave-particle duality and uncertainty principle” can be corrected. Under this premise, above research goal is achieved by establishing, applying quantum mechanics inverse measurement theory, adhering to the principle that there must be a complete empirical chain in the derivation process of experimental conclusion, and using the side effect caused by accompanying-light to explain the diffraction experiment of object particles. Electron secondarily diffraction and other experiments directly prove that there is the measurement (observation) which may not destroy quantum coherence. The diffraction experiments of all kinds of particles show that the Keeping and playing of the coherence of moving particles in the vacuum have nothing to do with their previous experience. These are the existing experiments, to be found, that support the theory of quantum inverse measurements. The verification experiment of quantum inverse measurement is designed. The absolute superiorities of quantum inverse measurement and the new view of measurement of quantum mechanics are listed. These superiorities are that: it has the characteristics of local-realism and determinism;it is not contrary to common sense and there is no confusing place;it can predict several phenomena that cannot be predicted by other theories. A solid theoretical foundation has been laid for “correctly understanding the microscopic world” and establishment of local realism quantum mechanics.展开更多
Growth in arthropods in general and in insects in particular, is supposed to be discontinuous and occurs during moulting. In Culicidae in general and <i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"&...Growth in arthropods in general and in insects in particular, is supposed to be discontinuous and occurs during moulting. In Culicidae in general and <i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Anopheles</span></i></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> in particular, the number of moults is five with the fourth which gives the pupae. It is known that moulting in insects is a genetic and physio</span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">logical phenomenon. Most physiological reactions are triggered by chemical or physical stimuli. The pressure exerted by the growth of the larval body on the exocuticle is one of the triggers of moulting. The objective of this work was therefore to determine the exact timing of the first three moults that determine the growth of <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">An. gambiae</span></i></i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> larvae from egg hatch to pupation to highlight the role of increased larval size in the stimulation of moulting. We therefore, undertook to rear larvae of this anopheline species</span><i> </i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in the laboratory under conditions close to their natural environment from hatching to pupation. The length and width of the head, thorax and abdomen were recorded daily. Data analysis showed that the size of the head and thorax remained constant for the first three days (D0 to D2) of development and ab</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">domen’s length for the first two days and then increased daily until day seven (D7) when it stopped. These observations led us to say that the M1 moult occurs at end of the third day of development and the M3 moult at end of the eighth day;the M2 moult could not be determined. All these observations led </span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">to the conclusion that the larval growth of <i> </i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">An. gambiae</span></i></i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> has a continuous</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> regimen and the growth of the head and thorax of the larva plays a crucial role in the onset of moulting.</span>展开更多
Dreiser’s Sister Carrie and Lao She’s Camel Xiangzi are two classic novels.Both of them demonstrate the decisive influence of environmental factors on the characters’destiny.This paper tries to explore their tragic...Dreiser’s Sister Carrie and Lao She’s Camel Xiangzi are two classic novels.Both of them demonstrate the decisive influence of environmental factors on the characters’destiny.This paper tries to explore their tragic fates comparatively based on environmental determinism.Actually,the two protagonists of two novels were both dream chasers in social changes at first,and then they transformed into strugglers under the oppression of patriarchy and biological power,and eventually they became victims of the social values under the fateful role of the environment.Obviously,the fights between the two protagonists and the environment have certain enlightening effects on current human life and the process of urbanization.展开更多
This essay intends to find out the key functions of environment in different periods of Buck's life by further analysis of the author and the novel itself.Besides,under the direction of environmental determinism,t...This essay intends to find out the key functions of environment in different periods of Buck's life by further analysis of the author and the novel itself.Besides,under the direction of environmental determinism,this essay analyzes the reasons that Buck changes into a wild wolf from a civilized dog.展开更多
Objective To explore the factors influencing public health behaviors in China in the context of COVID-19 pandemic,and to propose suggestions and countermeasures for enhancing public health behaviors.Methods A public h...Objective To explore the factors influencing public health behaviors in China in the context of COVID-19 pandemic,and to propose suggestions and countermeasures for enhancing public health behaviors.Methods A public health behavior system based on Bandura’s reciprocal determinism was constructed,and public health behavior was analyzed from the perspective of the interaction of health awareness,health behavior and environment.Results and Conclusion The public health behavior was analyzed through the public health behavior system based on Bandura’s reciprocal determinism,and the results and conclusions were draw.The public can be urged to develop better health beliefs and form better health behaviors by strengthening publicity and interventions,improving personal awareness,and increasing government investment.展开更多
Based on the Many Worlds Interpretation,I describe reality as a multilayer spacetime,where parallel layers play the role of alternative timelines.I link physics to ethics,arguing that one’s moral choices shape one’s...Based on the Many Worlds Interpretation,I describe reality as a multilayer spacetime,where parallel layers play the role of alternative timelines.I link physics to ethics,arguing that one’s moral choices shape one’s course in the multiverse.I consider one’s ethical decisions as decoherence events,leading to movement between alternative timelines,lighter(higher)or heavier(lower)realities.Sometimes in one’s curvilinear path in spacetime,one can even experience falling toward lower layers,slipping through wormholes.This theory supports free will and the simulation hypothesis.With this background,I explore the idea that a new theory of gravity might open new possibilities to shape matter and change our worldview through the invention of new technology,transforming information into waves and then into solid matter,paving the way for a new Multiverse Aeon for humanity.展开更多
The absolute vacuum is the Mocombeian ontological name for the fifth dimensional probability wavefunction(the world of noumena,i.e.,the in-itself)that gives rise to the material worlds,their facts,relations of ideas,a...The absolute vacuum is the Mocombeian ontological name for the fifth dimensional probability wavefunction(the world of noumena,i.e.,the in-itself)that gives rise to the material worlds,their facts,relations of ideas,and mathematical principles,we as a species experience.In this article,I utilize Mocombe’s phenomenological structural epistemology emanating out of the aforementioned ontology of the absolute vacuum to refute Kant’s epistemological unknowability of the noumenal world,i.e.,the absolute vacuum in Mocombeian epistemology.展开更多
This work describes and explains how the concept of God as utilized amongst the human species emerged using Mocombe’s consciousness field theory.I conclude the work by positing,from the revelations of near-death expe...This work describes and explains how the concept of God as utilized amongst the human species emerged using Mocombe’s consciousness field theory.I conclude the work by positing,from the revelations of near-death experiences and other aspects of the categories of the in-itself,how consciousness is manifested as a universal consciousness in the absolute vacuum once it is no longer a part of the world of phenomena,which humans equate with the God concept and phenomenon.Hence,in Mocombeian epistemology and ontology God is the human reification of the universality of the absolute vacuum,which is ontologically real.展开更多
Although inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS) retains high sensitivity and has been intensively used for the measurement of ^(99)Tc, it usually suffers from tedious, expensive, and timeconsuming sample...Although inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS) retains high sensitivity and has been intensively used for the measurement of ^(99)Tc, it usually suffers from tedious, expensive, and timeconsuming sample pretreatments due to the isobaric interferences from ^(99)Ru and ^(98)Mo^(1)H. Herein, capillary electrophoresis(CE) was applied as sample introduction system for the sensitive, and interferencefree determination of ^(99)TcO_(4)^(-) from RuO_(4)^(-), and MoO_(4)^(2-) by ICP-MS with a simple sample treatment. Compared to the conventional methods, the hyphenated CE-ICP-MS avoids the use of expensive separation resins and reduces the consumption of mineral acid, representing a simpler, more efficient and environmentally benign approach. Moreover, the proposed method exhibits higher accuracy compared with the mathematical correction method using the natural isotope ratio of ^(99)Ru and ^(101)Ru, and significantly reduces sample consumption and the amount of waste, thus remarkably alleviating the radioactive exposure to operators and the pressure of radioactive waste treatment. Under the optimized conditions, the detection limits of 25 μg/L and 0.06 μg/L were obtained for RuO_(4)^(-) and ReO_(4)^(-)(Tc was replaced by Re), respectively, with relative standard deviation(RSD) lower than 5%. In addition, efficient recoveries of RuO_(4)^(-),ReO_(4)^(-),and ^(99)TcO_(4)^(-) from simulated Hanford site groundwater were achieved. The method is expected to be a promising candidate for sensitive and accurate analysis of ^(99)Tc from contaminated environmental samples.展开更多
The reaction rate constant is a crucial kinetic parameter that governs the charge and discharge performance of batteries,particularly in high-rate and thick-electrode applications.However,conventional estimation or fi...The reaction rate constant is a crucial kinetic parameter that governs the charge and discharge performance of batteries,particularly in high-rate and thick-electrode applications.However,conventional estimation or fitting methods often overestimate the charge transfer overpotential,leading to substantial errors in reaction rate constant measurements.These inaccuracies hinder the accurate prediction of voltage profiles and overall cell performance.In this study,we propose the characteristic time-decomposed overpotential(CTDO)method,which employs a single-layer particle electrode(SLPE)structure to eliminate interference overpotentials.By leveraging the distribution of relaxation times(DRT),our method effectively isolates the characteristic time of the charge transfer process,enabling a more precise determination of the reaction rate constant.Simulation results indicate that our approach reduces measurement errors to below 2%,closely aligning with theoretical values.Furthermore,experimental validation demonstrates an 80% reduction in error compared to the conventional galvanostatic intermittent titration technique(GITT)method.Overall,this study provides a novel voltage-based approach for determining the reaction rate constant,enhancing the applicability of theoretical analysis in electrode structural design and facilitating rapid battery optimization.展开更多
The Internet of Things(IoT)has orchestrated various domains in numerous applications,contributing significantly to the growth of the smart world,even in regions with low literacy rates,boosting socio-economic developm...The Internet of Things(IoT)has orchestrated various domains in numerous applications,contributing significantly to the growth of the smart world,even in regions with low literacy rates,boosting socio-economic development.This study provides valuable insights into optimizing wireless communication,paving the way for a more connected and productive future in the mining industry.The IoT revolution is advancing across industries,but harsh geometric environments,including open-pit mines,pose unique challenges for reliable communication.The advent of IoT in the mining industry has significantly improved communication for critical operations through the use of Radio Frequency(RF)protocols such as Bluetooth,Wi-Fi,GSM/GPRS,Narrow Band(NB)-IoT,SigFox,ZigBee,and Long Range Wireless Area Network(LoRaWAN).This study addresses the optimization of network implementations by comparing two leading free-spreading IoT-based RF protocols such as ZigBee and LoRaWAN.Intensive field tests are conducted in various opencast mines to investigate coverage potential and signal attenuation.ZigBee is tested in the Tadicherla open-cast coal mine in India.Similarly,LoRaWAN field tests are conducted at one of the associated cement companies(ACC)in the limestone mine in Bargarh,India,covering both Indoor-toOutdoor(I2O)and Outdoor-to-Outdoor(O2O)environments.A robust framework of path-loss models,referred to as Free space,Egli,Okumura-Hata,Cost231-Hata and Ericsson models,combined with key performance metrics,is employed to evaluate the patterns of signal attenuation.Extensive field testing and careful data analysis revealed that the Egli model is the most consistent path-loss model for the ZigBee protocol in an I2O environment,with a coefficient of determination(R^(2))of 0.907,balanced error metrics such as Normalized Root Mean Square Error(NRMSE)of 0.030,Mean Square Error(MSE)of 4.950,Mean Absolute Percentage Error(MAPE)of 0.249 and Scatter Index(SI)of 2.723.In the O2O scenario,the Ericsson model showed superior performance,with the highest R^(2)value of 0.959,supported by strong correlation metrics:NRMSE of 0.026,MSE of 8.685,MAPE of 0.685,Mean Absolute Deviation(MAD)of 20.839 and SI of 2.194.For the LoRaWAN protocol,the Cost-231 model achieved the highest R^(2)value of 0.921 in the I2O scenario,complemented by the lowest metrics:NRMSE of 0.018,MSE of 1.324,MAPE of 0.217,MAD of 9.218 and SI of 1.238.In the O2O environment,the Okumura-Hata model achieved the highest R^(2)value of 0.978,indicating a strong fit with metrics NRMSE of 0.047,MSE of 27.807,MAPE of 27.494,MAD of 37.287 and SI of 3.927.This advancement in reliable communication networks promises to transform the opencast landscape into networked signal attenuation.These results support decision-making for mining needs and ensure reliable communications even in the face of formidable obstacles.展开更多
AlphaPanda(AlphaFold2[1]inspired protein-specific antibody design in a diffusional manner)is an advanced algorithm for designing complementary determining regions(CDRs)of the antibody targeted the specific epitope,com...AlphaPanda(AlphaFold2[1]inspired protein-specific antibody design in a diffusional manner)is an advanced algorithm for designing complementary determining regions(CDRs)of the antibody targeted the specific epitope,combining transformer[2]models,3DCNN[3],and diffusion[4]generative models.展开更多
Fenton/Fenton-like reactions have gained popularity for their remarkable proficiency in decomposing organic pollutants,especially when enhanced by reductants addition for accel-erating the Fe2+regeneration.Nevertheles...Fenton/Fenton-like reactions have gained popularity for their remarkable proficiency in decomposing organic pollutants,especially when enhanced by reductants addition for accel-erating the Fe2+regeneration.Nevertheless,these works predominantly centered on the formation and utilization of hydroxyl radicals(•OH)in the process,neglecting the evolution of oxidant and reductant due to the difficulty in the simultaneous determination of these two components.By employing the quenching-iodometric method,we could simultaneously determine the concentrations of HSO_(3)-and peroxydisulfate(PDS).This method first employed an excess of peroxymonosulfate(PMS)to effectively quench HSO_(3)-,and then used the iodometric spectrophotometry to simultaneously determine the concentrations of PMS and PDS in the reaction system.Finally,through precise stoichiometric relationships,we could accurately calculate the concentration of HSO_(3)-.Based on this method,we achieved concentration measurements that,upon linear fitting,yielded a correlation coefficient(R^(2))surpassing 0.99,unequivocally affirming the method’s accuracy and trustworthiness.In this work,an innovation approach for determining the concentrations of HSO_(3)-(reductant)and PDS(oxidant)was explored.Additionally,the resilience of the method was verified across different pH levels and in the presence of diverse impurity ions.The results ensured precise concentration measure-ments in the real wastewater.This method was characterized by its simplicity,rapid analysis,and environmental friendliness,offering a newanalytical strategy for the determination of PDS and HSO_(3)-in environmental samples.The method enables more meticulous monitoring of chemical usage in water treatment,facilitating optimized dosing strategies and assessments of reductant-enhanced Fenton or Fenton-like system in water purification.展开更多
In paleoseismic research,defining the age of an event is relatively straightforward,but pinpointing its magnitude with precision is challenging.This difficulty primarily arises because physical parameters,such as rupt...In paleoseismic research,defining the age of an event is relatively straightforward,but pinpointing its magnitude with precision is challenging.This difficulty primarily arises because physical parameters,such as rupture area and displacement,which are intimately linked to the seismic moment,are hard to derive from paleoseismic studies.Our preceding study identified two earthquake sites in Huoshan and Guzhen,Anhui Province.While we qualitatively described the timing of these occurrences and the characteristics of sand veins,dislocations,and earthquake-induced cracks,we did not provide quantitative estimates of their magnitude or seismogenic faults.Consequently,these findings were insufficient for assessing regional seismic risks or determining the potential magnitude of specific faults.This study employs two empirical relationships:one between the farthest distribution distance based on liquefaction from earthquake-induced events and magnitude,and the other concerning the intensityepicenter distance-magnitude relationship.Through these relationships,we analyze the sandy soil liquefaction and earthquake-induced cracks quantitatively.The analysis includes magnitude estimation and seismogenic fault evaluation for the sandy soil liquefaction and crack remnants of the Huoshan Daijiayuan earthquake,as well as the dislocation and crack remnants of the Guzhen Gaixia earthquake.The findings indicate that the Huoshan Daijiayuan site records two paleoseismic events.The first event transpired after 850 BC,and the second after 550 BC,with a gap of approximately 300 years between them;both had a seismic magnitude(M_(S))of around 6.0.The likely seismogenic fault for the Huoshan Daijiayuan earthquake is the Luoerling-Tudiling fault.Meanwhile,the paleoseismic site in Guzhen Gaixia documents two seismic events occurring during 2350-2050 BC,both with a seismic magnitude(MS)of approximately 6½.The Tancheng-Lujiang fault zone is likely the seismogenic fault associated with the Guzhen Gaixia earthquake site.展开更多
文摘Free will is difficult to classify with respect to determinism or indeterminism, and its phenomenology in consciousness often shows both aspects. Initially, it is felt as unlimited and indeterminate will power, with the potentiality of multiple choices. Thereafter, reductive deliberation is led by determinism to the final decision, which realises only one of the potential choices. The reductive deliberation phase tries to find out the best alternative and simultaneously satisfying vague motivations, contextual conditions and personal preferences. The essential sense of free will is the introduction of personal preferences, which allows a higher diversity of reactions to vague motivations. With an oversimplified model of determinism as a chain of events, incompatibilists define ＂free＂ as ＂undetermined＂ so that determinism becomes incompatible with any free choice between alternatives. In consciousness, free will requires a more complex model of network determinism as well as the consideration of unconsciousness as a causal factor. When ＂free＂ defined as ＂undetermined＂ is applied to the context of consciousness, it should be reinterpreted as ＂unconscious of being determined＂ or not aware of underlying determinism. Lacking information on determinism generates a feeling of ＂free＂ in consciousness and, therefore, gives the impression of indeterminism. Lacking information may be induced by an uncertain future without determined events--an unconscious past with biological reactions suddenly emerging from the unconsciousness or an unknown present unable to distinguish determinism of complex events. Therefore, at the level of human consciousness, the experience of free will is associated with apparent indeterminism although it is based on unconscious determinism. The concepts of compatibilism and incompatibilism are only two different aspects of the same phenomenon and correspond to consciousness and unconsciousness. Nevertheless, they can be considered together with a free will concept based on relativity depending on two different reference frames--the first person＇s experience frame or the Laplace＇s demon frame with knowledge on every molecule of the universe. Only relativity of the free will concept avoids the contradiction between ＂free＂ and ＂unfree＂ for the same phenomenon and could be a compromise for considering compatibilism and incompatibilism equally.
文摘The relationship between language and thought has long been a topic of great interest in the field of linguistics,especially in psycholinguistics.Herder,Humboldt,Trendelenburg Sapir,Whorf,Gui Shichun,Lian Shuneng,and Bao Human are some of the well-known scholars who have conducted research on the relationship between language and thought.With regard to the relationship between language and thought,there are three main viewpoints.The first group of scholars,represented by Sapir and Whorf,supports linguistic determinism.Some scholars believe that language and thought are mutually independent.However,others believe that language and thought are inseparable.Beginning from Sapir-Whorf hypothesis and their theory of linguistic determinism and linguistic relativity,this article agrees with the influence of language over thought but refutes the extreme viewpoint of linguistic determinism from several points,proving the independence and mutual influence of language and thought.This article finally concludes that the preferred relationship between language and thought should be that they are independent but interactive.
文摘Current sciences fail in understanding the future trends of human beings＇ behaviors and cultures. From the hunting tribes to the agricultural society, the civilized country, and then to the industrial society, none of these developments is the results of human beings＇ reasonable proposal. The human beings are ＂developed＂, i.e. pushed forward by certain invisible forces. As being cultural, they are dominated by their cultural concepts. To explore the source of every civilization＇s concepts, the formation history of its mythological concepts during the pre-historic period or at the beginning of its civilization shall be studied first. By interpreting the first literature works at the beginning of western civilization, the temporary mythologists reveal the rule that mythological concepts dominate the ritual behaviors and narrative expressions. This paper interprets the historical narratives in Records of the Grand Historian.＂ Annals of the First Emperor of Qin, to reproduce the concepts that dominate China＇s national rulers, present the theory of Mythological Concepts＇ Determinism, and correspond to the counter-force of ideology put forward by Friedrich Engels in his later years and the religious concepts＇ determinism by Max Weber, so as to illustrate the mythological concepts＇ function as the prototype code of ideology, and refer to a common and effective directory approach of social science studies.
文摘Human beings live amidst several bonds. These bonds often place both internal and external limitations that apparently create the view that a human being has no free will but is determined. This paper explores the controversial issue whether a human being possesses free will to make free choices or is determined. It is the stance of this study that if one does not have free will then one cannot be morally responsible for one＇s actions and consequently praise and blame would then have no value. The paper, therefore, is of the view that notwithstanding the many bonds within which they live, humans, with their special dignity, have free will that operate within the respective constraints set by the bonds of human life. Furthermore, since morality involves good and bad, the paper asserts that for an act to be designated as morally good or bad, it implies that the agent was free to perform the said act or do otherwise to merit praise or blame respectively. Thus, for human freedom to be significant, it must be responsible.
文摘Urban development has acquired an important magnitude in touristic places in Greece. Many villages, especially in seaside areas have adapted to touristic requirements by the necessary infrastructures and activities. Pogonia, located in Vonitsa Etoloakarnanias, is a village which has welcomed the opportunity of touristic development. As a result, the house settlements increased 57.5% during the last 8 years. Urban growth modelling using Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) was applied in order to simulate the urban development in Pogonia village using two methods: determinism and stochasticity. The variables used for deterministic simulation were: distances to roads, urban areas and coastline, slope and elevation. It was found that urban development can be better described using the network of distances between all urban settlements (stochastic approach) rather than using determinism. This can be explained by the importance of the neighbourhood relationships and the interaction between urban settlements, occurred within the interconnected network of the self-organized urban system.
文摘The existing interpretation of quantum mechanics is contrary to common sense. The existing quantum mechanical interpretation schemes are puzzling. The confusing theory is unconvincing, and needs to be amended and completed. The successful interpretation program of quantum mechanics of local-realism and determinism is undoubtedly the most attractive. Preparing the interpretation program deserves to be chosen as a research goal. It is a very good premise to believe that an object particle consists of light-knot of monochromatic waves. According to this premise, the erroneous recognition about “superposition principle, wave-particle duality and uncertainty principle” can be corrected. Under this premise, above research goal is achieved by establishing, applying quantum mechanics inverse measurement theory, adhering to the principle that there must be a complete empirical chain in the derivation process of experimental conclusion, and using the side effect caused by accompanying-light to explain the diffraction experiment of object particles. Electron secondarily diffraction and other experiments directly prove that there is the measurement (observation) which may not destroy quantum coherence. The diffraction experiments of all kinds of particles show that the Keeping and playing of the coherence of moving particles in the vacuum have nothing to do with their previous experience. These are the existing experiments, to be found, that support the theory of quantum inverse measurements. The verification experiment of quantum inverse measurement is designed. The absolute superiorities of quantum inverse measurement and the new view of measurement of quantum mechanics are listed. These superiorities are that: it has the characteristics of local-realism and determinism;it is not contrary to common sense and there is no confusing place;it can predict several phenomena that cannot be predicted by other theories. A solid theoretical foundation has been laid for “correctly understanding the microscopic world” and establishment of local realism quantum mechanics.
文摘Growth in arthropods in general and in insects in particular, is supposed to be discontinuous and occurs during moulting. In Culicidae in general and <i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Anopheles</span></i></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> in particular, the number of moults is five with the fourth which gives the pupae. It is known that moulting in insects is a genetic and physio</span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">logical phenomenon. Most physiological reactions are triggered by chemical or physical stimuli. The pressure exerted by the growth of the larval body on the exocuticle is one of the triggers of moulting. The objective of this work was therefore to determine the exact timing of the first three moults that determine the growth of <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">An. gambiae</span></i></i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> larvae from egg hatch to pupation to highlight the role of increased larval size in the stimulation of moulting. We therefore, undertook to rear larvae of this anopheline species</span><i> </i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in the laboratory under conditions close to their natural environment from hatching to pupation. The length and width of the head, thorax and abdomen were recorded daily. Data analysis showed that the size of the head and thorax remained constant for the first three days (D0 to D2) of development and ab</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">domen’s length for the first two days and then increased daily until day seven (D7) when it stopped. These observations led us to say that the M1 moult occurs at end of the third day of development and the M3 moult at end of the eighth day;the M2 moult could not be determined. All these observations led </span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">to the conclusion that the larval growth of <i> </i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">An. gambiae</span></i></i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> has a continuous</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> regimen and the growth of the head and thorax of the larva plays a crucial role in the onset of moulting.</span>
基金This work is the one of the results of“Study on ethical Ethics of Mantel’s Fiction”(Project Number:2021GH016)supported by key humanities and social science research project among universities in Zhejiang Province.
文摘Dreiser’s Sister Carrie and Lao She’s Camel Xiangzi are two classic novels.Both of them demonstrate the decisive influence of environmental factors on the characters’destiny.This paper tries to explore their tragic fates comparatively based on environmental determinism.Actually,the two protagonists of two novels were both dream chasers in social changes at first,and then they transformed into strugglers under the oppression of patriarchy and biological power,and eventually they became victims of the social values under the fateful role of the environment.Obviously,the fights between the two protagonists and the environment have certain enlightening effects on current human life and the process of urbanization.
文摘This essay intends to find out the key functions of environment in different periods of Buck's life by further analysis of the author and the novel itself.Besides,under the direction of environmental determinism,this essay analyzes the reasons that Buck changes into a wild wolf from a civilized dog.
基金Shenyang Social Science Foundation Project 2020(No.SZ202001L).
文摘Objective To explore the factors influencing public health behaviors in China in the context of COVID-19 pandemic,and to propose suggestions and countermeasures for enhancing public health behaviors.Methods A public health behavior system based on Bandura’s reciprocal determinism was constructed,and public health behavior was analyzed from the perspective of the interaction of health awareness,health behavior and environment.Results and Conclusion The public health behavior was analyzed through the public health behavior system based on Bandura’s reciprocal determinism,and the results and conclusions were draw.The public can be urged to develop better health beliefs and form better health behaviors by strengthening publicity and interventions,improving personal awareness,and increasing government investment.
文摘Based on the Many Worlds Interpretation,I describe reality as a multilayer spacetime,where parallel layers play the role of alternative timelines.I link physics to ethics,arguing that one’s moral choices shape one’s course in the multiverse.I consider one’s ethical decisions as decoherence events,leading to movement between alternative timelines,lighter(higher)or heavier(lower)realities.Sometimes in one’s curvilinear path in spacetime,one can even experience falling toward lower layers,slipping through wormholes.This theory supports free will and the simulation hypothesis.With this background,I explore the idea that a new theory of gravity might open new possibilities to shape matter and change our worldview through the invention of new technology,transforming information into waves and then into solid matter,paving the way for a new Multiverse Aeon for humanity.
文摘The absolute vacuum is the Mocombeian ontological name for the fifth dimensional probability wavefunction(the world of noumena,i.e.,the in-itself)that gives rise to the material worlds,their facts,relations of ideas,and mathematical principles,we as a species experience.In this article,I utilize Mocombe’s phenomenological structural epistemology emanating out of the aforementioned ontology of the absolute vacuum to refute Kant’s epistemological unknowability of the noumenal world,i.e.,the absolute vacuum in Mocombeian epistemology.
文摘This work describes and explains how the concept of God as utilized amongst the human species emerged using Mocombe’s consciousness field theory.I conclude the work by positing,from the revelations of near-death experiences and other aspects of the categories of the in-itself,how consciousness is manifested as a universal consciousness in the absolute vacuum once it is no longer a part of the world of phenomena,which humans equate with the God concept and phenomenon.Hence,in Mocombeian epistemology and ontology God is the human reification of the universality of the absolute vacuum,which is ontologically real.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. U1867205, 21622508, and 21575092)Study on Physical/Chemical Characteristics Related to the Migration of Key Nuclides under Simulated Disposal Conditions (Phase Ⅱ) (Contract No. KGES 2019(170), dated February 21, 2019.) for financial support。
文摘Although inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS) retains high sensitivity and has been intensively used for the measurement of ^(99)Tc, it usually suffers from tedious, expensive, and timeconsuming sample pretreatments due to the isobaric interferences from ^(99)Ru and ^(98)Mo^(1)H. Herein, capillary electrophoresis(CE) was applied as sample introduction system for the sensitive, and interferencefree determination of ^(99)TcO_(4)^(-) from RuO_(4)^(-), and MoO_(4)^(2-) by ICP-MS with a simple sample treatment. Compared to the conventional methods, the hyphenated CE-ICP-MS avoids the use of expensive separation resins and reduces the consumption of mineral acid, representing a simpler, more efficient and environmentally benign approach. Moreover, the proposed method exhibits higher accuracy compared with the mathematical correction method using the natural isotope ratio of ^(99)Ru and ^(101)Ru, and significantly reduces sample consumption and the amount of waste, thus remarkably alleviating the radioactive exposure to operators and the pressure of radioactive waste treatment. Under the optimized conditions, the detection limits of 25 μg/L and 0.06 μg/L were obtained for RuO_(4)^(-) and ReO_(4)^(-)(Tc was replaced by Re), respectively, with relative standard deviation(RSD) lower than 5%. In addition, efficient recoveries of RuO_(4)^(-),ReO_(4)^(-),and ^(99)TcO_(4)^(-) from simulated Hanford site groundwater were achieved. The method is expected to be a promising candidate for sensitive and accurate analysis of ^(99)Tc from contaminated environmental samples.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China 2022YFB2404300the National Natural Science Foundation of China U22B2069the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation 2024M761006。
文摘The reaction rate constant is a crucial kinetic parameter that governs the charge and discharge performance of batteries,particularly in high-rate and thick-electrode applications.However,conventional estimation or fitting methods often overestimate the charge transfer overpotential,leading to substantial errors in reaction rate constant measurements.These inaccuracies hinder the accurate prediction of voltage profiles and overall cell performance.In this study,we propose the characteristic time-decomposed overpotential(CTDO)method,which employs a single-layer particle electrode(SLPE)structure to eliminate interference overpotentials.By leveraging the distribution of relaxation times(DRT),our method effectively isolates the characteristic time of the charge transfer process,enabling a more precise determination of the reaction rate constant.Simulation results indicate that our approach reduces measurement errors to below 2%,closely aligning with theoretical values.Furthermore,experimental validation demonstrates an 80% reduction in error compared to the conventional galvanostatic intermittent titration technique(GITT)method.Overall,this study provides a novel voltage-based approach for determining the reaction rate constant,enhancing the applicability of theoretical analysis in electrode structural design and facilitating rapid battery optimization.
文摘The Internet of Things(IoT)has orchestrated various domains in numerous applications,contributing significantly to the growth of the smart world,even in regions with low literacy rates,boosting socio-economic development.This study provides valuable insights into optimizing wireless communication,paving the way for a more connected and productive future in the mining industry.The IoT revolution is advancing across industries,but harsh geometric environments,including open-pit mines,pose unique challenges for reliable communication.The advent of IoT in the mining industry has significantly improved communication for critical operations through the use of Radio Frequency(RF)protocols such as Bluetooth,Wi-Fi,GSM/GPRS,Narrow Band(NB)-IoT,SigFox,ZigBee,and Long Range Wireless Area Network(LoRaWAN).This study addresses the optimization of network implementations by comparing two leading free-spreading IoT-based RF protocols such as ZigBee and LoRaWAN.Intensive field tests are conducted in various opencast mines to investigate coverage potential and signal attenuation.ZigBee is tested in the Tadicherla open-cast coal mine in India.Similarly,LoRaWAN field tests are conducted at one of the associated cement companies(ACC)in the limestone mine in Bargarh,India,covering both Indoor-toOutdoor(I2O)and Outdoor-to-Outdoor(O2O)environments.A robust framework of path-loss models,referred to as Free space,Egli,Okumura-Hata,Cost231-Hata and Ericsson models,combined with key performance metrics,is employed to evaluate the patterns of signal attenuation.Extensive field testing and careful data analysis revealed that the Egli model is the most consistent path-loss model for the ZigBee protocol in an I2O environment,with a coefficient of determination(R^(2))of 0.907,balanced error metrics such as Normalized Root Mean Square Error(NRMSE)of 0.030,Mean Square Error(MSE)of 4.950,Mean Absolute Percentage Error(MAPE)of 0.249 and Scatter Index(SI)of 2.723.In the O2O scenario,the Ericsson model showed superior performance,with the highest R^(2)value of 0.959,supported by strong correlation metrics:NRMSE of 0.026,MSE of 8.685,MAPE of 0.685,Mean Absolute Deviation(MAD)of 20.839 and SI of 2.194.For the LoRaWAN protocol,the Cost-231 model achieved the highest R^(2)value of 0.921 in the I2O scenario,complemented by the lowest metrics:NRMSE of 0.018,MSE of 1.324,MAPE of 0.217,MAD of 9.218 and SI of 1.238.In the O2O environment,the Okumura-Hata model achieved the highest R^(2)value of 0.978,indicating a strong fit with metrics NRMSE of 0.047,MSE of 27.807,MAPE of 27.494,MAD of 37.287 and SI of 3.927.This advancement in reliable communication networks promises to transform the opencast landscape into networked signal attenuation.These results support decision-making for mining needs and ensure reliable communications even in the face of formidable obstacles.
基金supported by the Key Project of International Cooperation of Qilu University of Technology(Grant No.:QLUTGJHZ2018008)Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation Committee,China(Grant No.:ZR2016HB54)Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering(SME).
文摘AlphaPanda(AlphaFold2[1]inspired protein-specific antibody design in a diffusional manner)is an advanced algorithm for designing complementary determining regions(CDRs)of the antibody targeted the specific epitope,combining transformer[2]models,3DCNN[3],and diffusion[4]generative models.
基金supported by National Natural Scienc Foundation of China(No.52400097)the Nanqiang Young Talents Supporting Program from Xiamen University.
文摘Fenton/Fenton-like reactions have gained popularity for their remarkable proficiency in decomposing organic pollutants,especially when enhanced by reductants addition for accel-erating the Fe2+regeneration.Nevertheless,these works predominantly centered on the formation and utilization of hydroxyl radicals(•OH)in the process,neglecting the evolution of oxidant and reductant due to the difficulty in the simultaneous determination of these two components.By employing the quenching-iodometric method,we could simultaneously determine the concentrations of HSO_(3)-and peroxydisulfate(PDS).This method first employed an excess of peroxymonosulfate(PMS)to effectively quench HSO_(3)-,and then used the iodometric spectrophotometry to simultaneously determine the concentrations of PMS and PDS in the reaction system.Finally,through precise stoichiometric relationships,we could accurately calculate the concentration of HSO_(3)-.Based on this method,we achieved concentration measurements that,upon linear fitting,yielded a correlation coefficient(R^(2))surpassing 0.99,unequivocally affirming the method’s accuracy and trustworthiness.In this work,an innovation approach for determining the concentrations of HSO_(3)-(reductant)and PDS(oxidant)was explored.Additionally,the resilience of the method was verified across different pH levels and in the presence of diverse impurity ions.The results ensured precise concentration measure-ments in the real wastewater.This method was characterized by its simplicity,rapid analysis,and environmental friendliness,offering a newanalytical strategy for the determination of PDS and HSO_(3)-in environmental samples.The method enables more meticulous monitoring of chemical usage in water treatment,facilitating optimized dosing strategies and assessments of reductant-enhanced Fenton or Fenton-like system in water purification.
基金supported by the Spark Program of Earthquake Sciences(No.XH23020YA)Joint Open Fund of Mengcheng National Geophysical Observatory(No.MEMGO-202411)Hefei government special technology research project(2024BFFFD02048).
文摘In paleoseismic research,defining the age of an event is relatively straightforward,but pinpointing its magnitude with precision is challenging.This difficulty primarily arises because physical parameters,such as rupture area and displacement,which are intimately linked to the seismic moment,are hard to derive from paleoseismic studies.Our preceding study identified two earthquake sites in Huoshan and Guzhen,Anhui Province.While we qualitatively described the timing of these occurrences and the characteristics of sand veins,dislocations,and earthquake-induced cracks,we did not provide quantitative estimates of their magnitude or seismogenic faults.Consequently,these findings were insufficient for assessing regional seismic risks or determining the potential magnitude of specific faults.This study employs two empirical relationships:one between the farthest distribution distance based on liquefaction from earthquake-induced events and magnitude,and the other concerning the intensityepicenter distance-magnitude relationship.Through these relationships,we analyze the sandy soil liquefaction and earthquake-induced cracks quantitatively.The analysis includes magnitude estimation and seismogenic fault evaluation for the sandy soil liquefaction and crack remnants of the Huoshan Daijiayuan earthquake,as well as the dislocation and crack remnants of the Guzhen Gaixia earthquake.The findings indicate that the Huoshan Daijiayuan site records two paleoseismic events.The first event transpired after 850 BC,and the second after 550 BC,with a gap of approximately 300 years between them;both had a seismic magnitude(M_(S))of around 6.0.The likely seismogenic fault for the Huoshan Daijiayuan earthquake is the Luoerling-Tudiling fault.Meanwhile,the paleoseismic site in Guzhen Gaixia documents two seismic events occurring during 2350-2050 BC,both with a seismic magnitude(MS)of approximately 6½.The Tancheng-Lujiang fault zone is likely the seismogenic fault associated with the Guzhen Gaixia earthquake site.
