Analysis errors can occur in the desorbing process of ginkgo diterpene lactone meglumine injection(GDMI) by a conventional analysis method, due to several factors, such as easily crystallized samples, solvent volatili...Analysis errors can occur in the desorbing process of ginkgo diterpene lactone meglumine injection(GDMI) by a conventional analysis method, due to several factors, such as easily crystallized samples, solvent volatility, time-consuming sample pre-processing, fixed method, and offline analysis. Based on risk management, near-infrared(NIR) and mid-infrared(MIR) spectroscopy techniques were introduced to solve the above problems with the advantage of timely analysis and non-destructive nature towards samples. The objective of the present study was to identify the feasibility of using NIR or MIR spectroscopy techniques to increase the analysis accuracy of samples from the desorbing process of GDMI. Quantitative models of NIR and MIR were established based on partial least square method and the performances were calculated. Compared to NIR model, MIR model showed greater accuracy and applicability for the analysis of the GDMI desorbing solutions. The relative errors of the concentrations of Ginkgolide A(GA) and Ginkgolide B(GB) were 2.40% and 2.89%, respectively, which were less than 5.00%. The research demonstrated the potential of the MIR spectroscopy technique for the rapid and non-destructive quantitative analysis of the concentrations of GA and GB.展开更多
The gas desorbed from the dielectric surface has a great influence on the characteristics of microwave breakdown on the vacuum side of the dielectric window. In this paper, the dielectric surface breakdown is describe...The gas desorbed from the dielectric surface has a great influence on the characteristics of microwave breakdown on the vacuum side of the dielectric window. In this paper, the dielectric surface breakdown is described by using the electromagnetic particle-in-cell-Monte Carlo collision(PIC-MCC) model. The process of desorption of gas and its influence on the breakdown characteristics are studied. The simulation results show that, due to the accumulation of desorbed gas, the pressure near the dielectric surface increases in time, and the breakdown mechanism transitions from secondary electron multipactor to collision ionization. More and more electrons generated by collision ionization drift to the dielectric surface, so that the amplitude of self-organized normal electric field increases in time and sometimes points to the dielectric surface. Nevertheless, the number of secondary electrons emitted in each microwave cycle is approximately equal to the number of primary electrons. In the early and middle stages of breakdown, the attenuation of the microwave electric field near the dielectric surface is very small. However, the collision ionization causes a sharp increase in the number density of electrons,and the microwave electric field decays rapidly in the later stage of breakdown. Compared with the electromagnetic PIC-MCC simulation results, the mean energy and number of electrons obtained by the electrostatic PIC-MCC model are overestimated in the later stage of breakdown because it does not take into account the attenuation of microwave electric field. The pressure of the desorbed gas predicted by the electromagnetic PIC-MCC model is close to the measured value,when the number of gas atoms desorbed by an incident electron is taken as 0.4.展开更多
The electrochemical performance of double phase Mg Ni alloy was characterized at 25°C and 70°C, in order to evaluate briefly its utility as negative electrode materials in nickel metal hydride batteries. ...The electrochemical performance of double phase Mg Ni alloy was characterized at 25°C and 70°C, in order to evaluate briefly its utility as negative electrode materials in nickel metal hydride batteries. The results show that the electrochemical capacity of double phase Mg Ni alloy is rarely low at 25°C, but increased rapidly when the temperature is enhanced, and the double phase Mg Ni alloy has its maximum capacity at the first discharge cycle, but the capacity degrades rapidly with cycling number.展开更多
Through analysis of components and carbon isotope compositions of gas desorbed from shale cores,the carbon isotope reversal phenomenon in the shale gas from the Silurian Longmaxi Formation of Jiaoshiba area in Sichuan...Through analysis of components and carbon isotope compositions of gas desorbed from shale cores,the carbon isotope reversal phenomenon in the shale gas from the Silurian Longmaxi Formation of Jiaoshiba area in Sichuan Basin were well studied.Results showed that compared with the wellhead gas,the desorbed gas from Longmaxi shale had significantly more wet components and more heavy carbon isotope values;carbon isotope values of each component became heavier with the desorption time,δ^(13)C_(1)values of different samples had maximum positive variations of 12.3-23.9‰,butδ^(13)C_(2)values only had maximum positive variations of 0.8e2.3‰,indicating carbon isotope values of methane changed more obviously than that of heavy hydrocarbon.The above results were consistent with previous results of shale core desorption experiments carried out by other researchers.Shale gas in strata might have no carbon isotope reversal,and the phenomenon thatδ^(13)C_(1)values changed more significantly thanδ^(13)C_(2)values during the core desorption was not caused by diffusion rate differences among different components,but mainly due to different desorption stages of methane and ethane,i.e.,the ethane was in its early desorption stage while the methane was in its later desorption stage;during the production process,phase differences among different components of alkane gas and differences in the desorption stages induced by adsorption,could be the major cause for total reversal of carbon isotopes of shale gas in Longmaxi Formation,but it also could not excluded that mixture of kerogen cracking gas and crude oil cracking gas probably had a partial or more major contribution to the carbon isotope reversal.展开更多
To understand the natural gas characteristics of multi-thin coal seam,this study selected the desorbed gas of coal seams in different layers of Well A in the Wujiu depression,Hailar Basin in northeast Inner Mongolia.T...To understand the natural gas characteristics of multi-thin coal seam,this study selected the desorbed gas of coal seams in different layers of Well A in the Wujiu depression,Hailar Basin in northeast Inner Mongolia.The results show that the heavy hydrocarbon content of desorbed gas increases significantly with the increasing depth.Methane carbon(δ13C_(1))and ethane carbon(δ13C_(2))isotope values are vertically become heavier downwards,while the δ13 values did not change significantly.The kerogen is close to the III–II mixed type with the source rocks mainly deposited in a shore/shallow lake or braided-river delta front,and the gas produced has certain characteristics of oil associated gas.However,the characteristics of oil associated gas produced by the organic formed in the shallow-water environment(braided-river delta plain)are not obvious.The sandstone pore and fracture systems interbedded with multi-thin coal seam are well developed.And it is conducive to the migration of methanogenic micro-organisms to coal seams via groundwater,making it easier to produce biogenic gas under this geological condition.During the burial evolution of coal-bearing strata in the study area,when the burial depth reaches the maximum,there are significant differences in the paleotemperature experienced by different vertical coal seams,caused by a high-paleogeothermal gradient,increasing the δ13C_(2) of desorbed gas with increasing depth.The above research indicates that there is less biogenic gas in the multi-thin coal seams with relatively developed mudstone,and the multi-thin coal seams with relatively developed sandstones have obvious biogenic gas characteristics.Therefore,for the exploration and development of biogenic gas in low-rank multi-thin coal seams,it is necessary to give priority to the layer with high sandstone content.展开更多
Significant progress has been made in exploring shale gas resources in the middle-upper Permian strata of western Hubei.However,the unclear geochemical characteristics and origins of the gas have hindered a comprehens...Significant progress has been made in exploring shale gas resources in the middle-upper Permian strata of western Hubei.However,the unclear geochemical characteristics and origins of the gas have hindered a comprehensive understanding of reservoir evolution and have constrained integrated resource development.This study involved a 28-h desorption experiment in which gases released from shales of the Dalong and Gufeng Formations were systematically collected for compositional and carbon—hydrogen isotope analyses.Comparing the compositional and geochemical characteristics of the desorbed gases and investigating their genetic origins resulted in four main findings:(1)Gas composition during the middle stage of desorption,excluding H_(2)S,best represents the original reservoir fluid,with component variations linked to adsorption and diffusion capacities.(2)Both shales display similar gas compositions with trace H_(2)S;the Dalong shale contains lower CH_(4),CO_(2),and H_(2)S but higher C_(2)H_(6)and N_(2).(3)Carbon and hydrogen isotopes indicate oil-type thermogenic gases,with carbon isotope reversal reflecting tectonic uplift,depressurization,and the mixing of primary kerogen-derived and secondary oil-/condensate-derived gases.(4)N_(2)likely originates from ammonium-bearing silicate decomposition,CO_(2)is mainly inorganic,from thermal carbonate decomposition with minor organic contribution,and H_(2)S may result from oil cracking or thermochemical sulfate reduction.This study provides a comprehensive record of the fluid characteristics of middle-upper Permian shale gas reservoirs and enhances the understanding of their formation and evolution.展开更多
基金supported by a grant from the National Ministry of Science and Technology(No.2013ZX09402203)
文摘Analysis errors can occur in the desorbing process of ginkgo diterpene lactone meglumine injection(GDMI) by a conventional analysis method, due to several factors, such as easily crystallized samples, solvent volatility, time-consuming sample pre-processing, fixed method, and offline analysis. Based on risk management, near-infrared(NIR) and mid-infrared(MIR) spectroscopy techniques were introduced to solve the above problems with the advantage of timely analysis and non-destructive nature towards samples. The objective of the present study was to identify the feasibility of using NIR or MIR spectroscopy techniques to increase the analysis accuracy of samples from the desorbing process of GDMI. Quantitative models of NIR and MIR were established based on partial least square method and the performances were calculated. Compared to NIR model, MIR model showed greater accuracy and applicability for the analysis of the GDMI desorbing solutions. The relative errors of the concentrations of Ginkgolide A(GA) and Ginkgolide B(GB) were 2.40% and 2.89%, respectively, which were less than 5.00%. The research demonstrated the potential of the MIR spectroscopy technique for the rapid and non-destructive quantitative analysis of the concentrations of GA and GB.
基金supported by the National Key Laboratory Foundation 2021-JCJQ-LB-006,China(No.6142411132116)the Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province,China(Nos.2023-JC-YB-512 and 2023-JC-YB-042)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(No.ZYTS23075)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2019M653545)。
文摘The gas desorbed from the dielectric surface has a great influence on the characteristics of microwave breakdown on the vacuum side of the dielectric window. In this paper, the dielectric surface breakdown is described by using the electromagnetic particle-in-cell-Monte Carlo collision(PIC-MCC) model. The process of desorption of gas and its influence on the breakdown characteristics are studied. The simulation results show that, due to the accumulation of desorbed gas, the pressure near the dielectric surface increases in time, and the breakdown mechanism transitions from secondary electron multipactor to collision ionization. More and more electrons generated by collision ionization drift to the dielectric surface, so that the amplitude of self-organized normal electric field increases in time and sometimes points to the dielectric surface. Nevertheless, the number of secondary electrons emitted in each microwave cycle is approximately equal to the number of primary electrons. In the early and middle stages of breakdown, the attenuation of the microwave electric field near the dielectric surface is very small. However, the collision ionization causes a sharp increase in the number density of electrons,and the microwave electric field decays rapidly in the later stage of breakdown. Compared with the electromagnetic PIC-MCC simulation results, the mean energy and number of electrons obtained by the electrostatic PIC-MCC model are overestimated in the later stage of breakdown because it does not take into account the attenuation of microwave electric field. The pressure of the desorbed gas predicted by the electromagnetic PIC-MCC model is close to the measured value,when the number of gas atoms desorbed by an incident electron is taken as 0.4.
文摘The electrochemical performance of double phase Mg Ni alloy was characterized at 25°C and 70°C, in order to evaluate briefly its utility as negative electrode materials in nickel metal hydride batteries. The results show that the electrochemical capacity of double phase Mg Ni alloy is rarely low at 25°C, but increased rapidly when the temperature is enhanced, and the double phase Mg Ni alloy has its maximum capacity at the first discharge cycle, but the capacity degrades rapidly with cycling number.
基金This study was supported by the project of"Formation conditions and favorable zone evaluation of shale gas in the Lower Paleozoic of Sichuan Basin and its peripheral blocks"of Sinopec Science and Technology Division(No.P13129).
文摘Through analysis of components and carbon isotope compositions of gas desorbed from shale cores,the carbon isotope reversal phenomenon in the shale gas from the Silurian Longmaxi Formation of Jiaoshiba area in Sichuan Basin were well studied.Results showed that compared with the wellhead gas,the desorbed gas from Longmaxi shale had significantly more wet components and more heavy carbon isotope values;carbon isotope values of each component became heavier with the desorption time,δ^(13)C_(1)values of different samples had maximum positive variations of 12.3-23.9‰,butδ^(13)C_(2)values only had maximum positive variations of 0.8e2.3‰,indicating carbon isotope values of methane changed more obviously than that of heavy hydrocarbon.The above results were consistent with previous results of shale core desorption experiments carried out by other researchers.Shale gas in strata might have no carbon isotope reversal,and the phenomenon thatδ^(13)C_(1)values changed more significantly thanδ^(13)C_(2)values during the core desorption was not caused by diffusion rate differences among different components,but mainly due to different desorption stages of methane and ethane,i.e.,the ethane was in its early desorption stage while the methane was in its later desorption stage;during the production process,phase differences among different components of alkane gas and differences in the desorption stages induced by adsorption,could be the major cause for total reversal of carbon isotopes of shale gas in Longmaxi Formation,but it also could not excluded that mixture of kerogen cracking gas and crude oil cracking gas probably had a partial or more major contribution to the carbon isotope reversal.
基金We would like to thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42130802,42002193,and 42002186)researchers Yanqiu Zhang,Wutao Hu,Haitao Lin,and Fengchun Li from Inner Mongolia Coal Geology Bureau for their help in sample acquisition.
文摘To understand the natural gas characteristics of multi-thin coal seam,this study selected the desorbed gas of coal seams in different layers of Well A in the Wujiu depression,Hailar Basin in northeast Inner Mongolia.The results show that the heavy hydrocarbon content of desorbed gas increases significantly with the increasing depth.Methane carbon(δ13C_(1))and ethane carbon(δ13C_(2))isotope values are vertically become heavier downwards,while the δ13 values did not change significantly.The kerogen is close to the III–II mixed type with the source rocks mainly deposited in a shore/shallow lake or braided-river delta front,and the gas produced has certain characteristics of oil associated gas.However,the characteristics of oil associated gas produced by the organic formed in the shallow-water environment(braided-river delta plain)are not obvious.The sandstone pore and fracture systems interbedded with multi-thin coal seam are well developed.And it is conducive to the migration of methanogenic micro-organisms to coal seams via groundwater,making it easier to produce biogenic gas under this geological condition.During the burial evolution of coal-bearing strata in the study area,when the burial depth reaches the maximum,there are significant differences in the paleotemperature experienced by different vertical coal seams,caused by a high-paleogeothermal gradient,increasing the δ13C_(2) of desorbed gas with increasing depth.The above research indicates that there is less biogenic gas in the multi-thin coal seams with relatively developed mudstone,and the multi-thin coal seams with relatively developed sandstones have obvious biogenic gas characteristics.Therefore,for the exploration and development of biogenic gas in low-rank multi-thin coal seams,it is necessary to give priority to the layer with high sandstone content.
基金supported by the Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.2022CFB490,2024AFD381)Science and Technology Project of Hubei Geological Bureau(Grant No.KJ2024-2,KJ2025-14)Open Fund of Technology Innovation Center for Shale oil and Gas Accumulation Theory and Engineering in Southern Complex Structural Area,China Geological Survey(Grant No.SOG-202410).
文摘Significant progress has been made in exploring shale gas resources in the middle-upper Permian strata of western Hubei.However,the unclear geochemical characteristics and origins of the gas have hindered a comprehensive understanding of reservoir evolution and have constrained integrated resource development.This study involved a 28-h desorption experiment in which gases released from shales of the Dalong and Gufeng Formations were systematically collected for compositional and carbon—hydrogen isotope analyses.Comparing the compositional and geochemical characteristics of the desorbed gases and investigating their genetic origins resulted in four main findings:(1)Gas composition during the middle stage of desorption,excluding H_(2)S,best represents the original reservoir fluid,with component variations linked to adsorption and diffusion capacities.(2)Both shales display similar gas compositions with trace H_(2)S;the Dalong shale contains lower CH_(4),CO_(2),and H_(2)S but higher C_(2)H_(6)and N_(2).(3)Carbon and hydrogen isotopes indicate oil-type thermogenic gases,with carbon isotope reversal reflecting tectonic uplift,depressurization,and the mixing of primary kerogen-derived and secondary oil-/condensate-derived gases.(4)N_(2)likely originates from ammonium-bearing silicate decomposition,CO_(2)is mainly inorganic,from thermal carbonate decomposition with minor organic contribution,and H_(2)S may result from oil cracking or thermochemical sulfate reduction.This study provides a comprehensive record of the fluid characteristics of middle-upper Permian shale gas reservoirs and enhances the understanding of their formation and evolution.
