This research takes China-aided construction projects in Asia since the Belt and Road Initiative as examples to explore the applicability of Chinese architectural design standards in other Asian countries.So far,the s...This research takes China-aided construction projects in Asia since the Belt and Road Initiative as examples to explore the applicability of Chinese architectural design standards in other Asian countries.So far,the standards demonstrated the highest applicability in South Asia is the best followed by Southeast Asia.Chinese architectural design standards for educational buildings showed the highest applicability,followed by office,medical,and sports buildings.This study puts forward some strategies to improve the applicability of Chinese architectural design standards.These strategies include integrating regionalism and local cultural traditions,optimizing energy efficiency,and aligning designs with local usage habits.This study serves as a reference for similar projects in the future.展开更多
With the progress of science and technology and the acceleration of industrialization,the modern industrial park is an important carrier of industrial development.The importance of its standard plant design has become...With the progress of science and technology and the acceleration of industrialization,the modern industrial park is an important carrier of industrial development.The importance of its standard plant design has become increasingly prominent.With the development of new quality productive forces as the background,this research deeply discusses the key points of standard plant design in modern industrial parks.This paper uses literature review and case analysis to systematically analyze the important role of standard plant design in developing new quality productive forces in modern industrial parks and puts forward suggestions for optimizing design.It is found that the rationality,intelligence,and environmental protection of plant design are the key factors affecting the development of new quality productive forces.The paper summarizes the core points of modern industrial park standard plant design to provide a reference for the future development of related industries.展开更多
To understand fundamental problems in hypersonic laminar-turbulent boundary layer transition for three-dimensional complex vehicles,a new standard model with typical lifting-body features has been proposed,named as hy...To understand fundamental problems in hypersonic laminar-turbulent boundary layer transition for three-dimensional complex vehicles,a new standard model with typical lifting-body features has been proposed,named as hypersonic transition research vehicle(HyTRV).The configuration of HyTRV is fully analytical,and details of the design process are discussed in this study.The transition characteristics for HyTRV are investigated using three combined methods,i.e.,theoretical analyses,numerical simulations,and wind tunnel experiments.Results show that the fully analytic parameterization design of HyTRV can satisfy the model simplification requirements from both numerical simulations and wind tunnel experiments.Meanwhile,the flow field of HyTRV reveals typical transition mechanisms in six relatively separated regions,including the streamwise vortex instability,crossflow instability,secondary instability,and attachment-line instability.Therefore,the proposed HyTRV model is valuable for fundamental researches in hypersonic boundary layer transition.展开更多
This paper provides a summary of the objectives and principles which underpin the 2004 edition of the New Zealand earthquake design standard, AS/NZS 1170 Part 5. As with many modern earthquake design standards, the Ne...This paper provides a summary of the objectives and principles which underpin the 2004 edition of the New Zealand earthquake design standard, AS/NZS 1170 Part 5. As with many modern earthquake design standards, the New Zealand earthquake design standard recognizes that earthquake resistant design that only addresses life safety goals without addressing both operational continuity of essential facilities and damage control, falls short of public expectations. Such standards not longer meet societal expectations. The paper outlines how these issues have been addressed within New Zealand, and some of the issues addressed when preparing appendices to the standard to provide guidance for materials standard writers to ensure consistency with the proposed approach. Recognizing the significance of non-structural components and parts of buildings in both damage control and operational continuity has been an important step forward in attaining the performance levels required.展开更多
The objective of this study is to define park design standards,determine the user expectations of the parks and evaluate the defined standards in the case of Taraqi Park in Herat city.On-site detection,observation and...The objective of this study is to define park design standards,determine the user expectations of the parks and evaluate the defined standards in the case of Taraqi Park in Herat city.On-site detection,observation and questionnaire survey methods were utilized in the study.The conformity of the park area with international standards were evaluated while general satisfaction towards the park was tried to be determined by virtue of surveys made with the users of the park.The results revealed that the current status of the park was poor,design and management of the park needs urgent improvements.Taraqi Park is the most visited park of the city in which the overall design of the park,facilities,management and maintenance systems are observed inadequate according to standards,rules and regulations of urban parks.展开更多
As a component of the process of rationalization, lowcost housing Institution, as well as major investiment companies, commonly reuse a typical design as a standard. The goal of this procedure is to obtain cheaper cos...As a component of the process of rationalization, lowcost housing Institution, as well as major investiment companies, commonly reuse a typical design as a standard. The goal of this procedure is to obtain cheaper costs both in the construction and in the maintenance of an homogeneous lot of buildings. The paper shows that, nevertheless an identical design being proposed in different towns, the final results are buildings with a different aspect. This is mainly due to the influence of building codes of the urban plan of the specific town, and to the site conditions, such as street orientation, ground inclination and so on. As a result the paper offers the ability to evaluate the role of the external factors on a standard design （with the afore said scale vantages） under the criminological point of view as well. This may be considered a further vantage that aims to obtain a lower crime risk level in town design.展开更多
Due to the special physical properties of shale gas reservoirs,it is necessary to adopt unconventional and standardized technologies for its surface engineering construction.In addition,the surface engineering design ...Due to the special physical properties of shale gas reservoirs,it is necessary to adopt unconventional and standardized technologies for its surface engineering construction.In addition,the surface engineering design of shale gas reservoirs in China faces many difficulties,such as high uncertainty of the gathering and transportation scale,poor adaptability of pipe network and station layout,difficult matching of the process equipments,and boosting production at the late stage.In view of these problems,the surface engineering construction of shale gas reservoirs should follow the principles of“standardized design,modularized construction and skid mounted equipment”.In this paper,standardized surface engineering design technologies for shale gas reservoirs were developed with the“standardized well station layout,universal process,modular function zoning,skid mounted equipment selection,intensive site design,digitized production management”as the core,after literature analysis and technology exploration were carried out.Then its application background and surface technology route were discussed with a typical shale gas field in SichuaneChongqing area as an example.Its surface gathering system was designed in a standardized way,including standardized process,the modularized gathering and transportation station,serialized dehydration unit and intensive layout,and remarkable effects were achieved.A flexible,practical and reliable ground production system was built,and a series of standardized technology and modularized design were completed,including cluster well platform,set station,supporting projects.In this way,a system applicable to domestic shale gas surface engineering construction is developed.展开更多
Screw conveyors,widely used devices for transporting bulk materials,play an irreplaceable role in the modern industrial system.Despite of their traditional advantages,designers of screw conveyors still heavily rely on...Screw conveyors,widely used devices for transporting bulk materials,play an irreplaceable role in the modern industrial system.Despite of their traditional advantages,designers of screw conveyors still heavily rely on their own country's experiments and standards,which are closely related to empirical data.Therefore,the same conveying task often results in different designs.This work aims to compare the design standards of screw conveyors in China,Germany and the USA.Based on related standards acquired from renowned associations in the three countries,the similarities and particularities of these design guidances are compared.With preforming the geometrical and operational designs for horizon-tal,slightly inclined and vertical conveyance of three representative bulk solids(barley,lignite,sand),the advantages and disadvantages of these semi-empirical designs are comprehensively presented.Fur-thermore,the potential influence of empirical coefficients,which are not explicitly documented,are extensively discussed.By analysing all outcomes,the compatibility and applicability of each standard are qualitatively assessed.展开更多
SMART （system-integrated modular advanced reactor） is a small-sized advanced integral reactor with a rated thermal power of 330 MW. It can produce 100 MW of electricity, or 90 MW of electricity and 40,000 t of desal...SMART （system-integrated modular advanced reactor） is a small-sized advanced integral reactor with a rated thermal power of 330 MW. It can produce 100 MW of electricity, or 90 MW of electricity and 40,000 t of desalinated water concurrently, which is sufficient for 100,000 residents. SMART technology is a sensible mixture of new innovative design features and proven technologies through a PWR. The enhancement of safety and reliability is realized by incorporating inherent safety features and reliable passive safety systems. The improvement in the economics is achieved through system simplification, component modularization, construction time reduction, and increased plant availability. All technologies and design features implemented into SMART have been proven in industries and/or qualified through the SMART design verification program including comprehensive test and experiments. The full scope of the safety analyses carried out to confirm that the inherent safety-improvement design characteristics and safety systems of SMART ensure reactor safety. After a thorough licensing review, SDA （standard design approval） for SMART was granted on July 4th, 2012 by the Korea NSSC （Nuclear Safety and Security Commission）. This marks the first license for an integral-type reactor in the world. This paper presents the SMART characteristics, safety features and technology validation. The licensing process of SMART is also described.展开更多
The unanticipated increase in vehicle population and heavy axle loads has brought the road network of Bangladesh to a crumbling stage. The network is grossly short of its structural capacity, highly distressed and has...The unanticipated increase in vehicle population and heavy axle loads has brought the road network of Bangladesh to a crumbling stage. The network is grossly short of its structural capacity, highly distressed and has started showing signs of premature failure. The RHD （Roads and Highways Department） of Bangladesh uses 8%-10% growth rate of traffic for structural design of these highways that need to be upgraded due to present high traffic volume demand. An attempt has been made through this case study, by using traffic flow data from different computerized toll plaza established in recent times, to predict traffic growth pattern of different highways of Bangladesh. The toll collectors of different computerized toll plaza have been recording and preserving round-the-year continuous flow data in a systematic manner. The study has taken this prospect of utilizing several years of flow data along Dhaka-Chittagong Highway （N-1）, Dhaka-Sylhet Highway （N-2）, Dhaka-North Bengal Highway （N-5） and found the traffic growth factor of 21.03%, 23.79% and 11.31%, respectively, which is much higher than that transport authority of Bangladesh is currently using. By the use of accurate traffic engineering parameters such as traffic growth factors, it is possible to resist frequent distress of pavement and sustainable pavement management can be implemented by RHD.展开更多
This part of the study aims to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of technical standards of screw conveyors in China,Germany,and the USA for industrial applications.The source or determination method of empiric...This part of the study aims to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of technical standards of screw conveyors in China,Germany,and the USA for industrial applications.The source or determination method of empirical coefficients as well as the theoretical foundation of dimensioning-relevant diagrams in these standards is not explicitly documented in the literature.Therefore,instead of less efficient on-site tests,the numerical simulation by discrete element method is conducted.Based on the geometrical and operational designs determined in three standards for horizontal,slightly inclined,and vertical conveyance of three representative bulk solids(barley,lignite,and sand),the potential influencing factors are discussed.With constant particle and contact parameters,the potential deviations caused by particle models are eliminated.Furthermore,the accuracy of power consumption calculation of each standard and the divergence between accessible and required mass flows is comprehensively assessed based on the analysis of simulated outcomes.Two main conclusions are drawn:(1)Particle fall back is barely considered by all three standards and leads to overestimated mass throughput;(2)The decrease in mass throughput caused by an increasing degree of filling can be compensated by slowing down the rotational speed.展开更多
Liquid-solid tubular triboelectric nanogenerators(LST-TENGs)hold significant promise for environmental mechanical energy harvesting due to advantages such as low wear,long service life and simple fabrication.However,t...Liquid-solid tubular triboelectric nanogenerators(LST-TENGs)hold significant promise for environmental mechanical energy harvesting due to advantages such as low wear,long service life and simple fabrication.However,the lack of unified standards and norms of design leads the output performance still being lower than that of traditional solid-solid TENGs.In this study,we first report a comprehensive set of standards for designing high-performance LST-TENGs based on several of the most critical factors,including the selection of triboelectric materials,the choice of motion modes,and the determination of structural parameters.Guided by the designing standards,the charge generation capability of LST-TENGs is optimized and enhanced by over 100-fold.The transferred charge can reach up to 3.4μC,which is a new record for all kinds of LST-TENGs.Notably,the practical application potential of design standards has been demonstrated in the actual harvesting of wave energy.This study establishes a fundamental design standard for designing highperformance LST-TENGs and holds excellent potential to accelerate the industrialization of TENGs.展开更多
Both practice and research of accessible design in China are still in the initial stage,while the regulations and standardization of accessibility is taking shape.Under the framework of engineering standards based on ...Both practice and research of accessible design in China are still in the initial stage,while the regulations and standardization of accessibility is taking shape.Under the framework of engineering standards based on instrumental rationality,to present the core value of humanism and to define the limitations of universal design in the standards are the key issues worth discussing continuously.By comparing the standards of China and abroad,this paper attempts to clarify the approaches for compiling the Accessibility Design Standards for Shenzhen.At the same time,it provides materials for discussion by showing the difficulties and assumptions during the compilation.展开更多
Smart substation projects have been developed for nearly five years; it is necessary to unscramble the technology route in the whole process in order to provide a direction for the development of engineering construct...Smart substation projects have been developed for nearly five years; it is necessary to unscramble the technology route in the whole process in order to provide a direction for the development of engineering construction. Based on the actual status quo of design and construction of the secondary system, the authors analyze the existing problems and the situation, and discuss the trend of standardized design and modular construction of smart substations.展开更多
Well developed continuous speech recognition and synthesis systems demand a high quality continuous speech database which is compact and valid, and whose scientific design would benefit from incorporating linguistic a...Well developed continuous speech recognition and synthesis systems demand a high quality continuous speech database which is compact and valid, and whose scientific design would benefit from incorporating linguistic and phonetic knowledge. It is argued that at the present stage the database should be limited to read speech. To describe those very complex variabilities in continuous speech, the following speech units are proposed: (1) 401syllables without tone; (2) 415 inter-syllabic diphones, (3) 3035 inter-syllabic triphones, (4) 781 inter-syllabic final-initial structures. The 17 basic sefltence patterns in standard Chinese are summarized to cover the most important prosodic phenomena. By using the automatic method,2393 sentences and 388 phrases are selected by above phonetic rules from a large corpus, which includes People's Daily in recent years, TV play scripts and dictionary entries, as the reading text of continuous speech recognition database in standard Chinese. This set of sentences and pbrases covers 99.8% syllables without counting tones, 100% inter-syllable diphones, 99.6% inter-syllable triphones and 100% sentence patterns.展开更多
This paper presents an AES（advanced encryption standard） chip that combats differential power analysis （DPA） side-channel attack through hardware-based random order execution.Both decryption and encryption procedu...This paper presents an AES（advanced encryption standard） chip that combats differential power analysis （DPA） side-channel attack through hardware-based random order execution.Both decryption and encryption procedures of an AES are implemented on the chip.A fine-grained dataflow architecture is proposed,which dynamically exploits intrinsic byte-level independence in the algorithm.A novel circuit called an HMF（Hold-MatchFetch） unit is proposed for random control,which randomly sets execution orders for concurrent operations.The AES chip was manufactured in SMIC 0.18μm technology.The average energy for encrypting one group of plain texts（128 bits secrete keys） is 19 nJ.The core area is 0.43 mm^2.A sophisticated experimental setup was built to test the DPA resistance.Measurement-based experimental results show that one byte of a secret key cannot be disclosed from our chip under random mode after 64000 power traces were used in the DPA attack.Compared with the corresponding fixed order execution,the hardware based random order execution is improved by at least 21 times the DPA resistance.展开更多
基金Humanities and Social Science Research Project of Colleges and Universities in Hebei Province(BJS2022039)2022 Annual Project of Education Science Research 14th“Five-Year”Plan in Hebei Province(2203094)+1 种基金2017 New Engineering Research and Practice Project of Hebei Colleges and Universities(2017GJXGK041)Doctoral Fund of Tangshan Normal University(2022A04)。
文摘This research takes China-aided construction projects in Asia since the Belt and Road Initiative as examples to explore the applicability of Chinese architectural design standards in other Asian countries.So far,the standards demonstrated the highest applicability in South Asia is the best followed by Southeast Asia.Chinese architectural design standards for educational buildings showed the highest applicability,followed by office,medical,and sports buildings.This study puts forward some strategies to improve the applicability of Chinese architectural design standards.These strategies include integrating regionalism and local cultural traditions,optimizing energy efficiency,and aligning designs with local usage habits.This study serves as a reference for similar projects in the future.
文摘With the progress of science and technology and the acceleration of industrialization,the modern industrial park is an important carrier of industrial development.The importance of its standard plant design has become increasingly prominent.With the development of new quality productive forces as the background,this research deeply discusses the key points of standard plant design in modern industrial parks.This paper uses literature review and case analysis to systematically analyze the important role of standard plant design in developing new quality productive forces in modern industrial parks and puts forward suggestions for optimizing design.It is found that the rationality,intelligence,and environmental protection of plant design are the key factors affecting the development of new quality productive forces.The paper summarizes the core points of modern industrial park standard plant design to provide a reference for the future development of related industries.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant 11702315,92052301)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant 2016YFA0401200).
文摘To understand fundamental problems in hypersonic laminar-turbulent boundary layer transition for three-dimensional complex vehicles,a new standard model with typical lifting-body features has been proposed,named as hypersonic transition research vehicle(HyTRV).The configuration of HyTRV is fully analytical,and details of the design process are discussed in this study.The transition characteristics for HyTRV are investigated using three combined methods,i.e.,theoretical analyses,numerical simulations,and wind tunnel experiments.Results show that the fully analytic parameterization design of HyTRV can satisfy the model simplification requirements from both numerical simulations and wind tunnel experiments.Meanwhile,the flow field of HyTRV reveals typical transition mechanisms in six relatively separated regions,including the streamwise vortex instability,crossflow instability,secondary instability,and attachment-line instability.Therefore,the proposed HyTRV model is valuable for fundamental researches in hypersonic boundary layer transition.
文摘This paper provides a summary of the objectives and principles which underpin the 2004 edition of the New Zealand earthquake design standard, AS/NZS 1170 Part 5. As with many modern earthquake design standards, the New Zealand earthquake design standard recognizes that earthquake resistant design that only addresses life safety goals without addressing both operational continuity of essential facilities and damage control, falls short of public expectations. Such standards not longer meet societal expectations. The paper outlines how these issues have been addressed within New Zealand, and some of the issues addressed when preparing appendices to the standard to provide guidance for materials standard writers to ensure consistency with the proposed approach. Recognizing the significance of non-structural components and parts of buildings in both damage control and operational continuity has been an important step forward in attaining the performance levels required.
文摘The objective of this study is to define park design standards,determine the user expectations of the parks and evaluate the defined standards in the case of Taraqi Park in Herat city.On-site detection,observation and questionnaire survey methods were utilized in the study.The conformity of the park area with international standards were evaluated while general satisfaction towards the park was tried to be determined by virtue of surveys made with the users of the park.The results revealed that the current status of the park was poor,design and management of the park needs urgent improvements.Taraqi Park is the most visited park of the city in which the overall design of the park,facilities,management and maintenance systems are observed inadequate according to standards,rules and regulations of urban parks.
文摘As a component of the process of rationalization, lowcost housing Institution, as well as major investiment companies, commonly reuse a typical design as a standard. The goal of this procedure is to obtain cheaper costs both in the construction and in the maintenance of an homogeneous lot of buildings. The paper shows that, nevertheless an identical design being proposed in different towns, the final results are buildings with a different aspect. This is mainly due to the influence of building codes of the urban plan of the specific town, and to the site conditions, such as street orientation, ground inclination and so on. As a result the paper offers the ability to evaluate the role of the external factors on a standard design （with the afore said scale vantages） under the criminological point of view as well. This may be considered a further vantage that aims to obtain a lower crime risk level in town design.
文摘Due to the special physical properties of shale gas reservoirs,it is necessary to adopt unconventional and standardized technologies for its surface engineering construction.In addition,the surface engineering design of shale gas reservoirs in China faces many difficulties,such as high uncertainty of the gathering and transportation scale,poor adaptability of pipe network and station layout,difficult matching of the process equipments,and boosting production at the late stage.In view of these problems,the surface engineering construction of shale gas reservoirs should follow the principles of“standardized design,modularized construction and skid mounted equipment”.In this paper,standardized surface engineering design technologies for shale gas reservoirs were developed with the“standardized well station layout,universal process,modular function zoning,skid mounted equipment selection,intensive site design,digitized production management”as the core,after literature analysis and technology exploration were carried out.Then its application background and surface technology route were discussed with a typical shale gas field in SichuaneChongqing area as an example.Its surface gathering system was designed in a standardized way,including standardized process,the modularized gathering and transportation station,serialized dehydration unit and intensive layout,and remarkable effects were achieved.A flexible,practical and reliable ground production system was built,and a series of standardized technology and modularized design were completed,including cluster well platform,set station,supporting projects.In this way,a system applicable to domestic shale gas surface engineering construction is developed.
基金This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Program(H2020/2014-2020),under grant agreement no.654446.
文摘Screw conveyors,widely used devices for transporting bulk materials,play an irreplaceable role in the modern industrial system.Despite of their traditional advantages,designers of screw conveyors still heavily rely on their own country's experiments and standards,which are closely related to empirical data.Therefore,the same conveying task often results in different designs.This work aims to compare the design standards of screw conveyors in China,Germany and the USA.Based on related standards acquired from renowned associations in the three countries,the similarities and particularities of these design guidances are compared.With preforming the geometrical and operational designs for horizon-tal,slightly inclined and vertical conveyance of three representative bulk solids(barley,lignite,sand),the advantages and disadvantages of these semi-empirical designs are comprehensively presented.Fur-thermore,the potential influence of empirical coefficients,which are not explicitly documented,are extensively discussed.By analysing all outcomes,the compatibility and applicability of each standard are qualitatively assessed.
文摘SMART （system-integrated modular advanced reactor） is a small-sized advanced integral reactor with a rated thermal power of 330 MW. It can produce 100 MW of electricity, or 90 MW of electricity and 40,000 t of desalinated water concurrently, which is sufficient for 100,000 residents. SMART technology is a sensible mixture of new innovative design features and proven technologies through a PWR. The enhancement of safety and reliability is realized by incorporating inherent safety features and reliable passive safety systems. The improvement in the economics is achieved through system simplification, component modularization, construction time reduction, and increased plant availability. All technologies and design features implemented into SMART have been proven in industries and/or qualified through the SMART design verification program including comprehensive test and experiments. The full scope of the safety analyses carried out to confirm that the inherent safety-improvement design characteristics and safety systems of SMART ensure reactor safety. After a thorough licensing review, SDA （standard design approval） for SMART was granted on July 4th, 2012 by the Korea NSSC （Nuclear Safety and Security Commission）. This marks the first license for an integral-type reactor in the world. This paper presents the SMART characteristics, safety features and technology validation. The licensing process of SMART is also described.
文摘The unanticipated increase in vehicle population and heavy axle loads has brought the road network of Bangladesh to a crumbling stage. The network is grossly short of its structural capacity, highly distressed and has started showing signs of premature failure. The RHD （Roads and Highways Department） of Bangladesh uses 8%-10% growth rate of traffic for structural design of these highways that need to be upgraded due to present high traffic volume demand. An attempt has been made through this case study, by using traffic flow data from different computerized toll plaza established in recent times, to predict traffic growth pattern of different highways of Bangladesh. The toll collectors of different computerized toll plaza have been recording and preserving round-the-year continuous flow data in a systematic manner. The study has taken this prospect of utilizing several years of flow data along Dhaka-Chittagong Highway （N-1）, Dhaka-Sylhet Highway （N-2）, Dhaka-North Bengal Highway （N-5） and found the traffic growth factor of 21.03%, 23.79% and 11.31%, respectively, which is much higher than that transport authority of Bangladesh is currently using. By the use of accurate traffic engineering parameters such as traffic growth factors, it is possible to resist frequent distress of pavement and sustainable pavement management can be implemented by RHD.
基金the European Union's Horizon 2020 Program(H2020/2014–2020)under grant agreement No.654446.
文摘This part of the study aims to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of technical standards of screw conveyors in China,Germany,and the USA for industrial applications.The source or determination method of empirical coefficients as well as the theoretical foundation of dimensioning-relevant diagrams in these standards is not explicitly documented in the literature.Therefore,instead of less efficient on-site tests,the numerical simulation by discrete element method is conducted.Based on the geometrical and operational designs determined in three standards for horizontal,slightly inclined,and vertical conveyance of three representative bulk solids(barley,lignite,and sand),the potential influencing factors are discussed.With constant particle and contact parameters,the potential deviations caused by particle models are eliminated.Furthermore,the accuracy of power consumption calculation of each standard and the divergence between accessible and required mass flows is comprehensively assessed based on the analysis of simulated outcomes.Two main conclusions are drawn:(1)Particle fall back is barely considered by all three standards and leads to overestimated mass throughput;(2)The decrease in mass throughput caused by an increasing degree of filling can be compensated by slowing down the rotational speed.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Project from Minister of Science and Technology(No.2021YFA1201601)the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences,CAS(No.ZDBS-LY-DQC025).
文摘Liquid-solid tubular triboelectric nanogenerators(LST-TENGs)hold significant promise for environmental mechanical energy harvesting due to advantages such as low wear,long service life and simple fabrication.However,the lack of unified standards and norms of design leads the output performance still being lower than that of traditional solid-solid TENGs.In this study,we first report a comprehensive set of standards for designing high-performance LST-TENGs based on several of the most critical factors,including the selection of triboelectric materials,the choice of motion modes,and the determination of structural parameters.Guided by the designing standards,the charge generation capability of LST-TENGs is optimized and enhanced by over 100-fold.The transferred charge can reach up to 3.4μC,which is a new record for all kinds of LST-TENGs.Notably,the practical application potential of design standards has been demonstrated in the actual harvesting of wave energy.This study establishes a fundamental design standard for designing highperformance LST-TENGs and holds excellent potential to accelerate the industrialization of TENGs.
基金supported by the General Program of Shenzhen Academic Institutions Development Supporting Project(No.20200810191652001)。
文摘Both practice and research of accessible design in China are still in the initial stage,while the regulations and standardization of accessibility is taking shape.Under the framework of engineering standards based on instrumental rationality,to present the core value of humanism and to define the limitations of universal design in the standards are the key issues worth discussing continuously.By comparing the standards of China and abroad,this paper attempts to clarify the approaches for compiling the Accessibility Design Standards for Shenzhen.At the same time,it provides materials for discussion by showing the difficulties and assumptions during the compilation.
文摘Smart substation projects have been developed for nearly five years; it is necessary to unscramble the technology route in the whole process in order to provide a direction for the development of engineering construction. Based on the actual status quo of design and construction of the secondary system, the authors analyze the existing problems and the situation, and discuss the trend of standardized design and modular construction of smart substations.
文摘Well developed continuous speech recognition and synthesis systems demand a high quality continuous speech database which is compact and valid, and whose scientific design would benefit from incorporating linguistic and phonetic knowledge. It is argued that at the present stage the database should be limited to read speech. To describe those very complex variabilities in continuous speech, the following speech units are proposed: (1) 401syllables without tone; (2) 415 inter-syllabic diphones, (3) 3035 inter-syllabic triphones, (4) 781 inter-syllabic final-initial structures. The 17 basic sefltence patterns in standard Chinese are summarized to cover the most important prosodic phenomena. By using the automatic method,2393 sentences and 388 phrases are selected by above phonetic rules from a large corpus, which includes People's Daily in recent years, TV play scripts and dictionary entries, as the reading text of continuous speech recognition database in standard Chinese. This set of sentences and pbrases covers 99.8% syllables without counting tones, 100% inter-syllable diphones, 99.6% inter-syllable triphones and 100% sentence patterns.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61006021)the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(No. 4112029)
文摘This paper presents an AES（advanced encryption standard） chip that combats differential power analysis （DPA） side-channel attack through hardware-based random order execution.Both decryption and encryption procedures of an AES are implemented on the chip.A fine-grained dataflow architecture is proposed,which dynamically exploits intrinsic byte-level independence in the algorithm.A novel circuit called an HMF（Hold-MatchFetch） unit is proposed for random control,which randomly sets execution orders for concurrent operations.The AES chip was manufactured in SMIC 0.18μm technology.The average energy for encrypting one group of plain texts（128 bits secrete keys） is 19 nJ.The core area is 0.43 mm^2.A sophisticated experimental setup was built to test the DPA resistance.Measurement-based experimental results show that one byte of a secret key cannot be disclosed from our chip under random mode after 64000 power traces were used in the DPA attack.Compared with the corresponding fixed order execution,the hardware based random order execution is improved by at least 21 times the DPA resistance.
