Yield gap exists because the current attained actual grain yield cannot yet achieve the estimated yield potential. Chinese high yield maize belt has a wide span from east to west which results in different solar radia...Yield gap exists because the current attained actual grain yield cannot yet achieve the estimated yield potential. Chinese high yield maize belt has a wide span from east to west which results in different solar radiations between different regions and thus different grain yields. We used multi-site experimental data, surveyed farmer yield data, the highest recorded yield data in the literatures, and simulations with Hybrid-Maize Model to assess the yield gap and tried to reduce the yield gap by matching the solar radiation and plant density. The maize belt was divided into five regions from east to west according to distribution of accumulated solar radiation. The results showed that there were more than 5.8 Mg ha^(–1) yield gaps between surveyed farmer yield and the yield potential in different regions of China from east to west, which just achieved less than 65% of the yield potential. By analyzing the multi-site density experimental data, we found that the accumulated solar radiation was significantly correlated to optimum plant density which is the density with the highest yield in the multi-site density experiment(y=0.09895 x–32.49, P<0.01), according to which the optimum plant densities in different regions from east to west were calculated. It showed that the optimum plant density could be increased by 60.0, 55.2, 47.3, 84.8, and 59.6% compared to the actual density, the grain yield could be increased by 20.2, 18.3, 10.9, 18.1, and 15.3% through increasing plant density, which could reduce the yield gaps of 33.7, 23.0, 13.4, 17.3, and 10.4% in R(region)-1, R-2, R-3, R-4, and R-5, respectively. This study indicates that matching maize plant density and solar radiation is an effective approach to reduce yield gaps in different regions of China.展开更多
Polymer shells with high sphericity and uniform wall thickness are always needed in the inertial confined fusion(ICF)experiments.Driven by the need to control the shape of water-in-oil(W1/O)compound droplets,the effec...Polymer shells with high sphericity and uniform wall thickness are always needed in the inertial confined fusion(ICF)experiments.Driven by the need to control the shape of water-in-oil(W1/O)compound droplets,the effects of the density matching level,the interfacial tension and the rotation speed of the continuing fluid field on the sphericity and wall thickness uniformity of the resulting polymer shells were investigated and the spherical and concentric mechanisms were also discussed.The centering of W1/O compound droplets,the location and movement of W1/O compound droplets in the external phase(W2)were significantly affected by the density matching level of the key stage and the rotation speed of the continuing fluid field.Therefore,by optimizing the density matching level and rotation speed,the batch yield of polystyrene(PS)shells with high sphericity and uniform wall thickness increased.Moreover,the sphericity also increased by raising the oil/water(O/W2)interfacial tension,which drove a droplet to be spherical.The experimental results show that the spherical driving force is from the interfacial tension affected by the two relative phases,while the concentric driving force,as a resultant force,is not only affected by the three phases,but also by the continuing fluid field.The understanding of spherical and concentric mechanism can provide some guidance for preparing polymer shells with high sphericity and uniform wall thickness.展开更多
The method of density matching between the solid and liquid phases is often adopted to effectively eliminate the effect of sedimentation of suspensions on dynamic behavior of a colloidal system. Experiments on crystal...The method of density matching between the solid and liquid phases is often adopted to effectively eliminate the effect of sedimentation of suspensions on dynamic behavior of a colloidal system. Experiments on crystallization of charged colloidal microspheres with di- ameter of 98 nm dispersed in density-matched and -unmatched media （mixtures of H20 and D20 in proper proportion） are compared to examine the influence of sedimentation. Reflection spectra of colloidal suspensions were used to monitor the crystallization process. Results showed that the crystal size of the density-unmatched （namely, in the presence of sedimentation） sample grew faster than that of the density-matched （in the absence of sedi- mentation） case at the initial stage of the crystallization, and then the latter overtook and outstripped the former. To explain these observations, we assume that in the settling of crystals sedimentation facilitates result in more particles getting into the crystal structures. However, as the crystals increase to varying sizes, the settling velocities become large and hydrodynamic friction strips off some particles from the delicate crystal structures. Overall, the sedimentation appears to accelerate the crystal size growth initially and then retard the growth. In addition, the crystal structures formed under microgravity were more closely packed than that in normal gravity.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0300110,2016YFD0300101)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31871558)the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program,2015CB150401)。
文摘Yield gap exists because the current attained actual grain yield cannot yet achieve the estimated yield potential. Chinese high yield maize belt has a wide span from east to west which results in different solar radiations between different regions and thus different grain yields. We used multi-site experimental data, surveyed farmer yield data, the highest recorded yield data in the literatures, and simulations with Hybrid-Maize Model to assess the yield gap and tried to reduce the yield gap by matching the solar radiation and plant density. The maize belt was divided into five regions from east to west according to distribution of accumulated solar radiation. The results showed that there were more than 5.8 Mg ha^(–1) yield gaps between surveyed farmer yield and the yield potential in different regions of China from east to west, which just achieved less than 65% of the yield potential. By analyzing the multi-site density experimental data, we found that the accumulated solar radiation was significantly correlated to optimum plant density which is the density with the highest yield in the multi-site density experiment(y=0.09895 x–32.49, P<0.01), according to which the optimum plant densities in different regions from east to west were calculated. It showed that the optimum plant density could be increased by 60.0, 55.2, 47.3, 84.8, and 59.6% compared to the actual density, the grain yield could be increased by 20.2, 18.3, 10.9, 18.1, and 15.3% through increasing plant density, which could reduce the yield gaps of 33.7, 23.0, 13.4, 17.3, and 10.4% in R(region)-1, R-2, R-3, R-4, and R-5, respectively. This study indicates that matching maize plant density and solar radiation is an effective approach to reduce yield gaps in different regions of China.
基金the China Academy of Engi-neering Physics for financial support(2014B0302052)National Natural Science Foundation of China(U1530260).
文摘Polymer shells with high sphericity and uniform wall thickness are always needed in the inertial confined fusion(ICF)experiments.Driven by the need to control the shape of water-in-oil(W1/O)compound droplets,the effects of the density matching level,the interfacial tension and the rotation speed of the continuing fluid field on the sphericity and wall thickness uniformity of the resulting polymer shells were investigated and the spherical and concentric mechanisms were also discussed.The centering of W1/O compound droplets,the location and movement of W1/O compound droplets in the external phase(W2)were significantly affected by the density matching level of the key stage and the rotation speed of the continuing fluid field.Therefore,by optimizing the density matching level and rotation speed,the batch yield of polystyrene(PS)shells with high sphericity and uniform wall thickness increased.Moreover,the sphericity also increased by raising the oil/water(O/W2)interfacial tension,which drove a droplet to be spherical.The experimental results show that the spherical driving force is from the interfacial tension affected by the two relative phases,while the concentric driving force,as a resultant force,is not only affected by the three phases,but also by the continuing fluid field.The understanding of spherical and concentric mechanism can provide some guidance for preparing polymer shells with high sphericity and uniform wall thickness.
文摘The method of density matching between the solid and liquid phases is often adopted to effectively eliminate the effect of sedimentation of suspensions on dynamic behavior of a colloidal system. Experiments on crystallization of charged colloidal microspheres with di- ameter of 98 nm dispersed in density-matched and -unmatched media （mixtures of H20 and D20 in proper proportion） are compared to examine the influence of sedimentation. Reflection spectra of colloidal suspensions were used to monitor the crystallization process. Results showed that the crystal size of the density-unmatched （namely, in the presence of sedimentation） sample grew faster than that of the density-matched （in the absence of sedi- mentation） case at the initial stage of the crystallization, and then the latter overtook and outstripped the former. To explain these observations, we assume that in the settling of crystals sedimentation facilitates result in more particles getting into the crystal structures. However, as the crystals increase to varying sizes, the settling velocities become large and hydrodynamic friction strips off some particles from the delicate crystal structures. Overall, the sedimentation appears to accelerate the crystal size growth initially and then retard the growth. In addition, the crystal structures formed under microgravity were more closely packed than that in normal gravity.
