Raw natural gases usually contain water.It is very important to remove the water from these gases through dehydration processes due to economic reasons and safety considerations.One of the most important methods for w...Raw natural gases usually contain water.It is very important to remove the water from these gases through dehydration processes due to economic reasons and safety considerations.One of the most important methods for water removal from these gases is using dehydration units which use Triethylene glycol(TEG).The TEG concentration at which all water is removed and dew point characteristics of mixture are two important parameters,which should be taken into account in TEG dehydration system.Hence,developing a reliable and accurate model to predict the performance of such a system seems to be very important in gas engineering operations.This study highlights the use of intelligent modeling techniques such as Multilayer perceptron(MLP)and Radial Basis Function Neural Network(RBF-ANN)to predict the equilibrium water dew point in a stream of natural gas based on the TEG concentration of stream and contractor temperature.Literature data set used in this study covers temperatures from 10℃ to 80℃ and TEG concentrations from 90.000% to 99.999%.Results showed that both models are accurate in prediction of experimental data and the MLP model gives more accurate predictions compared to RBF model.展开更多
The petrogenesis and genetic link to polymetallic mineralization of the granites in the Dayishan complex,southern Hunan province remain debated.Here,we present an integrated study on the petrology,zircon U-Pb ages and...The petrogenesis and genetic link to polymetallic mineralization of the granites in the Dayishan complex,southern Hunan province remain debated.Here,we present an integrated study on the petrology,zircon U-Pb ages and whole-rock geochemistry for this complex.Our findings indicate that the southern complex consists of(amphibole-bearing)biotite granites and muscovite granites emplaced at 153-151 Ma,and the central and northern complex consists of two-mica granites and tourmaline-bearing muscovite granites,respectively with the former emplaced at 164 Ma and the latter at 150 Ma.The(amphibole-bearing)biotite granites have SiO_(2) contents of 68.0-73.8 wt% and are enriched in alkalis and rare earth elements and depleted in Sr and Ba.They display Zr+Y+Ce+Nb>350 ppm and 10000×Ga/Al>2.6 along with high zircon saturation temperatures(821-883oC).The two-mica granites and(tourmaline-bearing)muscovite granites have high SiO_(2)(74.4-77.3 wt%)and low Ga/Al,Zr+Nb+Ce+Y,K/Rb,Zr/Hf,and Nb/Ta along with low zircon saturation temperatures(709-817℃).Geochemical characteristics suggest that the(amphibole-bearing)biotite granites are A-type granites generated through shallow dehydration melting of early Paleozoic granitoids,and that the two-mica granites and(tourmaline-bearing)muscovite granites are fractionated A-type granites produced through fractionation crystallization from the(amphibole-bearing)biotite granites accompanied by fluid fractionation.展开更多
The hydrothermal stability of zeolites is essential for their potential applications in biomass conversion,especially in processes involving elevated temperatures alongside the use or generation of H_(2)O.In this stud...The hydrothermal stability of zeolites is essential for their potential applications in biomass conversion,especially in processes involving elevated temperatures alongside the use or generation of H_(2)O.In this study,we employed F-ions as mineralizers to synthesize hydrothermally stable ZSM-5 zeolites under acidic conditions.The acidic synthesis system promotes zeolites with fewer silanol-terminated lattice defects(ZSM-5(A))compared to the traditional basic conditions(ZSM-5(B)),endowing materials with substantially higher structural integrity and hydrophobicity.After 10 days of autoclave treatment at 200℃ in aqueous phase,H-ZSM-5(A)demonstrated nearly unchanged reaction rates in the dehydration of cyclohexanol,while H-ZSM-5(B)lost>50%of the dehydration activity.Additionally,H-ZSM-5(A)delivered higher initial dehydration rates compared to H-ZSM-5(B).The different measured activation energies further revealed variations in reaction pathways during cyclohexanol dehydration,i.e.,the monomer-or dimer-mediated routes depending on the concentration of alcohol molecule within zeolite pores,providing additional evidence for the strengthened hydrophobic nature of H-ZSM-5(A).Beyond this,the zeolite surface properties and the strength of cyclohexanol-zeolite interactions may impose additional transport/adsorption barriers attributed to multi-phase phenomena on the more polar H-ZSM-5(B)zeolite surfaces.More importantly,the hydrothermal treatment did not induce significant desilication and dealumination in H-ZSM-5(A),thereby preserving its active acid sites and ensuring exceptional hydrothermal stability.The present work fundamentally studies the synthesis of hydrothermally stable zeolites in an acidic medium using fluorides and expands the understanding of polar interactions in catalysis,characterized by the dehydration of cyclohexanol,for future application in biomass conversion.展开更多
It is highly attractive for the catalysts prepared from renewable materials and/or industrial by-products.Herein,lignosulfonate(LS)as the by-product in the papermaking industry was utilized to fabricate Sn-containing ...It is highly attractive for the catalysts prepared from renewable materials and/or industrial by-products.Herein,lignosulfonate(LS)as the by-product in the papermaking industry was utilized to fabricate Sn-containing organic-inorganic complexing catalysts(Sn(x)@LS)by a simple hydrothermal self-assembly process.The fabricated Sn(x)@LS played an excellent performance in the dehydration of xylose into furfural in the carbon tetrachloride(CTC)-water biphasic system,yielding 78.5%furfural at 180℃for 60 min.It was revealed that strong coordination between Sn4+and the phenolic hydroxyl groups of LS created a robust organic-inorganic skeleton(-Ar-O-Sn-O-Ar-),simultaneously generating potent Lewis acidic sites,and sulfonic acid groups of LS acted as Bronsted acidic sites.Gromacs simulations verified that CTC did not form hydrogen bonds with xylose,which may reduce xylose consumption.The CTC phase effectively extracted furfural,thereby preventing its side reactions throughout the entire process.In addition,Sn(x)@LS exhibited excellent cyclic stability in at least five reaction cycles with only a 5.0% decrease in furfural yield.Thus,this work will give a new window for the catalysts prepared from LS as the industrial by-products in the production of platform chemicals,which is a sustainable chemical conversion process.展开更多
Re-crosslinkable preformed particle gel(RPPG)has been considered to be one of the most promising gels for dealing with fracture and void space conduit(VSC)conformance problems.However,the dehydration of RPPG during it...Re-crosslinkable preformed particle gel(RPPG)has been considered to be one of the most promising gels for dealing with fracture and void space conduit(VSC)conformance problems.However,the dehydration of RPPG during its propagation in the fracture-type features and its effect on gel properties remains unclear.This paper investigates the dehydration behavior during RPPG propagating in an open fracture using matrix-free fracture model.Then the results were verified using real fractured sandstone core model.Moreover,the gel properties after extruding a fracture were studied in detail including gel dehydration and gel strength.Results reveal that the RPPG properties changed significantly with increasing propagation distance,which correlated with the gel injection rate.At high gel injection rates,the dehydration and gel strength(Gʹ)decrease with increasing propagation distance.In contrast,the opposite result was found at low injection rates.Based on the study of the different gel injection rates,it is found that dehydration time is another key factor affecting dehydration behavior.Results also indicate that the fracture width affects gel dehydration at different locations.Dehydration was more pronounced at narrow fractures but only in the inlet section,while in the outlet section,RPPG contains more water than the initial condition.This study has profound implications for field applications.It provides new insights into the transport of RPPG in fractures and helps field engineers to optimize the gel injection operations.展开更多
Sugars are widely recognized for their ability to stabilize cell membranes during dehydration.However,the precise mechanisms by which sugars interact with lipid bilayers remain unclear.This mini-review synthesizes fou...Sugars are widely recognized for their ability to stabilize cell membranes during dehydration.However,the precise mechanisms by which sugars interact with lipid bilayers remain unclear.This mini-review synthesizes four key hypotheses explaining sugar-mediated protection of dehydrated bilayers:the Water Replacement Hypothesis(WRH),Hydration Force Hypothesis(HFH),Headgroup Bridging Hypothesis(HBH),and Vitrification Hypothesis(VH).We argue that these mechanisms are not mutually exclusive but instead operate synergistically under different cellular contexts.We propose that these hypotheses are not mutually exclusive but likely operate under different cellular contexts.Future studies should prioritize the development of biologically realistic membrane models-incorporating diverse lipids,proteins,and asymmetric leaflets-to elucidate the exact roles and mechanisms of sugars in membrane stabilization.Such advancements will enhance our understanding of anhydrobiosis and inform cryopreservation strategies for mammalian cells.展开更多
The hard-to-remove lattice water has been regarded as a significant obstacle impeding the practical use of Prussian blue analogue cathodes for sodium-ion batteries.This work monitored the electrochemical evolution of ...The hard-to-remove lattice water has been regarded as a significant obstacle impeding the practical use of Prussian blue analogue cathodes for sodium-ion batteries.This work monitored the electrochemical evolution of a hydrated monoclinic sodium manganese hexacyanoferrate cathode by solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR).For the first time,we established a correlation between the chemical shifts of ^(23)Na NMR signals and the presence or absence of lattice water within this cathode.Through this method,we verified the electrochemical dehydration process that coincides with the merging of two redox platforms and a phase transformation in the initial cycles.Furthermore,we discovered that the lattice water is completely removed after several-day cell rest following a single activation cycle.展开更多
0 INTRODUCTION Serpentinite has high contents of water(up to~12 wt.%)and other volatiles(Pettke and Bretscher,2022).Dehydration of subducted serpentinite transfers massive water into the sub-arc mantle wedge and induc...0 INTRODUCTION Serpentinite has high contents of water(up to~12 wt.%)and other volatiles(Pettke and Bretscher,2022).Dehydration of subducted serpentinite transfers massive water into the sub-arc mantle wedge and induces fluxmelting to generate arc magmas.However,characterizing the role of serpentinite-derived fluids in arc magmatism is not easy,as serpentinite is depleted in incompatible elements compared to other subducted components(e.g.,altered oceanic crust(AOC)and sediments).展开更多
The dependence of the subduction regime on three-dimensional slab geometry poses a challenge for accurately estimating the evolving thermal structure of megathrusts globally. Although slab dips and ages have gained at...The dependence of the subduction regime on three-dimensional slab geometry poses a challenge for accurately estimating the evolving thermal structure of megathrusts globally. Although slab dips and ages have gained attention, the specific impacts of oblique subduction remain unmeasured. Here, we present an integrated thermal model that quantifies how slab morphology can shape the thermal state of megathrusts, such as those in the Makran Subduction Zone. The model considers both slab obliquity and depth variations along the trench. We find a considerable match between the slab petrological dehydration zone and the distribution of great crustal earthquakes. We suggest that the accumulation of fluids along megathrusts by slab metamorphism can foster more polarized conditions for decreasing plate coupling and increasing interplate ruptures. It is thus imperative to improve model representation and more realistically represent how drivers of slab geometry affect metamorphic transitions and the occurrence of earthquakes at megathrusts.展开更多
Multiple active components in steel slags can optimize soil texture and catalyze the thermal desorption of refractory organic pollutants,especially polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs).In this study,a safety and ris...Multiple active components in steel slags can optimize soil texture and catalyze the thermal desorption of refractory organic pollutants,especially polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs).In this study,a safety and risk assessment was conducted on toxic metals present in collected steel slags,and the refining slag with a high content of free-CaO from the XG iron and steel plant(XGRS)was selected and used to regulate the plasticity index(PI)of clay soils.For the clay soil with high liquid limit and high plasticity(CH),the PI reduced from 34.3%to 24.8%with steel slags at an addition ratio of 10%(mass percent),and for the clay soil with low liquid limit(CL),the PI decreased from 22.8%to 16.5%,resulting in silt soil with optimal thermal properties.The thermal removal efficiency of PAHs in CH decreased from 81.9%to 74.0%at 350℃ as the soil water content increased from 0 to 150 g kg^(-1),due to the hydration and swelling of clay minerals and the heat loss associated with dehydroxylation and dehydration.The efficiency further decreased to 68.7%using 2%(mass percent)CaO as an additive due to the delayed dehydr(oxyl)ation of clay minerals and enhanced aromatization of soil organic matter.In contrast,addition of 2%high-content titania-bearing slag(HTBS)enhanced the removal efficiency of high-ring PAHs,with the efficiency increasing for 5-ring from 52.6%to 59.7%and for 6-ring from 76.6%to 81.8%.This is due to the presence of amorphous TiO_(2) and crystalline CaTiO_(3) in HTBS,which can degrade water to produce reactive oxygen species.The 2%XGRS addition facilitated the complete removal of PAHs by air-supplemented lattice oxygen,leading to the oxidation of C–C bonds in CH to C–O,C=O,and O–C=O functional groups.This study provides valuable insights into the use of additives to enhance the thermal remediation of PAH-contaminated clay soils via activating oxygen species and oxidizing C–C bonds in organo-mineral complexes within clay soils.展开更多
Objective:This study assessed heat exposure,physiological responses,and the risk of chronic kidney disease among outdoor agricultural workers in Pak Chong,Thailand,and developed a predictive model for Wet Bulb Globe T...Objective:This study assessed heat exposure,physiological responses,and the risk of chronic kidney disease among outdoor agricultural workers in Pak Chong,Thailand,and developed a predictive model for Wet Bulb Globe Temperature(WBGT).Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted among 170 agricultural workers.Field WBGT was measured at 33 locations in April and July and corrected for Clothing Adjustment Factor to determine effective WBGT.Core temperature,skin temperature,heart rate,blood pressure,and body weight were monitored before,during,and after work shifts.Urine dipstick and microalbumin tests were performed to evaluate dehydration and kidney disorder.Workloads were classified according to American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists(ACGIH)metabolic rate categories.Meteorological data were used to train machine learning models—including linear regression,decision tree,random forest,and extreme gradient boosting—to predict WBGT values.Results:Effective WBGT at fruit gardens and field crops sites frequently exceeded ACGIH limits for moderateto-heavy work.Workers’systolic/diastolic blood pressure and heart rate increased during work(transient cardiovascular strain)while body temperature remained stable.Post-shift,34.7%showed moderate dehydration;microalbumin screening was positive in 31/170(18.2%)suggesting possible early renal involvement but not chronic kidney disease diagnosis.Among the predictive models,extreme gradient boosting achieved the best performance(root mean square error=0.798℃,mean absolute error=0.576℃,R^(2)=0.81).The most influential predictors were air temperature,sunshine duration,and site-specific factors.Conclusions:Agricultural workers in Pak Chong are frequently exposed to heat stress that exceeds ACGIH standards,predisposing them to dehydration and kidney impairment.The findings support evidence-based preventive strategies such as regulated work–rest cycles,hydration management,and medical surveillance.Moreover,the validated WBGT prediction tool offers a practical approach for real-time monitoring and proactive climate adaptation to protect outdoor workers in heat-prone environments.展开更多
Although soil exhibits excellent mechanical performance,the microstructural changes of biopolymer within soil due to dehydration and rehydration are rarely explored.This study aims to explore xanthan gum soil microstr...Although soil exhibits excellent mechanical performance,the microstructural changes of biopolymer within soil due to dehydration and rehydration are rarely explored.This study aims to explore xanthan gum soil microstructure and strength behavior under different dehydration and rehydration degrees using nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)and unconfined compressive strength tests.The results showed that the proportion of large-volume biopolymer gel within the sample decreased from 91.91%to 38.28%during dehydration,but increased to 90.44%upon rehydration when sample moisture returned to its original level.The NMR images revealed that biopolymer gel evaporated from outside during the dehydration process,causing the dehydrated biopolymer to shrink and form a high-strength glass,which directly enhanced the soil's macroscopic mechanical properties.Upon rehydration,the biopolymer reabsorbed moisture and gradually expanded,leading to weakened connections between soil particles and a decrease in strength.Therefore,even when the moisture content of soil remained constant during the dehydration and rehydration processes,their unconfined compressive strength(UCS)and failure patterns exhibited significant differences.Both the UCS and NMR signal of biopolymer-treated soil decreased after the first dehydration and rehydration cycle,stabilizing gradually after subsequent cycles.展开更多
The design and development of high-performance anodes pose significant challenges in the construction of next-generation rechargeable lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).Sodium molybdate dihydrate(Na_(2)MoO_(4)·2H_(2)O)h...The design and development of high-performance anodes pose significant challenges in the construction of next-generation rechargeable lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).Sodium molybdate dihydrate(Na_(2)MoO_(4)·2H_(2)O)has garnered increasing attention due to its cost-effectiveness,non-toxicity and earth abundance.To enhance the Li storage performance of Na_(2)MoO_(4)·2H_(2)O,a crystallographic orientation regulation strategy is proposed in this work.Initially,density functional theory calculations are carried out to demonstrate that the(020)crystal plane of Na_(2)MoO_(4)·2H_(2)O offers the lowest energy barrier for Li^(+)migration.Subsequently,the preferred crystallographic orientation of Na_(2)MoO_(4)·2H_(2)O crystal is tuned through a low-temperature recrystallization method.Furthermore,the microstructure and phase changes of Na_(2)MoO_(4)·2H_(2)O during the lithiation/de-lithiation process are studied using in situ and ex situ XRD tests,ex situ XPS and cyclic voltammetry to unravel its Li^(+)storage mechanism.Upon application as LIBs anode,the Na_(2)MoO_(4)·2H_(2)O single-crystal particles with a preferred(020)surface exhibit superior reversible capacity,high-capacity retention and high cycling stability.The enhanced Li storage performance should be attributed to the regulated crystallographic orientation and small changes in the crystal microstructure during the charge/discharge process,which facilitates Li^(+)migration and bolsters structural stability.Notably,this study introduces a novel concept and a simple synthesis method for the advancement of electrodes in rechargeable batteries.展开更多
In this context,the present study proposes the use of microwave irradiation to improve the dehydration rate and efficiency of strontium hydroxide octahydrate(Sr(OH)_(2)·8H_(2)O)without introducing contaminants.Th...In this context,the present study proposes the use of microwave irradiation to improve the dehydration rate and efficiency of strontium hydroxide octahydrate(Sr(OH)_(2)·8H_(2)O)without introducing contaminants.This study revealed that the use of microwave irradiation to dehydrate Sr(OH)_(2)·8H_(2)O is feasible and surprisingly efficient.The effects of this approach on important parameters were investigated using response surface methodology(RSM).The results revealed that the microwave dehydration process follows a linear polynomial model.In addition,compared with the heating time and material thickness,the microwave-assisted dehydration of Sr(OH)_(2)·8H_(2)O is sensitive to the microwave power and not to the material mass.The relative dehydration percentage reached 99.99%when heated in a microwave oven at 950Wfor just 3 min.In contrast,a relative dehydration percentage of 94.6%was reached when heated in an electric furnace at 180℃for 120 min.The XRD spectra also revealed that most of the Sr(OH)_(2)·8H_(2)O transformed into Sr(OH)_(2)after dehydration via microwave irradiation,whereas a significant portion of the Sr(OH)_(2)·H_(2)O remained after conventional electric dehydration.The experimental data were fitted and analyzed via the thin-layer drying dynamics model,and the results indicated that the dehydrating behavior of Sr(OH)_(2)·8H_(2)O could be well described by the Page model.展开更多
Sustainable energy technologies,particularly fuel cells,are gaining attraction for their potential to reduce carbon emissions and provide efficient power.Proton exchange membrane fuel cells(PEMFCs)have been central to...Sustainable energy technologies,particularly fuel cells,are gaining attraction for their potential to reduce carbon emissions and provide efficient power.Proton exchange membrane fuel cells(PEMFCs)have been central to this development.However,one persistent issue with lowtemperature PEMFCs is the dehydration of Nafion ionomer at elevated temperatures,which severely limits proton conductivity.Wang et al.tackle this by introducing a covalent organic framework(COF)interwoven with Nafion,addressing the challenge of maintaining proton conductivity and oxygen transport in medium temperatures(100–120℃).展开更多
The single phase La2（CO3）3·3.4H2 O was synthesized by hydrothermal method. The thermal decomposition and intermediates and final solid products of La2（CO3）3·3.4H2O from 30 to 1000 °C were characteri...The single phase La2（CO3）3·3.4H2 O was synthesized by hydrothermal method. The thermal decomposition and intermediates and final solid products of La2（CO3）3·3.4H2O from 30 to 1000 °C were characterized by XRD, FTIR and DTA-TG. The kinetics of dehydration of La2（CO3）3·3.4H2O in the temperature range of 30-366 °C was investigated under non-isothermal conditions. Flynn-Wall-Ozawa and Friedman isoconversion methods were used to calculate the activation energy and analyze the reaction steps; multivariate non-linear regression program was applied to determine the most probable mechanism and the kinetic parameters. The results show that the thermal dehydration of La2（CO3）3·3.4H2O is a kind of three-step competitive reaction, and controlled by an n-order initial reaction followed by n-order competitive reaction（FnFnFn model）. The activation energy matching with the most probable model is close to value obtained by Friedman method. The fitting curves match the original TG-DTG curves very well.展开更多
The chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics of marine red alga Grateloupia turutunt Yamada, green alga Ulva pertusa Kjellm and brown alga Laminaria japonica Aresch during natural sustained dehydration were monitored and inv...The chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics of marine red alga Grateloupia turutunt Yamada, green alga Ulva pertusa Kjellm and brown alga Laminaria japonica Aresch during natural sustained dehydration were monitored and investigated. The pulse amplified modulation (PAM) system was used to analyze the distinct fluorescence parameters during thallus dehydration. Results proved that the fluorescence kinetics of different seaweed all showed three patterns of transformation with sustained water loss. These were: 1) peak kinetic pattern (at the early stage of dehydration fluorescence enhanced and quenched subsequently, representing a normal physiological state). 2) plateau kinetic pattern (with sustained water loss fluorescence enhanced continuously but quenching became slower, finally reaching its maximum). 3) Platform kinetic pattern (fluorescence fell and the shape of kinetic curve was similar to plateau kinetic pattern). A critical water content (CWC) could be found and defined as the percentage of water content just prior to the fluorescence drop and to be a significant physiological index for evaluation of plant drought tolerance. Once thallus water content became lower than this value the normal peak pattern can not be recovered even through rehydration, indicating an irreversible damage to the thylakoid membrane. The CWC value corresponding to different marine species were varied and negatively correlated with their desiccation tolerance, for example. Laminaria japonica had the highest CWC value (around 90%) and the lowest dehydration tolerance of the three. In addition, a fluorescence 'burst' was found only in red algae during rehydration. The different fluorescence parameters F-o, F-v and F-v, F-m were measured and compared during water loss. Both F-o and F-v increased in the first stage of dehydration but F-v/F-m. kept almost constant. So the immediate response of in vivo chlorophyll fluorescence to dehydration was an enhancement. Later with sustained dehydration F-o increased continuously while F-v decreased and tended to become smaller and smaller. The major changes in fluorescence (including fluorescence drop during dehydration and the burst during rehydration) were all attributed to the change in F-o instead of F-v This significance of F-o indicates that it is necessary to do more research on F-o as well as on its relationship with the state of thylakoid membrane.展开更多
A natural attapulgite （ATP）‐based catalyst, sulfated In2O3‐ATP （SO42-/In2O3‐ATP）, was obtained by an impregnation‐calcination method and was used to efficiently and selectively produce the useful platform chem...A natural attapulgite （ATP）‐based catalyst, sulfated In2O3‐ATP （SO42-/In2O3‐ATP）, was obtained by an impregnation‐calcination method and was used to efficiently and selectively produce the useful platform chemical 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural （HMF） from hexoses. Some important reaction param‐eters were studied, revealing that Lewis and Br-nsted acid sites on SO42-/In2O3‐ATP catalyze glu‐cose isomerization and fructose dehydration. The yields of HMF from glucose and fructose were 40.2%and 46.2%, respectively, using the optimal conditions of 180℃ for 60 min with 10 wt%of solid acid catalyst in a mixture of γ‐valerolactone‐water （9：1）.展开更多
[Objective] The aim was to study on the chlorella resistance to dehydration conditions and effect of different cryoprotecants on drying of chlorella cells.[Method]The protection effect of seven kinds of cryoprotecants...[Objective] The aim was to study on the chlorella resistance to dehydration conditions and effect of different cryoprotecants on drying of chlorella cells.[Method]The protection effect of seven kinds of cryoprotecants on chlorella cells was analyzed.[Result]The protection effect of trehalose on chlorella cells was the best,and the survival rate of chlorella cells had improved by 50% with the applied trehalose concentration of 5%.[Conclusion]The result in this study had important guidance effect on the mutation breeding of chlorella.展开更多
Iron exchanged ZSM-5 with Si/Al ratio from 25 to 300 prepared by three consecutive ion exchanges was used for the dehydration of ethanol to ethylene.The iron exchanged ZSM-5（Si/Al=25） catalyst with an iron content o...Iron exchanged ZSM-5 with Si/Al ratio from 25 to 300 prepared by three consecutive ion exchanges was used for the dehydration of ethanol to ethylene.The iron exchanged ZSM-5（Si/Al=25） catalyst with an iron content of 0.46 wt%gave 97%-99%yield of ethylene at 98%-99%conversion of ethanol at 260℃ and 0.81 h^-1 liquid hourly space velocity.The high performance was maintained for60 d on-stream.X-ray diffraction,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of pyridine adsorption,NH3 temperature-programmed desorption and diffuse reflectance UV-vis spectroscopy were used for catalyst characterization.Ion exchange with iron decreased the total acidity of the zeolite,especially the strong acid sites and Bronsted acid sites.The doped iron species were distributed over Fe-ZSM-5 as predominantly isolated Fe^3＋.Therefore,the catalytic performance for ethanol dehydration to ethylene was improved.展开更多
文摘Raw natural gases usually contain water.It is very important to remove the water from these gases through dehydration processes due to economic reasons and safety considerations.One of the most important methods for water removal from these gases is using dehydration units which use Triethylene glycol(TEG).The TEG concentration at which all water is removed and dew point characteristics of mixture are two important parameters,which should be taken into account in TEG dehydration system.Hence,developing a reliable and accurate model to predict the performance of such a system seems to be very important in gas engineering operations.This study highlights the use of intelligent modeling techniques such as Multilayer perceptron(MLP)and Radial Basis Function Neural Network(RBF-ANN)to predict the equilibrium water dew point in a stream of natural gas based on the TEG concentration of stream and contractor temperature.Literature data set used in this study covers temperatures from 10℃ to 80℃ and TEG concentrations from 90.000% to 99.999%.Results showed that both models are accurate in prediction of experimental data and the MLP model gives more accurate predictions compared to RBF model.
基金supported financially by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41872054 and 41272083)。
文摘The petrogenesis and genetic link to polymetallic mineralization of the granites in the Dayishan complex,southern Hunan province remain debated.Here,we present an integrated study on the petrology,zircon U-Pb ages and whole-rock geochemistry for this complex.Our findings indicate that the southern complex consists of(amphibole-bearing)biotite granites and muscovite granites emplaced at 153-151 Ma,and the central and northern complex consists of two-mica granites and tourmaline-bearing muscovite granites,respectively with the former emplaced at 164 Ma and the latter at 150 Ma.The(amphibole-bearing)biotite granites have SiO_(2) contents of 68.0-73.8 wt% and are enriched in alkalis and rare earth elements and depleted in Sr and Ba.They display Zr+Y+Ce+Nb>350 ppm and 10000×Ga/Al>2.6 along with high zircon saturation temperatures(821-883oC).The two-mica granites and(tourmaline-bearing)muscovite granites have high SiO_(2)(74.4-77.3 wt%)and low Ga/Al,Zr+Nb+Ce+Y,K/Rb,Zr/Hf,and Nb/Ta along with low zircon saturation temperatures(709-817℃).Geochemical characteristics suggest that the(amphibole-bearing)biotite granites are A-type granites generated through shallow dehydration melting of early Paleozoic granitoids,and that the two-mica granites and(tourmaline-bearing)muscovite granites are fractionated A-type granites produced through fractionation crystallization from the(amphibole-bearing)biotite granites accompanied by fluid fractionation.
文摘The hydrothermal stability of zeolites is essential for their potential applications in biomass conversion,especially in processes involving elevated temperatures alongside the use or generation of H_(2)O.In this study,we employed F-ions as mineralizers to synthesize hydrothermally stable ZSM-5 zeolites under acidic conditions.The acidic synthesis system promotes zeolites with fewer silanol-terminated lattice defects(ZSM-5(A))compared to the traditional basic conditions(ZSM-5(B)),endowing materials with substantially higher structural integrity and hydrophobicity.After 10 days of autoclave treatment at 200℃ in aqueous phase,H-ZSM-5(A)demonstrated nearly unchanged reaction rates in the dehydration of cyclohexanol,while H-ZSM-5(B)lost>50%of the dehydration activity.Additionally,H-ZSM-5(A)delivered higher initial dehydration rates compared to H-ZSM-5(B).The different measured activation energies further revealed variations in reaction pathways during cyclohexanol dehydration,i.e.,the monomer-or dimer-mediated routes depending on the concentration of alcohol molecule within zeolite pores,providing additional evidence for the strengthened hydrophobic nature of H-ZSM-5(A).Beyond this,the zeolite surface properties and the strength of cyclohexanol-zeolite interactions may impose additional transport/adsorption barriers attributed to multi-phase phenomena on the more polar H-ZSM-5(B)zeolite surfaces.More importantly,the hydrothermal treatment did not induce significant desilication and dealumination in H-ZSM-5(A),thereby preserving its active acid sites and ensuring exceptional hydrothermal stability.The present work fundamentally studies the synthesis of hydrothermally stable zeolites in an acidic medium using fluorides and expands the understanding of polar interactions in catalysis,characterized by the dehydration of cyclohexanol,for future application in biomass conversion.
基金supported by theNationalNatural Science Foundation of China(No.22361132543)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Pre-Station)(No.2023TQ0121)State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering(No.2024ZD05).
文摘It is highly attractive for the catalysts prepared from renewable materials and/or industrial by-products.Herein,lignosulfonate(LS)as the by-product in the papermaking industry was utilized to fabricate Sn-containing organic-inorganic complexing catalysts(Sn(x)@LS)by a simple hydrothermal self-assembly process.The fabricated Sn(x)@LS played an excellent performance in the dehydration of xylose into furfural in the carbon tetrachloride(CTC)-water biphasic system,yielding 78.5%furfural at 180℃for 60 min.It was revealed that strong coordination between Sn4+and the phenolic hydroxyl groups of LS created a robust organic-inorganic skeleton(-Ar-O-Sn-O-Ar-),simultaneously generating potent Lewis acidic sites,and sulfonic acid groups of LS acted as Bronsted acidic sites.Gromacs simulations verified that CTC did not form hydrogen bonds with xylose,which may reduce xylose consumption.The CTC phase effectively extracted furfural,thereby preventing its side reactions throughout the entire process.In addition,Sn(x)@LS exhibited excellent cyclic stability in at least five reaction cycles with only a 5.0% decrease in furfural yield.Thus,this work will give a new window for the catalysts prepared from LS as the industrial by-products in the production of platform chemicals,which is a sustainable chemical conversion process.
文摘Re-crosslinkable preformed particle gel(RPPG)has been considered to be one of the most promising gels for dealing with fracture and void space conduit(VSC)conformance problems.However,the dehydration of RPPG during its propagation in the fracture-type features and its effect on gel properties remains unclear.This paper investigates the dehydration behavior during RPPG propagating in an open fracture using matrix-free fracture model.Then the results were verified using real fractured sandstone core model.Moreover,the gel properties after extruding a fracture were studied in detail including gel dehydration and gel strength.Results reveal that the RPPG properties changed significantly with increasing propagation distance,which correlated with the gel injection rate.At high gel injection rates,the dehydration and gel strength(Gʹ)decrease with increasing propagation distance.In contrast,the opposite result was found at low injection rates.Based on the study of the different gel injection rates,it is found that dehydration time is another key factor affecting dehydration behavior.Results also indicate that the fracture width affects gel dehydration at different locations.Dehydration was more pronounced at narrow fractures but only in the inlet section,while in the outlet section,RPPG contains more water than the initial condition.This study has profound implications for field applications.It provides new insights into the transport of RPPG in fractures and helps field engineers to optimize the gel injection operations.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,China(Grant No.52376052)the Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation,China(Grant No.2308085ME174).
文摘Sugars are widely recognized for their ability to stabilize cell membranes during dehydration.However,the precise mechanisms by which sugars interact with lipid bilayers remain unclear.This mini-review synthesizes four key hypotheses explaining sugar-mediated protection of dehydrated bilayers:the Water Replacement Hypothesis(WRH),Hydration Force Hypothesis(HFH),Headgroup Bridging Hypothesis(HBH),and Vitrification Hypothesis(VH).We argue that these mechanisms are not mutually exclusive but instead operate synergistically under different cellular contexts.We propose that these hypotheses are not mutually exclusive but likely operate under different cellular contexts.Future studies should prioritize the development of biologically realistic membrane models-incorporating diverse lipids,proteins,and asymmetric leaflets-to elucidate the exact roles and mechanisms of sugars in membrane stabilization.Such advancements will enhance our understanding of anhydrobiosis and inform cryopreservation strategies for mammalian cells.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22272055)Scientific and Technological Project of Henan Province(No.222102240081)+1 种基金Science and Technology Planning Project of Anyang City(No.2022C01GX023)the support from Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(BL14B)for the sXRD experiments.
文摘The hard-to-remove lattice water has been regarded as a significant obstacle impeding the practical use of Prussian blue analogue cathodes for sodium-ion batteries.This work monitored the electrochemical evolution of a hydrated monoclinic sodium manganese hexacyanoferrate cathode by solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR).For the first time,we established a correlation between the chemical shifts of ^(23)Na NMR signals and the presence or absence of lattice water within this cathode.Through this method,we verified the electrochemical dehydration process that coincides with the merging of two redox platforms and a phase transformation in the initial cycles.Furthermore,we discovered that the lattice water is completely removed after several-day cell rest following a single activation cycle.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42122019 and 42288201)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2652023001)the State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources,China。
文摘0 INTRODUCTION Serpentinite has high contents of water(up to~12 wt.%)and other volatiles(Pettke and Bretscher,2022).Dehydration of subducted serpentinite transfers massive water into the sub-arc mantle wedge and induces fluxmelting to generate arc magmas.However,characterizing the role of serpentinite-derived fluids in arc magmatism is not easy,as serpentinite is depleted in incompatible elements compared to other subducted components(e.g.,altered oceanic crust(AOC)and sediments).
基金benefited from the financial support of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Pioneer Hundred Talents Programthe Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program (Grant No. 2019QZKK0708)+2 种基金the MEXT KAKENHI grant (Grant No. 21H05203)the Kobe University Strategic International Collaborative Research Grant (Type B Fostering Joint Research)the “Science of Slowto-Fast Earthquakes” project。
文摘The dependence of the subduction regime on three-dimensional slab geometry poses a challenge for accurately estimating the evolving thermal structure of megathrusts globally. Although slab dips and ages have gained attention, the specific impacts of oblique subduction remain unmeasured. Here, we present an integrated thermal model that quantifies how slab morphology can shape the thermal state of megathrusts, such as those in the Makran Subduction Zone. The model considers both slab obliquity and depth variations along the trench. We find a considerable match between the slab petrological dehydration zone and the distribution of great crustal earthquakes. We suggest that the accumulation of fluids along megathrusts by slab metamorphism can foster more polarized conditions for decreasing plate coupling and increasing interplate ruptures. It is thus imperative to improve model representation and more realistically represent how drivers of slab geometry affect metamorphic transitions and the occurrence of earthquakes at megathrusts.
基金sponsored by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2018YFC1802101)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52170149)。
文摘Multiple active components in steel slags can optimize soil texture and catalyze the thermal desorption of refractory organic pollutants,especially polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs).In this study,a safety and risk assessment was conducted on toxic metals present in collected steel slags,and the refining slag with a high content of free-CaO from the XG iron and steel plant(XGRS)was selected and used to regulate the plasticity index(PI)of clay soils.For the clay soil with high liquid limit and high plasticity(CH),the PI reduced from 34.3%to 24.8%with steel slags at an addition ratio of 10%(mass percent),and for the clay soil with low liquid limit(CL),the PI decreased from 22.8%to 16.5%,resulting in silt soil with optimal thermal properties.The thermal removal efficiency of PAHs in CH decreased from 81.9%to 74.0%at 350℃ as the soil water content increased from 0 to 150 g kg^(-1),due to the hydration and swelling of clay minerals and the heat loss associated with dehydroxylation and dehydration.The efficiency further decreased to 68.7%using 2%(mass percent)CaO as an additive due to the delayed dehydr(oxyl)ation of clay minerals and enhanced aromatization of soil organic matter.In contrast,addition of 2%high-content titania-bearing slag(HTBS)enhanced the removal efficiency of high-ring PAHs,with the efficiency increasing for 5-ring from 52.6%to 59.7%and for 6-ring from 76.6%to 81.8%.This is due to the presence of amorphous TiO_(2) and crystalline CaTiO_(3) in HTBS,which can degrade water to produce reactive oxygen species.The 2%XGRS addition facilitated the complete removal of PAHs by air-supplemented lattice oxygen,leading to the oxidation of C–C bonds in CH to C–O,C=O,and O–C=O functional groups.This study provides valuable insights into the use of additives to enhance the thermal remediation of PAH-contaminated clay soils via activating oxygen species and oxidizing C–C bonds in organo-mineral complexes within clay soils.
基金supported by Suranaree University of Technology,the National Science,Research and Innovation Fundthe Program Management Unit for Human Resources&Institutional Development,Research and Innovation,Fiscal Year 2024.
文摘Objective:This study assessed heat exposure,physiological responses,and the risk of chronic kidney disease among outdoor agricultural workers in Pak Chong,Thailand,and developed a predictive model for Wet Bulb Globe Temperature(WBGT).Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted among 170 agricultural workers.Field WBGT was measured at 33 locations in April and July and corrected for Clothing Adjustment Factor to determine effective WBGT.Core temperature,skin temperature,heart rate,blood pressure,and body weight were monitored before,during,and after work shifts.Urine dipstick and microalbumin tests were performed to evaluate dehydration and kidney disorder.Workloads were classified according to American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists(ACGIH)metabolic rate categories.Meteorological data were used to train machine learning models—including linear regression,decision tree,random forest,and extreme gradient boosting—to predict WBGT values.Results:Effective WBGT at fruit gardens and field crops sites frequently exceeded ACGIH limits for moderateto-heavy work.Workers’systolic/diastolic blood pressure and heart rate increased during work(transient cardiovascular strain)while body temperature remained stable.Post-shift,34.7%showed moderate dehydration;microalbumin screening was positive in 31/170(18.2%)suggesting possible early renal involvement but not chronic kidney disease diagnosis.Among the predictive models,extreme gradient boosting achieved the best performance(root mean square error=0.798℃,mean absolute error=0.576℃,R^(2)=0.81).The most influential predictors were air temperature,sunshine duration,and site-specific factors.Conclusions:Agricultural workers in Pak Chong are frequently exposed to heat stress that exceeds ACGIH standards,predisposing them to dehydration and kidney impairment.The findings support evidence-based preventive strategies such as regulated work–rest cycles,hydration management,and medical surveillance.Moreover,the validated WBGT prediction tool offers a practical approach for real-time monitoring and proactive climate adaptation to protect outdoor workers in heat-prone environments.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42102324)the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province of China(Grant No.2024AFB686)Open Fund of Badong National Observation and Research Station of Geohazards(Grant No.BNORSG-202102).
文摘Although soil exhibits excellent mechanical performance,the microstructural changes of biopolymer within soil due to dehydration and rehydration are rarely explored.This study aims to explore xanthan gum soil microstructure and strength behavior under different dehydration and rehydration degrees using nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)and unconfined compressive strength tests.The results showed that the proportion of large-volume biopolymer gel within the sample decreased from 91.91%to 38.28%during dehydration,but increased to 90.44%upon rehydration when sample moisture returned to its original level.The NMR images revealed that biopolymer gel evaporated from outside during the dehydration process,causing the dehydrated biopolymer to shrink and form a high-strength glass,which directly enhanced the soil's macroscopic mechanical properties.Upon rehydration,the biopolymer reabsorbed moisture and gradually expanded,leading to weakened connections between soil particles and a decrease in strength.Therefore,even when the moisture content of soil remained constant during the dehydration and rehydration processes,their unconfined compressive strength(UCS)and failure patterns exhibited significant differences.Both the UCS and NMR signal of biopolymer-treated soil decreased after the first dehydration and rehydration cycle,stabilizing gradually after subsequent cycles.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Guizhou Province(No.ZK 2022-044)the Platform of Science and Technology and Talent Team Plan of Guizhou Province(No.GCC[2023]007)+1 种基金the National Science Foundation of China(Nos.52101010 and 11964006)the Fund of Natural Science Special(Special Post)Research Foundation of Guizhou University(No.2021-018).
文摘The design and development of high-performance anodes pose significant challenges in the construction of next-generation rechargeable lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).Sodium molybdate dihydrate(Na_(2)MoO_(4)·2H_(2)O)has garnered increasing attention due to its cost-effectiveness,non-toxicity and earth abundance.To enhance the Li storage performance of Na_(2)MoO_(4)·2H_(2)O,a crystallographic orientation regulation strategy is proposed in this work.Initially,density functional theory calculations are carried out to demonstrate that the(020)crystal plane of Na_(2)MoO_(4)·2H_(2)O offers the lowest energy barrier for Li^(+)migration.Subsequently,the preferred crystallographic orientation of Na_(2)MoO_(4)·2H_(2)O crystal is tuned through a low-temperature recrystallization method.Furthermore,the microstructure and phase changes of Na_(2)MoO_(4)·2H_(2)O during the lithiation/de-lithiation process are studied using in situ and ex situ XRD tests,ex situ XPS and cyclic voltammetry to unravel its Li^(+)storage mechanism.Upon application as LIBs anode,the Na_(2)MoO_(4)·2H_(2)O single-crystal particles with a preferred(020)surface exhibit superior reversible capacity,high-capacity retention and high cycling stability.The enhanced Li storage performance should be attributed to the regulated crystallographic orientation and small changes in the crystal microstructure during the charge/discharge process,which facilitates Li^(+)migration and bolsters structural stability.Notably,this study introduces a novel concept and a simple synthesis method for the advancement of electrodes in rechargeable batteries.
基金supported by the Research Program of the Science and Technology Department of Guizhou Province(Qiankehe Jichu[2019]1418)the Research Program of Talented Scholars of Guizhou Institute of Technology(XJGC20190965).
文摘In this context,the present study proposes the use of microwave irradiation to improve the dehydration rate and efficiency of strontium hydroxide octahydrate(Sr(OH)_(2)·8H_(2)O)without introducing contaminants.This study revealed that the use of microwave irradiation to dehydrate Sr(OH)_(2)·8H_(2)O is feasible and surprisingly efficient.The effects of this approach on important parameters were investigated using response surface methodology(RSM).The results revealed that the microwave dehydration process follows a linear polynomial model.In addition,compared with the heating time and material thickness,the microwave-assisted dehydration of Sr(OH)_(2)·8H_(2)O is sensitive to the microwave power and not to the material mass.The relative dehydration percentage reached 99.99%when heated in a microwave oven at 950Wfor just 3 min.In contrast,a relative dehydration percentage of 94.6%was reached when heated in an electric furnace at 180℃for 120 min.The XRD spectra also revealed that most of the Sr(OH)_(2)·8H_(2)O transformed into Sr(OH)_(2)after dehydration via microwave irradiation,whereas a significant portion of the Sr(OH)_(2)·H_(2)O remained after conventional electric dehydration.The experimental data were fitted and analyzed via the thin-layer drying dynamics model,and the results indicated that the dehydrating behavior of Sr(OH)_(2)·8H_(2)O could be well described by the Page model.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22301139)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK 20230375).
文摘Sustainable energy technologies,particularly fuel cells,are gaining attraction for their potential to reduce carbon emissions and provide efficient power.Proton exchange membrane fuel cells(PEMFCs)have been central to this development.However,one persistent issue with lowtemperature PEMFCs is the dehydration of Nafion ionomer at elevated temperatures,which severely limits proton conductivity.Wang et al.tackle this by introducing a covalent organic framework(COF)interwoven with Nafion,addressing the challenge of maintaining proton conductivity and oxygen transport in medium temperatures(100–120℃).
基金Project(201011005-5)supported by the National Land and Resources Public Welfare Scientific Research Project of ChinaProject(41030426)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China+1 种基金Project(20095122110015)supported by Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of ChinaProject(2010-32)supported by Scientific Research Foundation of the Education Ministry for Returned Chinese Scholars,China
文摘The single phase La2（CO3）3·3.4H2 O was synthesized by hydrothermal method. The thermal decomposition and intermediates and final solid products of La2（CO3）3·3.4H2O from 30 to 1000 °C were characterized by XRD, FTIR and DTA-TG. The kinetics of dehydration of La2（CO3）3·3.4H2O in the temperature range of 30-366 °C was investigated under non-isothermal conditions. Flynn-Wall-Ozawa and Friedman isoconversion methods were used to calculate the activation energy and analyze the reaction steps; multivariate non-linear regression program was applied to determine the most probable mechanism and the kinetic parameters. The results show that the thermal dehydration of La2（CO3）3·3.4H2O is a kind of three-step competitive reaction, and controlled by an n-order initial reaction followed by n-order competitive reaction（FnFnFn model）. The activation energy matching with the most probable model is close to value obtained by Friedman method. The fitting curves match the original TG-DTG curves very well.
文摘The chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics of marine red alga Grateloupia turutunt Yamada, green alga Ulva pertusa Kjellm and brown alga Laminaria japonica Aresch during natural sustained dehydration were monitored and investigated. The pulse amplified modulation (PAM) system was used to analyze the distinct fluorescence parameters during thallus dehydration. Results proved that the fluorescence kinetics of different seaweed all showed three patterns of transformation with sustained water loss. These were: 1) peak kinetic pattern (at the early stage of dehydration fluorescence enhanced and quenched subsequently, representing a normal physiological state). 2) plateau kinetic pattern (with sustained water loss fluorescence enhanced continuously but quenching became slower, finally reaching its maximum). 3) Platform kinetic pattern (fluorescence fell and the shape of kinetic curve was similar to plateau kinetic pattern). A critical water content (CWC) could be found and defined as the percentage of water content just prior to the fluorescence drop and to be a significant physiological index for evaluation of plant drought tolerance. Once thallus water content became lower than this value the normal peak pattern can not be recovered even through rehydration, indicating an irreversible damage to the thylakoid membrane. The CWC value corresponding to different marine species were varied and negatively correlated with their desiccation tolerance, for example. Laminaria japonica had the highest CWC value (around 90%) and the lowest dehydration tolerance of the three. In addition, a fluorescence 'burst' was found only in red algae during rehydration. The different fluorescence parameters F-o, F-v and F-v, F-m were measured and compared during water loss. Both F-o and F-v increased in the first stage of dehydration but F-v/F-m. kept almost constant. So the immediate response of in vivo chlorophyll fluorescence to dehydration was an enhancement. Later with sustained dehydration F-o increased continuously while F-v decreased and tended to become smaller and smaller. The major changes in fluorescence (including fluorescence drop during dehydration and the burst during rehydration) were all attributed to the change in F-o instead of F-v This significance of F-o indicates that it is necessary to do more research on F-o as well as on its relationship with the state of thylakoid membrane.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (TD2011-11,BLYJ201519)Beijing Higher Education Young Elite Teacher Project (YETP0765)+2 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (31170556)New Century Excellent Talents in University (NCET-13-0671)State Forestry Administration of China (201204803)~~
文摘A natural attapulgite （ATP）‐based catalyst, sulfated In2O3‐ATP （SO42-/In2O3‐ATP）, was obtained by an impregnation‐calcination method and was used to efficiently and selectively produce the useful platform chemical 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural （HMF） from hexoses. Some important reaction param‐eters were studied, revealing that Lewis and Br-nsted acid sites on SO42-/In2O3‐ATP catalyze glu‐cose isomerization and fructose dehydration. The yields of HMF from glucose and fructose were 40.2%and 46.2%, respectively, using the optimal conditions of 180℃ for 60 min with 10 wt%of solid acid catalyst in a mixture of γ‐valerolactone‐water （9：1）.
基金Support by a Grant from the Major State Basic Research Development Program of China(973 Program,2009CB724702)Science Foundation of Nanjing Industry University(39708010)~~
文摘[Objective] The aim was to study on the chlorella resistance to dehydration conditions and effect of different cryoprotecants on drying of chlorella cells.[Method]The protection effect of seven kinds of cryoprotecants on chlorella cells was analyzed.[Result]The protection effect of trehalose on chlorella cells was the best,and the survival rate of chlorella cells had improved by 50% with the applied trehalose concentration of 5%.[Conclusion]The result in this study had important guidance effect on the mutation breeding of chlorella.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21376068)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2016M592424)~~
文摘Iron exchanged ZSM-5 with Si/Al ratio from 25 to 300 prepared by three consecutive ion exchanges was used for the dehydration of ethanol to ethylene.The iron exchanged ZSM-5（Si/Al=25） catalyst with an iron content of 0.46 wt%gave 97%-99%yield of ethylene at 98%-99%conversion of ethanol at 260℃ and 0.81 h^-1 liquid hourly space velocity.The high performance was maintained for60 d on-stream.X-ray diffraction,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of pyridine adsorption,NH3 temperature-programmed desorption and diffuse reflectance UV-vis spectroscopy were used for catalyst characterization.Ion exchange with iron decreased the total acidity of the zeolite,especially the strong acid sites and Bronsted acid sites.The doped iron species were distributed over Fe-ZSM-5 as predominantly isolated Fe^3＋.Therefore,the catalytic performance for ethanol dehydration to ethylene was improved.
