The rockburst is a violent failure in rock during mining and tunneling operations.Since tunnel constructions for hydropower and transportation purposes and mining operations in deep rock masses have been increasing re...The rockburst is a violent failure in rock during mining and tunneling operations.Since tunnel constructions for hydropower and transportation purposes and mining operations in deep rock masses have been increasing recently,more frequent rockburst cases have been reported.This paper proposes a new definition for rockburst,considering the main components of the rockburst along with triggering mechanisms and reasons.For this purpose,the historical definitions of rockburst and its related classifications have been reviewed.In terms of triggering mechanisms,a rockburst must be induced by excavation resulting from three effects arising from the transition of stress state from 3D to 1D,such as the transient radial stress loss,the time-dependent tangential stress increase,and the peak strength drop,which are explained by examining the stress transition in the shear stress vs normal stress space and energy transition in the stress-strain space.Based on the understanding of the three effects of excavation,a new definition of rockburst is proposed:“A rockburst is a sudden failure of rock mass surrounding the excavations caused by the rapid release of stored energy when induced stresses exceed the rock strength”.Additionally,rockbursts are classified according to transitions in the static and dynamic stress fields,with further subclassifications into instantaneous and delayed bursts based on the timing of occurrences relative to radial stress drop and tangential stress increase.Rockburst management strategies are also proposed to address stress and energy transitions in excavations.展开更多
Definition and Classification of Acute Kidney Injury Before the RIFLE classification system of acute renal failure（ARF） was proposed in the Second Conference of Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative （ADQI,an internatio...Definition and Classification of Acute Kidney Injury Before the RIFLE classification system of acute renal failure（ARF） was proposed in the Second Conference of Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative （ADQI,an international volunteer organization mainly composed of intensivists and nephrologists in developed countries） in 2002, there were more than 35 diagnostic criteria of ARF in different literatures, which led to confusion in clinical practice and epidemiological investigation.展开更多
文摘The rockburst is a violent failure in rock during mining and tunneling operations.Since tunnel constructions for hydropower and transportation purposes and mining operations in deep rock masses have been increasing recently,more frequent rockburst cases have been reported.This paper proposes a new definition for rockburst,considering the main components of the rockburst along with triggering mechanisms and reasons.For this purpose,the historical definitions of rockburst and its related classifications have been reviewed.In terms of triggering mechanisms,a rockburst must be induced by excavation resulting from three effects arising from the transition of stress state from 3D to 1D,such as the transient radial stress loss,the time-dependent tangential stress increase,and the peak strength drop,which are explained by examining the stress transition in the shear stress vs normal stress space and energy transition in the stress-strain space.Based on the understanding of the three effects of excavation,a new definition of rockburst is proposed:“A rockburst is a sudden failure of rock mass surrounding the excavations caused by the rapid release of stored energy when induced stresses exceed the rock strength”.Additionally,rockbursts are classified according to transitions in the static and dynamic stress fields,with further subclassifications into instantaneous and delayed bursts based on the timing of occurrences relative to radial stress drop and tangential stress increase.Rockburst management strategies are also proposed to address stress and energy transitions in excavations.
文摘Definition and Classification of Acute Kidney Injury Before the RIFLE classification system of acute renal failure（ARF） was proposed in the Second Conference of Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative （ADQI,an international volunteer organization mainly composed of intensivists and nephrologists in developed countries） in 2002, there were more than 35 diagnostic criteria of ARF in different literatures, which led to confusion in clinical practice and epidemiological investigation.
