Manual inspection of onba earing casting defects is not realistic and unreliable,particularly in the case of some micro-level anomalies which lead to major defects on a large scale.To address these challenges,we propo...Manual inspection of onba earing casting defects is not realistic and unreliable,particularly in the case of some micro-level anomalies which lead to major defects on a large scale.To address these challenges,we propose BearFusionNet,an attention-based deep learning architecture with multi-stream,which merges both DenseNet201 and MobileNetV2 for feature extraction with a classification head inspired by VGG19.This hybrid design,figuratively beaming from one layer to another,extracts the enormity of representations on different scales,backed by a prepreprocessing pipeline that brings defect saliency to the fore through contrast adjustment,denoising,and edge detection.The use of multi-head self-attention enhances feature fusion,enabling the model to capture both large and small spatial features.BearFusionNet achieves an accuracy of 99.66%and Cohen’s kappa score of 0.9929 in Kaggle’s Real-life Industrial Casting Defects dataset.Both McNemar’s and Wilcoxon signed-rank statistical tests,as well as fivefold cross-validation,are employed to assess the robustness of our proposed model.To interpret the model,we adopt Grad-Cam visualizations,which are the state of the art standard.Furthermore,we deploy BearFusionNet as a webbased system for near real-time inference(5-6 s per prediction),which enables the quickest yet accurate detection with visual explanations.Overall,BearFusionNet is an interpretable,accurate,and deployable solution that can automatically detect casting defects,leading to significant advances in the innovative industrial environment.展开更多
Algal blooms in eutrophic water often produce microcystins,which can lead to multi-organ dysfunction and even mortality in many organisms.Therefore,the elimination of microcystins in water is an urgent issue that need...Algal blooms in eutrophic water often produce microcystins,which can lead to multi-organ dysfunction and even mortality in many organisms.Therefore,the elimination of microcystins in water is an urgent issue that needs to be addressed.Herein,we develop a dual defect engineering strategy to construct graphite-like carbon nitride with N vacancies and-C≡N groups(NgCN)nanosheets for microcystin-LR(MC-LR)photodegradation.According to our theoretical calculations and actual findings,the NgCN nanosheets enhanced recyclability for the removal of MC-LR while also demonstrating outstanding photocatalytic efficacy,significantly surpassing the graphite-like carbon nitride under visible light,which is ascribed to efficient charge separation as well as narrowing the bandgap.Impressively,the water quality after photodegradation has been proven to be safe based on International Organization for Standardization(ISO)standards.This finding provides meaningful insights into understanding the relationship between defect engineering and photodegradation performance to design photocatalytic materials with higher activity for environmental remediation.展开更多
Dear Editor,The Cay2.1 channel,also known as the P/Q-type Ca^(2+) channel,is a particular type of voltage-gated Ca^(2+) channel primarily expressed on the presynaptic membrane in the brain[1].It serves as an essential...Dear Editor,The Cay2.1 channel,also known as the P/Q-type Ca^(2+) channel,is a particular type of voltage-gated Ca^(2+) channel primarily expressed on the presynaptic membrane in the brain[1].It serves as an essential part of the precisely orchestrated neurotransmitter release machinery.展开更多
The original online version of this article was revised:The layout update for Article 758 has impacted the page range in the published issue,but did not affect the scholarly content.To ensure consistency with the orig...The original online version of this article was revised:The layout update for Article 758 has impacted the page range in the published issue,but did not affect the scholarly content.To ensure consistency with the originally assigned pages(2595-2614),we will need to publish an erratum to correct the article and restore the original page range.The original article has been corrected.展开更多
With the rapid development of transportation infrastructure,ensuring road safety through timely and accurate highway inspection has become increasingly critical.Traditional manual inspection methods are not only time-...With the rapid development of transportation infrastructure,ensuring road safety through timely and accurate highway inspection has become increasingly critical.Traditional manual inspection methods are not only time-consuming and labor-intensive,but they also struggle to provide consistent,high-precision detection and realtime monitoring of pavement surface defects.To overcome these limitations,we propose an Automatic Recognition of PavementDefect(ARPD)algorithm,which leverages unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)-based aerial imagery to automate the inspection process.The ARPD framework incorporates a backbone network based on the Selective State Space Model(S3M),which is designed to capture long-range temporal dependencies.This enables effective modeling of dynamic correlations among redundant and often repetitive structures commonly found in road imagery.Furthermore,a neck structure based on Semantics and Detail Infusion(SDI)is introduced to guide cross-scale feature fusion.The SDI module enhances the integration of low-level spatial details with high-level semantic cues,thereby improving feature expressiveness and defect localization accuracy.Experimental evaluations demonstrate that theARPDalgorithm achieves a mean average precision(mAP)of 86.1%on a custom-labeled pavement defect dataset,outperforming the state-of-the-art YOLOv11 segmentation model.The algorithm also maintains strong generalization ability on public datasets.These results confirm that ARPD is well-suited for diverse real-world applications in intelligent,large-scale highway defect monitoring and maintenance planning.展开更多
The interdependence of electrical parameters has long inhibited the progress of bismuth telluride(Bi_(2)Te3),limiting its widespread application in thermoelectric cooling and power generation.This work investigates th...The interdependence of electrical parameters has long inhibited the progress of bismuth telluride(Bi_(2)Te3),limiting its widespread application in thermoelectric cooling and power generation.This work investigates the n-type Bi_(2)Te_(2.79)Se_(0.21)I_(0.004)(Bi_(2)(Te,Se)_(3),BTS)system with light Zn doping,revealing that Zn addition simultaneously enhances the Seebeck coefficient(S)and electrical conductivity(σ)through the modulation of defect composition and multi-level band regulation.The substitution of Zn atoms at Bi sites enhances S via bandgap(E_(g))widening,band flattening,and band splitting effects,contributing to a competitive power factor(PF)of∼60μW⋅cm^(−1)⋅K^(−2).Additionally,thermal conductivity is maintained at a low level,leading to an extraordinary figure-of-merit(ZT)value of∼1.3 at room temperature.Furthermore,the Bi_(2)Zn_(0.01)Te_(2.79)Se_(0.21)I_(0.004) system demonstrates impressive thermoelectric device performance,with a maximum cooling temperature difference(ΔT_(max))of∼70.0 K at 300 K,rising to∼78.0 K at 323 K and∼85.7 K at 343 K,as well as a maximum conversion efficiency(η_(max))of∼6.2%under aΔT of 200 K.This study clarifies the mechanism of Zn doping and presents a cost-effective strategy for enhancing the performance of n-type BTS thermoelectrics and their devices.展开更多
Magnesium(Mg)and its alloys,known for their low density and high specific strength,are increasingly explored as lightweight structural materials across a broad range of industrial applications.However,their widespread...Magnesium(Mg)and its alloys,known for their low density and high specific strength,are increasingly explored as lightweight structural materials across a broad range of industrial applications.However,their widespread application remains constrained by intrinsic mechanical limitations,fundamentally rooted in the nature of crystallographic defects.Atomic-scale modeling techniques are transforming our ability to unravel the structures,energetics,and dynamics of these defects and to explore their complex interactions,thereby guiding defect engineering in Mg alloys.However,the growing body of available data can make it difficult for researchers to identify critical knowledge gaps and promising areas for further exploration.To address this challenge,we highlight key research domains with significant potential for impactful advancements,aiming to illuminate these areas while inspiring innovative approaches and encouraging deeper exploration of pivotal topics that may shape the future of Mg alloy development.This review presents a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art in atomic-scale modeling of defects in Mg and its alloys.We introduce key simulation methodologies,including density functional theory and atomistic simulations,and highlight their applications to defect distribution,defect dynamics,and defect-defect interactions.By bridging fundamental insights in defects with alloy design strategies,this review aims to support and inspire the broader Mg research community and to underscore the growing impact of atomic-scale modeling in the accelerated development of high-performance Mg alloys.展开更多
Dear Editor,We observed a patient with congenital simple hamartoma of the retinal pigment epithelium(CSHRPE)using multimodal imaging,which helped to differentiate this disease from other retinal pigment epithelial dis...Dear Editor,We observed a patient with congenital simple hamartoma of the retinal pigment epithelium(CSHRPE)using multimodal imaging,which helped to differentiate this disease from other retinal pigment epithelial diseases.CSHRPE is a rare benign lesion.It is typically characterized by an isolated,round and dark black lesion located in the center of the macula,which was first described by Laqua[1].It is currently considered a congenital benign lesion,but its pathogenesis remains unclear[2-3].Ethical Approval The patient signed the informed consent form,but since it was a retrospective case report that we did not make an ethics application.展开更多
Due to their chiral structure,carbon nanosprings possess unique properties that are promising for nanotechnology applications.The structural transformations of carbon nanosprings in the form of spiral macromolecules d...Due to their chiral structure,carbon nanosprings possess unique properties that are promising for nanotechnology applications.The structural transformations of carbon nanosprings in the form of spiral macromolecules derived from planar coronene and kekulene molecules(graphene helicoids and spiral nanoribbons)are analyzed using molecular dynamics simulations.The interatomic interactions are described by a force field including valence bonds,bond angles,torsional and dihedral angles,as well as van derWaals interactions.While the tension/compression of such nanosprings has been analyzed in the literature,this study investigates other modes of deformation,including bending and twisting.Depending on the geometric characteristics of the carbon nanosprings,the formation of structural and helix reversal topological defects is described.During these structural transformations of the nanosprings,only van der Waals bonds break and recover,but breaking or recovery of covalent bonds does not take place.It is found that nanosprings demonstrate a significantly higher coefficient of axial thermal expansion than many metals and alloys.Under axial compression,Euler instability leads to lateral bending with continuous deformation of the nanospring axis at relatively low compression,while at high compression,bending kinks form.Various types of topological defects form on the instantly released nanospring during its relaxation from a highly stretched configuration.These results are useful for the development of nanosensors operating over a wide temperature range.展开更多
Based on the linear elasticity theory of quasicrystals,this study addresses two defect problems in two-dimensional piezoelectric quasicrystals:rigid inclusions and holes.Using the Stroh formalism,Green’s function sol...Based on the linear elasticity theory of quasicrystals,this study addresses two defect problems in two-dimensional piezoelectric quasicrystals:rigid inclusions and holes.Using the Stroh formalism,Green’s function solutions are obtained for these defects under concentrated and uniformly distributed forces.Numerical examples are presented to analyze the mechanical behavior when loads are applied at various positions,including the center,outside,on the boundary,and at infinity of the elliptical defect.The study emphasizes the significant impact of the phonon line force on the distribution of key physical quantities.Results show that elliptical defects significantly disrupt multiple physical fields,leading to substantial variations in displacement and potential at the hole boundaries and pronounced stress concentrations.The stress in the phason field near the elliptical defect boundary exhibits complex variations under loading conditions,and the piezoelectric effect becomes more pronounced.These findings provide critical guidance for designing quasicrystal-based smart materials with controlled defect responses.展开更多
Soil desiccation cracking is a prevalent natural phenomenon that poses significant geotechnical and geoenvironmental challenges.Cracks typically initiate at surface defects such as air bubbles,large aggregates,tiny pi...Soil desiccation cracking is a prevalent natural phenomenon that poses significant geotechnical and geoenvironmental challenges.Cracks typically initiate at surface defects such as air bubbles,large aggregates,tiny pits,or uneven surfaces,where localized stress concentrations are readily induced.This study conducted a series of laboratory desiccation tests on slurry samples to investigate the initiation and propagation of desiccation cracks in the presence of varying types and quantities of surface defects.Digital image correlation(DIC)technology was employed to monitor the strain and displacement fields on the soil surface during the desiccation process.The results reveal that strain and displacement data derived from DIC can precisely predict the initiation sites and propagation directions of desiccation cracks.In samples with internal defects,cracks predominantly propagate through the defect,whereas external defects tend to initiate cracks along their edges.In samples with multiple defects,Y-shaped crack patterns generally form initially,followed by T-shaped and straight cracks,driven by the evolving stress field.The dynamic interplay between crack formation and tensile stress redistribution governs the initiation and propagation of desiccation cracks.展开更多
The current technical standards primarily relied on experience to judge the interfacial bonding properties between the self-compacting concrete filling layer and the steam-cured concrete precast slab in CRTS Ⅲ slab b...The current technical standards primarily relied on experience to judge the interfacial bonding properties between the self-compacting concrete filling layer and the steam-cured concrete precast slab in CRTS Ⅲ slab ballastless track structure.This study sought to enhance technical standards for evaluating interfacial bonding properties by suggesting the use of the splitting tensile strength to evaluate the impact of bubble defects.Specimens were fabricated through on-site experiment.The percent of each area of 6 cm^(2)or more bubble defect was 0 in most of specimens.When the cumulative area of all bub-ble defects reached 12%,the splitting tensile strength value was 0.67 MPa,which exceeded the minimum required value of 0.5 MPa for ensuring bonding interface adhesion.Furthermore,when the cumulative area of all bubble defects reached 8%,the splitting tensile strength value was 0.85 MPa,which exceeded the minimum required value of 0.8 MPa,thereby over-coming the negative impact of each area of 10 cm^(2) or more bubble defect.Additionally,keeping the cumulative area of each area of 6 cm^(2) or more bubble defect below 6%ensured adequate bonding strength and reduced the occurrence of specimens with lower splitting tensile strength values.展开更多
Based on inspection data,the authors analyze and summarize the main types and distribution characteristics of tunnel structural defects.These defects are classified into three types:surface defects,internal defects,an...Based on inspection data,the authors analyze and summarize the main types and distribution characteristics of tunnel structural defects.These defects are classified into three types:surface defects,internal defects,and defects behind the structure.To address the need for rapid detection of different defect types,the current state of rapid detection technologies and equipment,both domestically and internationally,is systematically reviewed.The research reveals that surface defect detection technologies and equipment have developed rapidly in recent years.Notably,the integration of machine vision and laser scanning technologies have significantly improved detection efficiency and accuracy,achieving crack detection precision of up to 0.1 mm.However,the non-contact rapid detection of internal and behind-the-structure defects remains constrained by hardware limitations,with traditional detection remaining dominant.Nevertheless,phased array radar,ultrasonic,and acoustic vibration detection technologies have become research hotspots in recent years,offering promising directions for detecting these challenging defect types.Additionally,the application of multisensor fusion technology in rapid detection equipment has further enhanced detection capabilities.Devices such as cameras,3D laser scanners,infrared thermal imagers,and radar demonstrate significant advantages in rapid detection.Future research in tunnel inspection should prioritize breakthroughs in rapid detection technologies for internal and behind-the-structure defects.Efforts should also focus on developing multifunctional integrated detection vehicles that can simultaneously inspect both surface and internal structures.Furthermore,progress in fully automated,intelligent systems with precise defect identification and real-time reporting will be essential to significantly improve the efficiency and accuracy of tunnel inspection.展开更多
The impact of casting defects on the weldability of K4951 superalloy was investigated using tungsten inert gas(TIG)welding.The as-cast K4951 superalloy samples with prefabricated U-shaped grooves of varying depths and...The impact of casting defects on the weldability of K4951 superalloy was investigated using tungsten inert gas(TIG)welding.The as-cast K4951 superalloy samples with prefabricated U-shaped grooves of varying depths and widths were TIG welded,and the microstructures,cracks morphology,and precipitated phases were analyzed using optical microscope,scanning electron microscope,transmission electron microscope,and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer.The results reveal that the dimensions of casting defects significantly affect the weldability of K4951.Deep defects(greater than 2 mm)lead to rapid crack propagation,while wider defects can moderate the propagation process of cracks.Elemental segregation and the formation of precipitated phases,such as MC carbides,are observed in the fusion zone,contributing to welding cracks.An optimal groove aspect ratio(depth-to-width)between 0.2 and 0.5 minimizes crack formation tendency and enhances tensile strength,resulting in a mixed brittle-ductile fracture mode of joint after high-temperature tensile testing.展开更多
Infectious bone defects represent a substantial challenge in clinical practice,necessitating the deployment of advanced therapeutic strategies.This study presents a treatment modality that merges a mild photothermal t...Infectious bone defects represent a substantial challenge in clinical practice,necessitating the deployment of advanced therapeutic strategies.This study presents a treatment modality that merges a mild photothermal therapy hydrogel with a pulsed drug delivery mechanism.The system is predicated on a hydrogel matrix that is thermally responsive,characteristic of bone defect sites,facilitating controlled and site-specific drug release.The cornerstone of this system is the incorporation of mild photothermal nanoparticles,which are activated within the temperature range of 40–43°C,thereby enhancing the precision and efficacy of drug delivery.Our findings demonstrate that the photothermal response significantly augments the localized delivery of therapeutic agents,mitigating systemic side effects and bolstering efficacy at the defect site.The synchronized pulsed release,cooperated with mild photothermal therapy,effectively addresses infection control,and promotes bone regeneration.This approach signifies a considerable advancement in the management of infectious bone defects,offering an effective and patient-centric alternative to traditional methods.Our research endeavors to extend its applicability to a wider spectrum of tissue regeneration scenarios,underscoring its transformative potential in the realm of regenerative medicine.展开更多
Achieving high-quality perovskite films without surface defects is regarded as a crucial target for the development of durable high-performance perovskite solar cells.Additive engineering is commonly employed to simul...Achieving high-quality perovskite films without surface defects is regarded as a crucial target for the development of durable high-performance perovskite solar cells.Additive engineering is commonly employed to simultaneously control the growth of perovskite crystals and passivate defects.Here,4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic anhydride(4-TBA)composed of benzene rings functionalized with carbonyl and trifluoromethyl groups was used as an example additive to study the characteristics of additives used for producing high-quality perovskites and controlling their surface properties.The interaction between4-TBA and perovskite precursor materials was investigated using density functional theory(DFT)simulations.The electron-rich carbonyl group efficiently passivated the under-coordinated lead-ion defects.Additionally,hydrogen bonding between trifluoromethyl and organic cations prevents the generation of cation vacancies.Because of its intrinsic hydrophobicity,the trifluoromethyl group simultaneously improves the moisture and heat stability of the film.4-TBA serves as a universal modifier for various perovskite compositions.The power conversion efficiency(PCE)of inverted perovskite solar cells(PSCs)based on methylammonium(MA)with 4-TBA was improved from 16.15%to 19.28%.Similarly,the PCE of inverted PSCs based on a cesium formamidinium MA(CsFAMA)perovskite film increased from20.72%to 23.58%,upon addition of 4-TBA.Furthermore,the moisture and thermal stability of 4-TBAtreated films and devices was significantly enhanced,along with prolonged device performance.Our work provides guidance on selecting the structure and functional groups that are essential for surface defect passivation and the production of high-quality perovskites.展开更多
The rapid progress in the construction of heavy-haul and high-speed railways has led to a surge in rail defects and unforeseen failures.Addressing this issue necessitates the implementation of more sophisticated rail ...The rapid progress in the construction of heavy-haul and high-speed railways has led to a surge in rail defects and unforeseen failures.Addressing this issue necessitates the implementation of more sophisticated rail inspection methods,specifically involving real-time,precise detection,and assessment of rail defects.Current applications fail to address the evolving requirements,prompting the need for advancements.This paper provides a summary of various types of rail defects and outlines both traditional and innovative non-destructive inspection techniques,examining their fundamental features,benefits,drawbacks,and practical suitability for railway track inspection.It also explores potential enhancements to equipment and software.The comprehensive review draws upon pertinent international research and review papers.Furthermore,the paper introduces a fusion of inspection methods aimed at enhancing the overall reliability of defect detection.展开更多
In integrated circuit(IC)manufacturing,fast,nondestructive,and precise detection of defects in patterned wafers,realized by bright-field microscopy,is one of the critical factors for ensuring the final performance and...In integrated circuit(IC)manufacturing,fast,nondestructive,and precise detection of defects in patterned wafers,realized by bright-field microscopy,is one of the critical factors for ensuring the final performance and yields of chips.With the critical dimensions of IC nanostructures continuing to shrink,directly imaging or classifying deep-subwavelength defects by bright-field microscopy is challenging due to the well-known diffraction barrier,the weak scattering effect,and the faint correlation between the scattering cross-section and the defect morphology.Herein,we propose an optical far-field inspection method based on the form-birefringence scattering imaging of the defective nanostructure,which can identify and classify various defects without requiring optical super-resolution.The technique is built upon the principle of breaking the optical form birefringence of the original periodic nanostructures by the defect perturbation under the anisotropic illumination modes,such as the orthogonally polarized plane waves,then combined with the high-order difference of far-field images.We validated the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method in detecting deep subwavelength defects through rigid vector imaging modeling and optical detection experiments of various defective nanostructures based on polarization microscopy.On this basis,an intelligent classification algorithm for typical patterned defects based on a dual-channel AlexNet neural network has been proposed,stabilizing the classification accuracy ofλ/16-sized defects with highly similar features at more than 90%.The strong classification capability of the two-channel network on typical patterned defects can be attributed to the high-order difference image and its transverse gradient being used as the network’s input,which highlights the polarization modulation difference between different patterned defects more significantly than conventional bright-field microscopy results.This work will provide a new but easy-to-operate method for detecting and classifying deep-subwavelength defects in patterned wafers or photomasks,which thus endows current online inspection equipment with more missions in advanced IC manufacturing.展开更多
Despite the extensive use of distributed fiber optic sensing(DFOS)in monitoring underground structures,its potential in detecting structural anomalies,such as cracks and cavities,is still not fully understood.To contr...Despite the extensive use of distributed fiber optic sensing(DFOS)in monitoring underground structures,its potential in detecting structural anomalies,such as cracks and cavities,is still not fully understood.To contribute to the identification of defects in underground structures,this study conducted a four-point bending test of a reinforced concrete(RC)beam and uniaxial loading tests of an RC specimen with local cavities.The experimental results revealed the disparity in DFOS strain spike profiles between these two structural anomalies.The effectiveness of DFOS in the quantification of crack opening displacement(COD)was also demonstrated,even in cases where perfect bonding was not achievable between the cable and structures.In addition,DFOS strain spikes observed in two diaphragm wall panels of a twin circular shaft were also reported.The most probable cause of those spikes was identified as the mechanical behavior associated with local concrete contamination.With the utilization of the strain profiles obtained from laboratory tests and field monitoring,three types of multi-classifiers,based on support vector machine(SVM),random forest(RF),and backpropagation neural network(BP),were employed to classify strain profiles,including crack-induced spikes,non-crack-induced spikes,and non-spike strain profiles.Among these classifiers,the SVM-based classifier exhibited superior performance in terms of accuracy and model robustness.This finding suggests that the SVM-based classifier holds promise as a potential solution for the automatic detection and classification of defects in underground structures during long-term monitoring.展开更多
Intermetallic alloys offer exceptional high-temperature mechanical properties and low densities,thus rendering them suitable for a wide range of applications in aviation and spacecraft.However,their inherent brittlene...Intermetallic alloys offer exceptional high-temperature mechanical properties and low densities,thus rendering them suitable for a wide range of applications in aviation and spacecraft.However,their inherent brittleness at room temperature poses challenges in the manufacture of complex geometries.Hence,Laser additive manufacturing(LAM)has emerged as a promising approach to investigate the potential limitations of these materials.This review discusses the key findings and challenges associated with the LAM of intermetallic alloys,particu-larly NiAl,Ni_(3)Al,and TiAl,whose engineering applications are substantial.It provides an overview of typical defect morphologies,formation mechanisms,and strategies to prevent cracks and pores.Additionally,it presents an analysis of the microstructural characteristics of as-built and post-treated samples compared with those of samples prepared conventionally.Furthermore,the mechanical properties of the above-mentioned alloys at both room and high temperatures are reviewed,thus highlighting the effects of post-treatment processes.This review concludes with summary tables detailing the mechanical properties,which serve as useful references for researchers.展开更多
基金funded by Multimedia University,Cyberjaya,Selangor,Malaysia(Grant Number:PostDoc(MMUI/240029)).
文摘Manual inspection of onba earing casting defects is not realistic and unreliable,particularly in the case of some micro-level anomalies which lead to major defects on a large scale.To address these challenges,we propose BearFusionNet,an attention-based deep learning architecture with multi-stream,which merges both DenseNet201 and MobileNetV2 for feature extraction with a classification head inspired by VGG19.This hybrid design,figuratively beaming from one layer to another,extracts the enormity of representations on different scales,backed by a prepreprocessing pipeline that brings defect saliency to the fore through contrast adjustment,denoising,and edge detection.The use of multi-head self-attention enhances feature fusion,enabling the model to capture both large and small spatial features.BearFusionNet achieves an accuracy of 99.66%and Cohen’s kappa score of 0.9929 in Kaggle’s Real-life Industrial Casting Defects dataset.Both McNemar’s and Wilcoxon signed-rank statistical tests,as well as fivefold cross-validation,are employed to assess the robustness of our proposed model.To interpret the model,we adopt Grad-Cam visualizations,which are the state of the art standard.Furthermore,we deploy BearFusionNet as a webbased system for near real-time inference(5-6 s per prediction),which enables the quickest yet accurate detection with visual explanations.Overall,BearFusionNet is an interpretable,accurate,and deployable solution that can automatically detect casting defects,leading to significant advances in the innovative industrial environment.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51778618 and 52070192)the National Water Pollution Control and Treatment Science and Technology Major Project(No.2017ZX07102).
文摘Algal blooms in eutrophic water often produce microcystins,which can lead to multi-organ dysfunction and even mortality in many organisms.Therefore,the elimination of microcystins in water is an urgent issue that needs to be addressed.Herein,we develop a dual defect engineering strategy to construct graphite-like carbon nitride with N vacancies and-C≡N groups(NgCN)nanosheets for microcystin-LR(MC-LR)photodegradation.According to our theoretical calculations and actual findings,the NgCN nanosheets enhanced recyclability for the removal of MC-LR while also demonstrating outstanding photocatalytic efficacy,significantly surpassing the graphite-like carbon nitride under visible light,which is ascribed to efficient charge separation as well as narrowing the bandgap.Impressively,the water quality after photodegradation has been proven to be safe based on International Organization for Standardization(ISO)standards.This finding provides meaningful insights into understanding the relationship between defect engineering and photodegradation performance to design photocatalytic materials with higher activity for environmental remediation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32100773 and U20A6005)the National Science and Technology Innovation 2030-Major Project of China(2021ZD0202500)+4 种基金Shenzhen Medical Research Fund(B2402024)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2021M693296)Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(JCYJ20230807093815032)Guangdong High-level Hospital Construction Fund(ynkt2021-zz33 and LCYJ2022093)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province,China(2022A1515010297).
文摘Dear Editor,The Cay2.1 channel,also known as the P/Q-type Ca^(2+) channel,is a particular type of voltage-gated Ca^(2+) channel primarily expressed on the presynaptic membrane in the brain[1].It serves as an essential part of the precisely orchestrated neurotransmitter release machinery.
文摘The original online version of this article was revised:The layout update for Article 758 has impacted the page range in the published issue,but did not affect the scholarly content.To ensure consistency with the originally assigned pages(2595-2614),we will need to publish an erratum to correct the article and restore the original page range.The original article has been corrected.
基金supported in part by the Technical Service for the Development and Application of an Intelligent Visual Management Platformfor Expressway Construction Progress Based on BIM Technology(grant NO.JKYZLX-2023-09)in partby the Technical Service for the Development of an Early Warning Model in the Research and Application of Key Technologies for Tunnel Operation Safety Monitoring and Early Warning Based on Digital Twin(grant NO.JK-S02-ZNGS-202412-JISHU-FA-0035)sponsored by Yunnan Transportation Science Research Institute Co.,Ltd.
文摘With the rapid development of transportation infrastructure,ensuring road safety through timely and accurate highway inspection has become increasingly critical.Traditional manual inspection methods are not only time-consuming and labor-intensive,but they also struggle to provide consistent,high-precision detection and realtime monitoring of pavement surface defects.To overcome these limitations,we propose an Automatic Recognition of PavementDefect(ARPD)algorithm,which leverages unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)-based aerial imagery to automate the inspection process.The ARPD framework incorporates a backbone network based on the Selective State Space Model(S3M),which is designed to capture long-range temporal dependencies.This enables effective modeling of dynamic correlations among redundant and often repetitive structures commonly found in road imagery.Furthermore,a neck structure based on Semantics and Detail Infusion(SDI)is introduced to guide cross-scale feature fusion.The SDI module enhances the integration of low-level spatial details with high-level semantic cues,thereby improving feature expressiveness and defect localization accuracy.Experimental evaluations demonstrate that theARPDalgorithm achieves a mean average precision(mAP)of 86.1%on a custom-labeled pavement defect dataset,outperforming the state-of-the-art YOLOv11 segmentation model.The algorithm also maintains strong generalization ability on public datasets.These results confirm that ARPD is well-suited for diverse real-world applications in intelligent,large-scale highway defect monitoring and maintenance planning.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No.2024YFA1210400)the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars (Grant No.52525101)+3 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.52450001 and 22409014)the International Cooperation and Exchange of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.52411540237)the Tencent Xplorer Prizethe support of the National High-Level Talent Special Support Programs—Young Talents。
文摘The interdependence of electrical parameters has long inhibited the progress of bismuth telluride(Bi_(2)Te3),limiting its widespread application in thermoelectric cooling and power generation.This work investigates the n-type Bi_(2)Te_(2.79)Se_(0.21)I_(0.004)(Bi_(2)(Te,Se)_(3),BTS)system with light Zn doping,revealing that Zn addition simultaneously enhances the Seebeck coefficient(S)and electrical conductivity(σ)through the modulation of defect composition and multi-level band regulation.The substitution of Zn atoms at Bi sites enhances S via bandgap(E_(g))widening,band flattening,and band splitting effects,contributing to a competitive power factor(PF)of∼60μW⋅cm^(−1)⋅K^(−2).Additionally,thermal conductivity is maintained at a low level,leading to an extraordinary figure-of-merit(ZT)value of∼1.3 at room temperature.Furthermore,the Bi_(2)Zn_(0.01)Te_(2.79)Se_(0.21)I_(0.004) system demonstrates impressive thermoelectric device performance,with a maximum cooling temperature difference(ΔT_(max))of∼70.0 K at 300 K,rising to∼78.0 K at 323 K and∼85.7 K at 343 K,as well as a maximum conversion efficiency(η_(max))of∼6.2%under aΔT of 200 K.This study clarifies the mechanism of Zn doping and presents a cost-effective strategy for enhancing the performance of n-type BTS thermoelectrics and their devices.
基金support by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft(DFG)-Projektnummer 505716422the French National Research Agency(ANR)grants ANR22-CE92-0058-01(SILA)and ANR-21-CE08-0001(ATOUUM)+2 种基金support by the DFG through the projects A05 of the SFB1394 StructuralChemical Atomic Complexity-From Defect Phase Diagrams to Material Properties,project ID 409476157support funded by the DFG-Projektnummer 562592407 and 555365333.
文摘Magnesium(Mg)and its alloys,known for their low density and high specific strength,are increasingly explored as lightweight structural materials across a broad range of industrial applications.However,their widespread application remains constrained by intrinsic mechanical limitations,fundamentally rooted in the nature of crystallographic defects.Atomic-scale modeling techniques are transforming our ability to unravel the structures,energetics,and dynamics of these defects and to explore their complex interactions,thereby guiding defect engineering in Mg alloys.However,the growing body of available data can make it difficult for researchers to identify critical knowledge gaps and promising areas for further exploration.To address this challenge,we highlight key research domains with significant potential for impactful advancements,aiming to illuminate these areas while inspiring innovative approaches and encouraging deeper exploration of pivotal topics that may shape the future of Mg alloy development.This review presents a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art in atomic-scale modeling of defects in Mg and its alloys.We introduce key simulation methodologies,including density functional theory and atomistic simulations,and highlight their applications to defect distribution,defect dynamics,and defect-defect interactions.By bridging fundamental insights in defects with alloy design strategies,this review aims to support and inspire the broader Mg research community and to underscore the growing impact of atomic-scale modeling in the accelerated development of high-performance Mg alloys.
基金Supported by Tianjin Key Medical Discipline Construction(No.TJYXZDXK-3-004A-3).
文摘Dear Editor,We observed a patient with congenital simple hamartoma of the retinal pigment epithelium(CSHRPE)using multimodal imaging,which helped to differentiate this disease from other retinal pigment epithelial diseases.CSHRPE is a rare benign lesion.It is typically characterized by an isolated,round and dark black lesion located in the center of the macula,which was first described by Laqua[1].It is currently considered a congenital benign lesion,but its pathogenesis remains unclear[2-3].Ethical Approval The patient signed the informed consent form,but since it was a retrospective case report that we did not make an ethics application.
基金funded by the Russian Science Foundation(RSF),grant No.25-73-20038(conceptualization,methodology,manuscript writing).
文摘Due to their chiral structure,carbon nanosprings possess unique properties that are promising for nanotechnology applications.The structural transformations of carbon nanosprings in the form of spiral macromolecules derived from planar coronene and kekulene molecules(graphene helicoids and spiral nanoribbons)are analyzed using molecular dynamics simulations.The interatomic interactions are described by a force field including valence bonds,bond angles,torsional and dihedral angles,as well as van derWaals interactions.While the tension/compression of such nanosprings has been analyzed in the literature,this study investigates other modes of deformation,including bending and twisting.Depending on the geometric characteristics of the carbon nanosprings,the formation of structural and helix reversal topological defects is described.During these structural transformations of the nanosprings,only van der Waals bonds break and recover,but breaking or recovery of covalent bonds does not take place.It is found that nanosprings demonstrate a significantly higher coefficient of axial thermal expansion than many metals and alloys.Under axial compression,Euler instability leads to lateral bending with continuous deformation of the nanospring axis at relatively low compression,while at high compression,bending kinks form.Various types of topological defects form on the instantly released nanospring during its relaxation from a highly stretched configuration.These results are useful for the development of nanosensors operating over a wide temperature range.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant numbers 12272402,and 12102458]the China Agricultural University Education Foundation[grant numbers 1101-240001].
文摘Based on the linear elasticity theory of quasicrystals,this study addresses two defect problems in two-dimensional piezoelectric quasicrystals:rigid inclusions and holes.Using the Stroh formalism,Green’s function solutions are obtained for these defects under concentrated and uniformly distributed forces.Numerical examples are presented to analyze the mechanical behavior when loads are applied at various positions,including the center,outside,on the boundary,and at infinity of the elliptical defect.The study emphasizes the significant impact of the phonon line force on the distribution of key physical quantities.Results show that elliptical defects significantly disrupt multiple physical fields,leading to substantial variations in displacement and potential at the hole boundaries and pronounced stress concentrations.The stress in the phason field near the elliptical defect boundary exhibits complex variations under loading conditions,and the piezoelectric effect becomes more pronounced.These findings provide critical guidance for designing quasicrystal-based smart materials with controlled defect responses.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42525201,42230710,42407521).
文摘Soil desiccation cracking is a prevalent natural phenomenon that poses significant geotechnical and geoenvironmental challenges.Cracks typically initiate at surface defects such as air bubbles,large aggregates,tiny pits,or uneven surfaces,where localized stress concentrations are readily induced.This study conducted a series of laboratory desiccation tests on slurry samples to investigate the initiation and propagation of desiccation cracks in the presence of varying types and quantities of surface defects.Digital image correlation(DIC)technology was employed to monitor the strain and displacement fields on the soil surface during the desiccation process.The results reveal that strain and displacement data derived from DIC can precisely predict the initiation sites and propagation directions of desiccation cracks.In samples with internal defects,cracks predominantly propagate through the defect,whereas external defects tend to initiate cracks along their edges.In samples with multiple defects,Y-shaped crack patterns generally form initially,followed by T-shaped and straight cracks,driven by the evolving stress field.The dynamic interplay between crack formation and tensile stress redistribution governs the initiation and propagation of desiccation cracks.
基金supported by a grant from China railway corporation science and technology research and development plan project(Grant No.2017G005-B)funding support by Wuyi University’s Hong Kong and Macao Joint Research and Development Fund(Grants No.2021WGALH15)funding support by the Innovation and Technology Commission of Hong Kong SAR Government to the Hong Kong Branch of National Rail Transit Electrification and Automation Engineering Technology Research Center(Grant No.K-BBY1).
文摘The current technical standards primarily relied on experience to judge the interfacial bonding properties between the self-compacting concrete filling layer and the steam-cured concrete precast slab in CRTS Ⅲ slab ballastless track structure.This study sought to enhance technical standards for evaluating interfacial bonding properties by suggesting the use of the splitting tensile strength to evaluate the impact of bubble defects.Specimens were fabricated through on-site experiment.The percent of each area of 6 cm^(2)or more bubble defect was 0 in most of specimens.When the cumulative area of all bub-ble defects reached 12%,the splitting tensile strength value was 0.67 MPa,which exceeded the minimum required value of 0.5 MPa for ensuring bonding interface adhesion.Furthermore,when the cumulative area of all bubble defects reached 8%,the splitting tensile strength value was 0.85 MPa,which exceeded the minimum required value of 0.8 MPa,thereby over-coming the negative impact of each area of 10 cm^(2) or more bubble defect.Additionally,keeping the cumulative area of each area of 6 cm^(2) or more bubble defect below 6%ensured adequate bonding strength and reduced the occurrence of specimens with lower splitting tensile strength values.
文摘Based on inspection data,the authors analyze and summarize the main types and distribution characteristics of tunnel structural defects.These defects are classified into three types:surface defects,internal defects,and defects behind the structure.To address the need for rapid detection of different defect types,the current state of rapid detection technologies and equipment,both domestically and internationally,is systematically reviewed.The research reveals that surface defect detection technologies and equipment have developed rapidly in recent years.Notably,the integration of machine vision and laser scanning technologies have significantly improved detection efficiency and accuracy,achieving crack detection precision of up to 0.1 mm.However,the non-contact rapid detection of internal and behind-the-structure defects remains constrained by hardware limitations,with traditional detection remaining dominant.Nevertheless,phased array radar,ultrasonic,and acoustic vibration detection technologies have become research hotspots in recent years,offering promising directions for detecting these challenging defect types.Additionally,the application of multisensor fusion technology in rapid detection equipment has further enhanced detection capabilities.Devices such as cameras,3D laser scanners,infrared thermal imagers,and radar demonstrate significant advantages in rapid detection.Future research in tunnel inspection should prioritize breakthroughs in rapid detection technologies for internal and behind-the-structure defects.Efforts should also focus on developing multifunctional integrated detection vehicles that can simultaneously inspect both surface and internal structures.Furthermore,progress in fully automated,intelligent systems with precise defect identification and real-time reporting will be essential to significantly improve the efficiency and accuracy of tunnel inspection.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(52201054,52175368)National Science and Technology Major Projects(J2019-VI-0018-0133)+2 种基金Liaoning Provincial Science and Technology Program(2023-BS-019,2023-MS-020)National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFB3700401)Key Specialized Research and Development Break-Through-Unveiling and Commanding the Special Project Program in Liaoning Province(2021JH15)。
文摘The impact of casting defects on the weldability of K4951 superalloy was investigated using tungsten inert gas(TIG)welding.The as-cast K4951 superalloy samples with prefabricated U-shaped grooves of varying depths and widths were TIG welded,and the microstructures,cracks morphology,and precipitated phases were analyzed using optical microscope,scanning electron microscope,transmission electron microscope,and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer.The results reveal that the dimensions of casting defects significantly affect the weldability of K4951.Deep defects(greater than 2 mm)lead to rapid crack propagation,while wider defects can moderate the propagation process of cracks.Elemental segregation and the formation of precipitated phases,such as MC carbides,are observed in the fusion zone,contributing to welding cracks.An optimal groove aspect ratio(depth-to-width)between 0.2 and 0.5 minimizes crack formation tendency and enhances tensile strength,resulting in a mixed brittle-ductile fracture mode of joint after high-temperature tensile testing.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32171354,82222015,82171001)The National Key Research and Development Program of China2023YFC2413600Research Funding from West China School/Hospital of Stomatology,Sichuan University(No.RCDWIS2023-1).
文摘Infectious bone defects represent a substantial challenge in clinical practice,necessitating the deployment of advanced therapeutic strategies.This study presents a treatment modality that merges a mild photothermal therapy hydrogel with a pulsed drug delivery mechanism.The system is predicated on a hydrogel matrix that is thermally responsive,characteristic of bone defect sites,facilitating controlled and site-specific drug release.The cornerstone of this system is the incorporation of mild photothermal nanoparticles,which are activated within the temperature range of 40–43°C,thereby enhancing the precision and efficacy of drug delivery.Our findings demonstrate that the photothermal response significantly augments the localized delivery of therapeutic agents,mitigating systemic side effects and bolstering efficacy at the defect site.The synchronized pulsed release,cooperated with mild photothermal therapy,effectively addresses infection control,and promotes bone regeneration.This approach signifies a considerable advancement in the management of infectious bone defects,offering an effective and patient-centric alternative to traditional methods.Our research endeavors to extend its applicability to a wider spectrum of tissue regeneration scenarios,underscoring its transformative potential in the realm of regenerative medicine.
基金supported by a Research Grant of Pukyong National University(2023)。
文摘Achieving high-quality perovskite films without surface defects is regarded as a crucial target for the development of durable high-performance perovskite solar cells.Additive engineering is commonly employed to simultaneously control the growth of perovskite crystals and passivate defects.Here,4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic anhydride(4-TBA)composed of benzene rings functionalized with carbonyl and trifluoromethyl groups was used as an example additive to study the characteristics of additives used for producing high-quality perovskites and controlling their surface properties.The interaction between4-TBA and perovskite precursor materials was investigated using density functional theory(DFT)simulations.The electron-rich carbonyl group efficiently passivated the under-coordinated lead-ion defects.Additionally,hydrogen bonding between trifluoromethyl and organic cations prevents the generation of cation vacancies.Because of its intrinsic hydrophobicity,the trifluoromethyl group simultaneously improves the moisture and heat stability of the film.4-TBA serves as a universal modifier for various perovskite compositions.The power conversion efficiency(PCE)of inverted perovskite solar cells(PSCs)based on methylammonium(MA)with 4-TBA was improved from 16.15%to 19.28%.Similarly,the PCE of inverted PSCs based on a cesium formamidinium MA(CsFAMA)perovskite film increased from20.72%to 23.58%,upon addition of 4-TBA.Furthermore,the moisture and thermal stability of 4-TBAtreated films and devices was significantly enhanced,along with prolonged device performance.Our work provides guidance on selecting the structure and functional groups that are essential for surface defect passivation and the production of high-quality perovskites.
文摘The rapid progress in the construction of heavy-haul and high-speed railways has led to a surge in rail defects and unforeseen failures.Addressing this issue necessitates the implementation of more sophisticated rail inspection methods,specifically involving real-time,precise detection,and assessment of rail defects.Current applications fail to address the evolving requirements,prompting the need for advancements.This paper provides a summary of various types of rail defects and outlines both traditional and innovative non-destructive inspection techniques,examining their fundamental features,benefits,drawbacks,and practical suitability for railway track inspection.It also explores potential enhancements to equipment and software.The comprehensive review draws upon pertinent international research and review papers.Furthermore,the paper introduces a fusion of inspection methods aimed at enhancing the overall reliability of defect detection.
基金funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52130504,52305577,and 52175509)the Key Research and Development Plan of Hubei Province(Grant No.2022BAA013)+4 种基金the Major Program(JD)of Hubei Province(Grant No.2023BAA008-2)the Interdisciplinary Research Program of Huazhong University of Science and Technology(2023JCYJ047)the Innovation Project of Optics Valley Laboratory(Grant No.OVL2023PY003)the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program(Grade B)of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.GZB20230244)the fellowship from the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2024M750995)。
文摘In integrated circuit(IC)manufacturing,fast,nondestructive,and precise detection of defects in patterned wafers,realized by bright-field microscopy,is one of the critical factors for ensuring the final performance and yields of chips.With the critical dimensions of IC nanostructures continuing to shrink,directly imaging or classifying deep-subwavelength defects by bright-field microscopy is challenging due to the well-known diffraction barrier,the weak scattering effect,and the faint correlation between the scattering cross-section and the defect morphology.Herein,we propose an optical far-field inspection method based on the form-birefringence scattering imaging of the defective nanostructure,which can identify and classify various defects without requiring optical super-resolution.The technique is built upon the principle of breaking the optical form birefringence of the original periodic nanostructures by the defect perturbation under the anisotropic illumination modes,such as the orthogonally polarized plane waves,then combined with the high-order difference of far-field images.We validated the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method in detecting deep subwavelength defects through rigid vector imaging modeling and optical detection experiments of various defective nanostructures based on polarization microscopy.On this basis,an intelligent classification algorithm for typical patterned defects based on a dual-channel AlexNet neural network has been proposed,stabilizing the classification accuracy ofλ/16-sized defects with highly similar features at more than 90%.The strong classification capability of the two-channel network on typical patterned defects can be attributed to the high-order difference image and its transverse gradient being used as the network’s input,which highlights the polarization modulation difference between different patterned defects more significantly than conventional bright-field microscopy results.This work will provide a new but easy-to-operate method for detecting and classifying deep-subwavelength defects in patterned wafers or photomasks,which thus endows current online inspection equipment with more missions in advanced IC manufacturing.
基金support from the Open Research Project Programme of the State Key Laboratory of Internet of Things for Smart City,University of Macao (Grant No.SKL-IoTSC (UM)-2021-2023/ORPF/A19/2022)the General Research Fund project from Research Grants Council of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government of China (Grant No.15214722)the Start-up Fund from The Hong Kong Polytechnic University (Grant No.BD88).
文摘Despite the extensive use of distributed fiber optic sensing(DFOS)in monitoring underground structures,its potential in detecting structural anomalies,such as cracks and cavities,is still not fully understood.To contribute to the identification of defects in underground structures,this study conducted a four-point bending test of a reinforced concrete(RC)beam and uniaxial loading tests of an RC specimen with local cavities.The experimental results revealed the disparity in DFOS strain spike profiles between these two structural anomalies.The effectiveness of DFOS in the quantification of crack opening displacement(COD)was also demonstrated,even in cases where perfect bonding was not achievable between the cable and structures.In addition,DFOS strain spikes observed in two diaphragm wall panels of a twin circular shaft were also reported.The most probable cause of those spikes was identified as the mechanical behavior associated with local concrete contamination.With the utilization of the strain profiles obtained from laboratory tests and field monitoring,three types of multi-classifiers,based on support vector machine(SVM),random forest(RF),and backpropagation neural network(BP),were employed to classify strain profiles,including crack-induced spikes,non-crack-induced spikes,and non-spike strain profiles.Among these classifiers,the SVM-based classifier exhibited superior performance in terms of accuracy and model robustness.This finding suggests that the SVM-based classifier holds promise as a potential solution for the automatic detection and classification of defects in underground structures during long-term monitoring.
基金supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2021YFB3702502)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52271035,and 52474412)+1 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai,China(Grant No.23ZR1421500)the SPMI Project from Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology(Grant No.SPMI2022-06).
文摘Intermetallic alloys offer exceptional high-temperature mechanical properties and low densities,thus rendering them suitable for a wide range of applications in aviation and spacecraft.However,their inherent brittleness at room temperature poses challenges in the manufacture of complex geometries.Hence,Laser additive manufacturing(LAM)has emerged as a promising approach to investigate the potential limitations of these materials.This review discusses the key findings and challenges associated with the LAM of intermetallic alloys,particu-larly NiAl,Ni_(3)Al,and TiAl,whose engineering applications are substantial.It provides an overview of typical defect morphologies,formation mechanisms,and strategies to prevent cracks and pores.Additionally,it presents an analysis of the microstructural characteristics of as-built and post-treated samples compared with those of samples prepared conventionally.Furthermore,the mechanical properties of the above-mentioned alloys at both room and high temperatures are reviewed,thus highlighting the effects of post-treatment processes.This review concludes with summary tables detailing the mechanical properties,which serve as useful references for researchers.
