Prisoner’s Dilemma is a master trope for relaying the permanent impasse or dilemma of cooperation versus defection.In Prisoner’s Dilemma Richard Powers narrates a multiform of dilemma mainly narrating Eddie Hobson’...Prisoner’s Dilemma is a master trope for relaying the permanent impasse or dilemma of cooperation versus defection.In Prisoner’s Dilemma Richard Powers narrates a multiform of dilemma mainly narrating Eddie Hobson’s traumatic history,along with Eddie’s attempt to carry out a strategy—Eddie’s ideal Hobstown which is supposed to cope with the confused dilemma.Pow⁃ers’strategic moral insights are revealed by assuming that each player feels sympathy for the other and a moral cooperative instead of antagonistic solution to the Prisoner’s Dilemma will be found.展开更多
Without cooperative behaviors, our society or organization falls into social dilemma situations where every member selects uncooperative （defective） behaviors, and the situation gets worse and worse. Such a situatio...Without cooperative behaviors, our society or organization falls into social dilemma situations where every member selects uncooperative （defective） behaviors, and the situation gets worse and worse. Such a situation in a society or an organization leads to violation of social or organizational rules, and at the worst case it suffers from serious accidents or scandals. Therefore, it is important for us to make efforts and take measures to elicit cooperative behaviors. It was demonstrated theoretically that altruism strategy and adaptive prediction and ascertainment strategy are in some cases better than rational strategy under the situation of social dilemma. We built up a mathematical model in order to examine how the probability of correctly predicting and ascertaining the behavior （cooperation or defection） of opponents and the mixture of （a） altruism （all cooperation） strategy, （b） individualism （all defection） strategy, and （c） adaptive prediction and ascertainment strategy affected the expected profit. Simulation results showed that the tit-for-tat strategy was better than the rational （individualism） strategy when the probability of correctly predicting and ascertaining defection of the opponent was considerably higher. As an application of the basic study above, it was explored, using a simulation method, how such a system as opening reputation or peer review in public could work satisfactorily to prevent defective behaviors in auction dealing. The result showed that the information on the handle name and the reputation effectively worked to prevent defective behaviors.展开更多
In this study,we examine the problem of predicting customer defection in a noncontractual setting.Motivated by recent work on machine learning using multiple time slices,we develop a novel training and testing framewo...In this study,we examine the problem of predicting customer defection in a noncontractual setting.Motivated by recent work on machine learning using multiple time slices,we develop a novel training and testing framework,the sliding multi-time slicing(SMTS)method.We apply this method to data from the largest marketplace in Greece,namely,Skroutz,considering the standard features that account for the important characteristics of customer activity and custom performance metrics aimed at capturing business-related goals established by the company.The dataset comprises customers over a relatively short period,since April 2018,the number of which has also exhibited a significant increase in recent months.Despite these difficulties and the inherent seasonality of customer defection,our results demonstrate that,with SMTS,developing models that outperform previous approaches and optimize decision-making is possible.We validate the approach to a benchmark dataset from the commerce sector and discuss the practical considerations and requirements of the proposed method.展开更多
In our society, it is a major issue to enhance cooperative behaviors. Without this, our society fall into social dilemma situations, and gets worse and worse. Such a situation in an organization leads to violation of ...In our society, it is a major issue to enhance cooperative behaviors. Without this, our society fall into social dilemma situations, and gets worse and worse. Such a situation in an organization leads to violation of social or organizational rules, and at the worst case it suffers from serious accidents or scandals. Therefore, it is important for organizational managers to make efforts and take measures to enhance cooperative behaviors. Although there seem to be many ways to constantly elicit cooperative behaviors, the punishment is one of the most effective measures for enhancing cooperation. This study focused on the effects of penalty and probability of the revelation of defection on the cooperation, and getting insight into how punishment strategy should be used to get rid of social dilemmas and enhance cooperation. This study conducted a simulation experiment to find the proper penal regulations condition that can suppress violations （defective behavior） in a 2-person prisoner＇s dilemma situation. The effects of probability of the revelation of defection and penalty to revelation on the cooperative behavior were identified with the interactive effect of both experimental factors. The defection （uncooperative behavior） decreased when the penalty to the defection was heavy and the probability of the revelation of defection was low than that when the penalty to the defection was light and the probability of the revelation of the defection was high.展开更多
Perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have emerged as promising photovoltaic technologies owing to their remarkable power conversion efficiency(PCE).However,heat accumulation under continuous illumination remains a critical bot...Perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have emerged as promising photovoltaic technologies owing to their remarkable power conversion efficiency(PCE).However,heat accumulation under continuous illumination remains a critical bottleneck,severely affecting device stability and long-term operational performance.Herein,we present a multifunctional strategy by incorporating highly thermally conductive Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(X) MXene nanosheets into the perovskite layer to simultaneously enhance thermal management and optoelectronic properties.The Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(X) nanosheets,embedded at perovskite grain boundaries,construct efficient thermal conduction pathways,significantly improving the thermal conductivity and diffusivity of the film.This leads to a notable reduction in the device’s steady-state operating temperature from 42.96 to 39.97 under 100 mW cm^(−2) illumination,thereby alleviating heat-induced performance degradation.Beyond thermal regulation,Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(X),with high conductivity and negatively charged surface terminations,also serves as an effective defect passivation agent,reducing trap-assisted recombination,while simultaneously facilitating charge extraction and transport by optimizing interfacial energy alignment.As a result,the Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(X)-modified PSC achieve a champion PCE of 25.13%and exhibit outstanding thermal stability,retaining 80%of the initial PCE after 500 h of thermal aging at 85 and 30±5%relative humidity.(In contrast,control PSC retain only 58%after 200 h.)Moreover,under continuous maximum power point tracking in N2 atmosphere,Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(X)-modified PSC retained 70%of the initial PCE after 500 h,whereas the control PSC drop sharply to 20%.These findings highlight the synergistic role of Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(X) in thermal management and optoelectronic performance,paving the way for the development of high-efficiency and heat-resistant perovskite photovoltaics.展开更多
N umerous neurological disorders negatively impact the nervous system,either through loss of neurons or by disrupting the normal functioning of neural networks.These impairments manifest as cognitive defects,memory lo...N umerous neurological disorders negatively impact the nervous system,either through loss of neurons or by disrupting the normal functioning of neural networks.These impairments manifest as cognitive defects,memory loss,behavioral abnormalities,and motor dysfunctions.Decades of research have significantly advanced our understanding of the pathophysiology underlying neurodegene rative diseases,including Alzheimer's disease(AD),Parkinson's disease,amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,and others.展开更多
Based on inspection data,the authors analyze and summarize the main types and distribution characteristics of tunnel structural defects.These defects are classified into three types:surface defects,internal defects,an...Based on inspection data,the authors analyze and summarize the main types and distribution characteristics of tunnel structural defects.These defects are classified into three types:surface defects,internal defects,and defects behind the structure.To address the need for rapid detection of different defect types,the current state of rapid detection technologies and equipment,both domestically and internationally,is systematically reviewed.The research reveals that surface defect detection technologies and equipment have developed rapidly in recent years.Notably,the integration of machine vision and laser scanning technologies have significantly improved detection efficiency and accuracy,achieving crack detection precision of up to 0.1 mm.However,the non-contact rapid detection of internal and behind-the-structure defects remains constrained by hardware limitations,with traditional detection remaining dominant.Nevertheless,phased array radar,ultrasonic,and acoustic vibration detection technologies have become research hotspots in recent years,offering promising directions for detecting these challenging defect types.Additionally,the application of multisensor fusion technology in rapid detection equipment has further enhanced detection capabilities.Devices such as cameras,3D laser scanners,infrared thermal imagers,and radar demonstrate significant advantages in rapid detection.Future research in tunnel inspection should prioritize breakthroughs in rapid detection technologies for internal and behind-the-structure defects.Efforts should also focus on developing multifunctional integrated detection vehicles that can simultaneously inspect both surface and internal structures.Furthermore,progress in fully automated,intelligent systems with precise defect identification and real-time reporting will be essential to significantly improve the efficiency and accuracy of tunnel inspection.展开更多
Perovskite quantum dot light-emitting diodes(Pe-QLEDs)have shown immense application potential in display and lighting fields due to their narrow full-width at half maximum(FWHM)and high photoluminescence quantum yiel...Perovskite quantum dot light-emitting diodes(Pe-QLEDs)have shown immense application potential in display and lighting fields due to their narrow full-width at half maximum(FWHM)and high photoluminescence quantum yield(PLQY).Despite significant advancements in their performance,challenges such as defects and ion migration still hinder their long-term stability and operational efficiency.To address these issues,various optimization strategies,including ligand engineering,interface passivation,and self-assembly strategy,are being actively researched.This review focuses on the synthesis methods,challenges and optimization of perovskite quantum dots,which are critical for the commercialization and large-scale production of high-performance and stable Pe-QLEDs.展开更多
The scratching mechanism of polycrystallineγ-TiAl alloy was investigated at the atomic scale using the molecular dynamics method,with a focus on the influence of different grain sizes.The analysis encompassed tribolo...The scratching mechanism of polycrystallineγ-TiAl alloy was investigated at the atomic scale using the molecular dynamics method,with a focus on the influence of different grain sizes.The analysis encompassed tribological characteristics,scratch morphology,subsurface defect distribution,temperature variations,and stress states during the scratching process.The findings indicate that the scratch force,number of recovered atoms,and pile-up height exhibit abrupt changes when the critical size is 9.41 nm due to the influence of the inverse Hall-Petch effect.Variations in the number of grain boundaries and randomness of grain orientation result in different accumulation patterns on the scratch surface.Notably,single crystal materials and those with 3.73 nm in grain size display more regular surface morphology.Furthermore,smaller grain size leads to an increase in average coefficient of friction,removed atoms number,and wear rate.While it also causes higher temperatures with a larger range of distributions.Due to the barrier effect of grain boundaries,smaller grains exhibit reduced microscopic defects.Additionally,average von Mises stress and hydrostatic compressive stress at the indenter tip decrease as grain size decreases owing to grain boundary obstruction.展开更多
Lutetium oxide(Lu_(2)O_(3))is recognized as a potential laser crystal material,and it is noted for its high ther⁃mal conductivity,low phonon energy,and strong crystal field.Nevertheless,its high melting point of 2450...Lutetium oxide(Lu_(2)O_(3))is recognized as a potential laser crystal material,and it is noted for its high ther⁃mal conductivity,low phonon energy,and strong crystal field.Nevertheless,its high melting point of 2450℃induces significant temperature gradients,resulting in a proliferation of defects.The scarcity of comprehensive research on this crystal’s defects hinders the enhancement of crystal quality.In this study,we employed the chemical etching method to examine the etching effects on Lu_(2)O_(3)crystals under various conditions and to identify the optimal conditions for investi⁃gating the dislocation defects of Lu_(2)O_(3)crystals(mass fraction 70%H3PO4,160℃,15-18 min).The morphologies of dislocation etch pits on the(111)-and(110)-oriented Lu_(2)O_(3)wafers were characterized using microscopy,scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy.This research addresses the gap in understanding Lu_(2)O_(3)line defects and offers guidance for optimizing the crystal growth process and improving crystal quality.展开更多
Laser additive manufacturing(LAM)has been widely used in high-end manufacturing fields such as aerospace,nuclear power,and shipbuilding.However,it is a grand challenge for direct and continuous observation of complex ...Laser additive manufacturing(LAM)has been widely used in high-end manufacturing fields such as aerospace,nuclear power,and shipbuilding.However,it is a grand challenge for direct and continuous observation of complex laser-matter interaction,melt flow,and defect formation during LAM due to extremely large temperature gradient,fast cooling rate,and small time(millisecond)and space(micron)scales.The emergence of synchrotron radiation provides a feasible approach for in situ observation of the LAM process.This paper outlines the current development in real-time characterization of LAM by synchrotron radiation,including laser-matter interaction,molten pool evolution,solidification structure evolution,and defects formation and elimination.Furthermore,the future development direction and application-oriented research are also discussed.展开更多
Achieving high-quality perovskite films without surface defects is regarded as a crucial target for the development of durable high-performance perovskite solar cells.Additive engineering is commonly employed to simul...Achieving high-quality perovskite films without surface defects is regarded as a crucial target for the development of durable high-performance perovskite solar cells.Additive engineering is commonly employed to simultaneously control the growth of perovskite crystals and passivate defects.Here,4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic anhydride(4-TBA)composed of benzene rings functionalized with carbonyl and trifluoromethyl groups was used as an example additive to study the characteristics of additives used for producing high-quality perovskites and controlling their surface properties.The interaction between4-TBA and perovskite precursor materials was investigated using density functional theory(DFT)simulations.The electron-rich carbonyl group efficiently passivated the under-coordinated lead-ion defects.Additionally,hydrogen bonding between trifluoromethyl and organic cations prevents the generation of cation vacancies.Because of its intrinsic hydrophobicity,the trifluoromethyl group simultaneously improves the moisture and heat stability of the film.4-TBA serves as a universal modifier for various perovskite compositions.The power conversion efficiency(PCE)of inverted perovskite solar cells(PSCs)based on methylammonium(MA)with 4-TBA was improved from 16.15%to 19.28%.Similarly,the PCE of inverted PSCs based on a cesium formamidinium MA(CsFAMA)perovskite film increased from20.72%to 23.58%,upon addition of 4-TBA.Furthermore,the moisture and thermal stability of 4-TBAtreated films and devices was significantly enhanced,along with prolonged device performance.Our work provides guidance on selecting the structure and functional groups that are essential for surface defect passivation and the production of high-quality perovskites.展开更多
In integrated circuit(IC)manufacturing,fast,nondestructive,and precise detection of defects in patterned wafers,realized by bright-field microscopy,is one of the critical factors for ensuring the final performance and...In integrated circuit(IC)manufacturing,fast,nondestructive,and precise detection of defects in patterned wafers,realized by bright-field microscopy,is one of the critical factors for ensuring the final performance and yields of chips.With the critical dimensions of IC nanostructures continuing to shrink,directly imaging or classifying deep-subwavelength defects by bright-field microscopy is challenging due to the well-known diffraction barrier,the weak scattering effect,and the faint correlation between the scattering cross-section and the defect morphology.Herein,we propose an optical far-field inspection method based on the form-birefringence scattering imaging of the defective nanostructure,which can identify and classify various defects without requiring optical super-resolution.The technique is built upon the principle of breaking the optical form birefringence of the original periodic nanostructures by the defect perturbation under the anisotropic illumination modes,such as the orthogonally polarized plane waves,then combined with the high-order difference of far-field images.We validated the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method in detecting deep subwavelength defects through rigid vector imaging modeling and optical detection experiments of various defective nanostructures based on polarization microscopy.On this basis,an intelligent classification algorithm for typical patterned defects based on a dual-channel AlexNet neural network has been proposed,stabilizing the classification accuracy ofλ/16-sized defects with highly similar features at more than 90%.The strong classification capability of the two-channel network on typical patterned defects can be attributed to the high-order difference image and its transverse gradient being used as the network’s input,which highlights the polarization modulation difference between different patterned defects more significantly than conventional bright-field microscopy results.This work will provide a new but easy-to-operate method for detecting and classifying deep-subwavelength defects in patterned wafers or photomasks,which thus endows current online inspection equipment with more missions in advanced IC manufacturing.展开更多
Infectious bone defects represent a substantial challenge in clinical practice,necessitating the deployment of advanced therapeutic strategies.This study presents a treatment modality that merges a mild photothermal t...Infectious bone defects represent a substantial challenge in clinical practice,necessitating the deployment of advanced therapeutic strategies.This study presents a treatment modality that merges a mild photothermal therapy hydrogel with a pulsed drug delivery mechanism.The system is predicated on a hydrogel matrix that is thermally responsive,characteristic of bone defect sites,facilitating controlled and site-specific drug release.The cornerstone of this system is the incorporation of mild photothermal nanoparticles,which are activated within the temperature range of 40–43°C,thereby enhancing the precision and efficacy of drug delivery.Our findings demonstrate that the photothermal response significantly augments the localized delivery of therapeutic agents,mitigating systemic side effects and bolstering efficacy at the defect site.The synchronized pulsed release,cooperated with mild photothermal therapy,effectively addresses infection control,and promotes bone regeneration.This approach signifies a considerable advancement in the management of infectious bone defects,offering an effective and patient-centric alternative to traditional methods.Our research endeavors to extend its applicability to a wider spectrum of tissue regeneration scenarios,underscoring its transformative potential in the realm of regenerative medicine.展开更多
The rapid progress in the construction of heavy-haul and high-speed railways has led to a surge in rail defects and unforeseen failures.Addressing this issue necessitates the implementation of more sophisticated rail ...The rapid progress in the construction of heavy-haul and high-speed railways has led to a surge in rail defects and unforeseen failures.Addressing this issue necessitates the implementation of more sophisticated rail inspection methods,specifically involving real-time,precise detection,and assessment of rail defects.Current applications fail to address the evolving requirements,prompting the need for advancements.This paper provides a summary of various types of rail defects and outlines both traditional and innovative non-destructive inspection techniques,examining their fundamental features,benefits,drawbacks,and practical suitability for railway track inspection.It also explores potential enhancements to equipment and software.The comprehensive review draws upon pertinent international research and review papers.Furthermore,the paper introduces a fusion of inspection methods aimed at enhancing the overall reliability of defect detection.展开更多
Selective catalytic reduction of NO_(x) with CO(CO-SCR)is a process that purifies both NO and CO pollutants through a catalytic reaction.Specifically,the cleavage of NO on the catalyst surface is crucial for promoting...Selective catalytic reduction of NO_(x) with CO(CO-SCR)is a process that purifies both NO and CO pollutants through a catalytic reaction.Specifically,the cleavage of NO on the catalyst surface is crucial for promoting the reaction.During the reaction,the presence of oxygen vacancies can extract oxygen from NO,thereby facilitating the cleavage of NO on the catalyst surface.Thus,the formation of oxygen vacancies is key to accelerating the CO-SCR reaction,with different types of oxygen vacancies being more conducive to their generation.In this study,Rh/CeCuO_(x) catalysts were synthesized using the co-crystallization and impregnation methods,and asymmetric oxygen vacancies were induced through hydrogen thermal treatment.This structuralmodification was aimed at regulating the behavior of NO on the catalyst surface.The Rh/Ce0.95Cu0.05O_(x)-H_(2) catalyst exhibited the best performance in CO-SCR,achieving above 90%NO conversion at 162℃.Various characterization techniques showed that the H_(2) treatment effectively reduced some of the CuO and Rh_(2)O_(3),creating asymmetric oxygen vacancies that accelerated the cleavage of NO on the catalyst surface,rather than forming difficult-to-decompose nitrates.This study offers a novel approach to constructing oxygen vacancies in new CO-SCR catalysts.展开更多
Phenanthrene(Phe)is one of the common polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the environment,and recent studies show that it can cause cardiac developmental toxicity and immunotoxicity.However,it is still unknown whether...Phenanthrene(Phe)is one of the common polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the environment,and recent studies show that it can cause cardiac developmental toxicity and immunotoxicity.However,it is still unknown whether it can affect the hematopoietic development in aquatic organisms.To address this question,zebrafish(Danio rerio)were chronically exposed to Phe at different concentrations.We found that Phe caused structural damage to the renal tubules in the kidney,induced malformed erythrocytes in peripheral blood,and decreased the proportion of myeloid cells in adult zebrafish,suggesting possible negative impacts that Phe posed to hematopoietic development.Then,using in situ hybridization technology,we found that Phe decreased the expression of primitive hematopoietic marker genes,specifically gata1 and pu.1,accompanied by an obstruction of primitive erythrocyte circulation.Furthermore,Phe impaired definitive hematopoiesis,increased aberrations of the transient hematopoietic site(PBI),and reduced the generation of hematopoietic stem cells,ultimately influencing the number of erythrocytes and myeloid cells.The findings suggested that Phe could induce hematopoietic toxicity in zebrafish embryos and pose unknown ecological risks.展开更多
Background:Congenital heart disease(CHD)results from abnormal heart development during fetal development,leading to life-threatening complications.This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of applying myocardial pa...Background:Congenital heart disease(CHD)results from abnormal heart development during fetal development,leading to life-threatening complications.This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of applying myocardial parametric mapping in post-mortem magnetic resonance imaging and to examine differences in the left ventricular myocardium between fetuses with CHD and controls.Methods:This prospective case–control study was conducted on 14 deceased fetuses with CHD(CHD group)and 24 fetuses without CHD(control group).Fetuses with CHD were further stratified into the cyanotic(n=9)and non-cyanotic(n=5)CHD groups.T1,T2,and proton density relaxation times of the left ventricular myocardium were calculated and compared using multiple-dynamic multiple-echo post-mortem magnetic resonance imaging technology.Results:The myocardial T2 relaxation time was significantly different between the groups(p=0.033),with no difference in T1 or proton density relaxation times between the groups.A one-way analysis of variance with Tukey's test showed that the mean cyanotic CHD group showed a longer myocardial T2 relaxation time than the control group(98.00013.143 vs.83.5429.491 ms,p=0.003).Additionally,the correlation coefficient in the CHD group was significantly different between the myocardial T2 relaxation time and peak systolic velocity of pulmonary artery on a fetal echocardiogram(r2=0.681,p=0.010).Conclusions:These results suggest that using myocardial alterations in the T2 relaxation time may provide a accurate early warning for myocardial injury and enable noninvasive recognition of cardiac involvement in fetuses with CHD.展开更多
As the global population ages,osteoporotic bone fractures leading to bone defects are increasingly becoming a significant challenge in the field of public health.Treating this disease faces many challenges,especially ...As the global population ages,osteoporotic bone fractures leading to bone defects are increasingly becoming a significant challenge in the field of public health.Treating this disease faces many challenges,especially in the context of an imbalance between osteoblast and osteoclast activities.Therefore,the development of new biomaterials has become the key.This article reviews various design strategies and their advantages and disadvantages for biomaterials aimed at osteoporotic bone defects.Overall,current research progress indicates that innovative design,functionalization,and targeting of materials can significantly enhance bone regeneration under osteoporotic conditions.By comprehensively considering biocompatibility,mechanical properties,and bioactivity,these biomaterials can be further optimized,offering a range of choices and strategies for the repair of osteoporotic bone defects.展开更多
文摘Prisoner’s Dilemma is a master trope for relaying the permanent impasse or dilemma of cooperation versus defection.In Prisoner’s Dilemma Richard Powers narrates a multiform of dilemma mainly narrating Eddie Hobson’s traumatic history,along with Eddie’s attempt to carry out a strategy—Eddie’s ideal Hobstown which is supposed to cope with the confused dilemma.Pow⁃ers’strategic moral insights are revealed by assuming that each player feels sympathy for the other and a moral cooperative instead of antagonistic solution to the Prisoner’s Dilemma will be found.
文摘Without cooperative behaviors, our society or organization falls into social dilemma situations where every member selects uncooperative （defective） behaviors, and the situation gets worse and worse. Such a situation in a society or an organization leads to violation of social or organizational rules, and at the worst case it suffers from serious accidents or scandals. Therefore, it is important for us to make efforts and take measures to elicit cooperative behaviors. It was demonstrated theoretically that altruism strategy and adaptive prediction and ascertainment strategy are in some cases better than rational strategy under the situation of social dilemma. We built up a mathematical model in order to examine how the probability of correctly predicting and ascertaining the behavior （cooperation or defection） of opponents and the mixture of （a） altruism （all cooperation） strategy, （b） individualism （all defection） strategy, and （c） adaptive prediction and ascertainment strategy affected the expected profit. Simulation results showed that the tit-for-tat strategy was better than the rational （individualism） strategy when the probability of correctly predicting and ascertaining defection of the opponent was considerably higher. As an application of the basic study above, it was explored, using a simulation method, how such a system as opening reputation or peer review in public could work satisfactorily to prevent defective behaviors in auction dealing. The result showed that the information on the handle name and the reputation effectively worked to prevent defective behaviors.
文摘In this study,we examine the problem of predicting customer defection in a noncontractual setting.Motivated by recent work on machine learning using multiple time slices,we develop a novel training and testing framework,the sliding multi-time slicing(SMTS)method.We apply this method to data from the largest marketplace in Greece,namely,Skroutz,considering the standard features that account for the important characteristics of customer activity and custom performance metrics aimed at capturing business-related goals established by the company.The dataset comprises customers over a relatively short period,since April 2018,the number of which has also exhibited a significant increase in recent months.Despite these difficulties and the inherent seasonality of customer defection,our results demonstrate that,with SMTS,developing models that outperform previous approaches and optimize decision-making is possible.We validate the approach to a benchmark dataset from the commerce sector and discuss the practical considerations and requirements of the proposed method.
文摘In our society, it is a major issue to enhance cooperative behaviors. Without this, our society fall into social dilemma situations, and gets worse and worse. Such a situation in an organization leads to violation of social or organizational rules, and at the worst case it suffers from serious accidents or scandals. Therefore, it is important for organizational managers to make efforts and take measures to enhance cooperative behaviors. Although there seem to be many ways to constantly elicit cooperative behaviors, the punishment is one of the most effective measures for enhancing cooperation. This study focused on the effects of penalty and probability of the revelation of defection on the cooperation, and getting insight into how punishment strategy should be used to get rid of social dilemmas and enhance cooperation. This study conducted a simulation experiment to find the proper penal regulations condition that can suppress violations （defective behavior） in a 2-person prisoner＇s dilemma situation. The effects of probability of the revelation of defection and penalty to revelation on the cooperative behavior were identified with the interactive effect of both experimental factors. The defection （uncooperative behavior） decreased when the penalty to the defection was heavy and the probability of the revelation of defection was low than that when the penalty to the defection was light and the probability of the revelation of the defection was high.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.62374029,22175029,62474033,and W2433038)the Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST(No.YESS20220550)+2 种基金the Sichuan Science and Technology Program(No.2024NSFSC0250)the Natural Science Foundation of Shenzhen Innovation Committee(JCYJ20210324135614040)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(No.ZYGX2022J032).
文摘Perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have emerged as promising photovoltaic technologies owing to their remarkable power conversion efficiency(PCE).However,heat accumulation under continuous illumination remains a critical bottleneck,severely affecting device stability and long-term operational performance.Herein,we present a multifunctional strategy by incorporating highly thermally conductive Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(X) MXene nanosheets into the perovskite layer to simultaneously enhance thermal management and optoelectronic properties.The Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(X) nanosheets,embedded at perovskite grain boundaries,construct efficient thermal conduction pathways,significantly improving the thermal conductivity and diffusivity of the film.This leads to a notable reduction in the device’s steady-state operating temperature from 42.96 to 39.97 under 100 mW cm^(−2) illumination,thereby alleviating heat-induced performance degradation.Beyond thermal regulation,Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(X),with high conductivity and negatively charged surface terminations,also serves as an effective defect passivation agent,reducing trap-assisted recombination,while simultaneously facilitating charge extraction and transport by optimizing interfacial energy alignment.As a result,the Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(X)-modified PSC achieve a champion PCE of 25.13%and exhibit outstanding thermal stability,retaining 80%of the initial PCE after 500 h of thermal aging at 85 and 30±5%relative humidity.(In contrast,control PSC retain only 58%after 200 h.)Moreover,under continuous maximum power point tracking in N2 atmosphere,Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(X)-modified PSC retained 70%of the initial PCE after 500 h,whereas the control PSC drop sharply to 20%.These findings highlight the synergistic role of Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(X) in thermal management and optoelectronic performance,paving the way for the development of high-efficiency and heat-resistant perovskite photovoltaics.
基金supported by the National Institute on Aging(Nos.AG000723 and AG000578)(to VAB)the Fondation Sante(No.19656),Greece 2.0+1 种基金the National Recovery and Resilience Plan’s flagship program TAEDR-0535850the European Research Council(No.101077374-Synapto Mitophagy)(to KP)。
文摘N umerous neurological disorders negatively impact the nervous system,either through loss of neurons or by disrupting the normal functioning of neural networks.These impairments manifest as cognitive defects,memory loss,behavioral abnormalities,and motor dysfunctions.Decades of research have significantly advanced our understanding of the pathophysiology underlying neurodegene rative diseases,including Alzheimer's disease(AD),Parkinson's disease,amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,and others.
文摘Based on inspection data,the authors analyze and summarize the main types and distribution characteristics of tunnel structural defects.These defects are classified into three types:surface defects,internal defects,and defects behind the structure.To address the need for rapid detection of different defect types,the current state of rapid detection technologies and equipment,both domestically and internationally,is systematically reviewed.The research reveals that surface defect detection technologies and equipment have developed rapidly in recent years.Notably,the integration of machine vision and laser scanning technologies have significantly improved detection efficiency and accuracy,achieving crack detection precision of up to 0.1 mm.However,the non-contact rapid detection of internal and behind-the-structure defects remains constrained by hardware limitations,with traditional detection remaining dominant.Nevertheless,phased array radar,ultrasonic,and acoustic vibration detection technologies have become research hotspots in recent years,offering promising directions for detecting these challenging defect types.Additionally,the application of multisensor fusion technology in rapid detection equipment has further enhanced detection capabilities.Devices such as cameras,3D laser scanners,infrared thermal imagers,and radar demonstrate significant advantages in rapid detection.Future research in tunnel inspection should prioritize breakthroughs in rapid detection technologies for internal and behind-the-structure defects.Efforts should also focus on developing multifunctional integrated detection vehicles that can simultaneously inspect both surface and internal structures.Furthermore,progress in fully automated,intelligent systems with precise defect identification and real-time reporting will be essential to significantly improve the efficiency and accuracy of tunnel inspection.
文摘Perovskite quantum dot light-emitting diodes(Pe-QLEDs)have shown immense application potential in display and lighting fields due to their narrow full-width at half maximum(FWHM)and high photoluminescence quantum yield(PLQY).Despite significant advancements in their performance,challenges such as defects and ion migration still hinder their long-term stability and operational efficiency.To address these issues,various optimization strategies,including ligand engineering,interface passivation,and self-assembly strategy,are being actively researched.This review focuses on the synthesis methods,challenges and optimization of perovskite quantum dots,which are critical for the commercialization and large-scale production of high-performance and stable Pe-QLEDs.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(52065036,52365018)Natural Science Foundation of Gansu(23JRRA760)+1 种基金Hongliu Outstanding Youth Foundation of Lanzhou University of TechnologyChina Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2023M733583)。
文摘The scratching mechanism of polycrystallineγ-TiAl alloy was investigated at the atomic scale using the molecular dynamics method,with a focus on the influence of different grain sizes.The analysis encompassed tribological characteristics,scratch morphology,subsurface defect distribution,temperature variations,and stress states during the scratching process.The findings indicate that the scratch force,number of recovered atoms,and pile-up height exhibit abrupt changes when the critical size is 9.41 nm due to the influence of the inverse Hall-Petch effect.Variations in the number of grain boundaries and randomness of grain orientation result in different accumulation patterns on the scratch surface.Notably,single crystal materials and those with 3.73 nm in grain size display more regular surface morphology.Furthermore,smaller grain size leads to an increase in average coefficient of friction,removed atoms number,and wear rate.While it also causes higher temperatures with a larger range of distributions.Due to the barrier effect of grain boundaries,smaller grains exhibit reduced microscopic defects.Additionally,average von Mises stress and hydrostatic compressive stress at the indenter tip decrease as grain size decreases owing to grain boundary obstruction.
基金Supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFB3601403)National Natural Science Foundation of China(62105181)Taishan Scholar of Shandong Province(tsqn202306014)。
文摘Lutetium oxide(Lu_(2)O_(3))is recognized as a potential laser crystal material,and it is noted for its high ther⁃mal conductivity,low phonon energy,and strong crystal field.Nevertheless,its high melting point of 2450℃induces significant temperature gradients,resulting in a proliferation of defects.The scarcity of comprehensive research on this crystal’s defects hinders the enhancement of crystal quality.In this study,we employed the chemical etching method to examine the etching effects on Lu_(2)O_(3)crystals under various conditions and to identify the optimal conditions for investi⁃gating the dislocation defects of Lu_(2)O_(3)crystals(mass fraction 70%H3PO4,160℃,15-18 min).The morphologies of dislocation etch pits on the(111)-and(110)-oriented Lu_(2)O_(3)wafers were characterized using microscopy,scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy.This research addresses the gap in understanding Lu_(2)O_(3)line defects and offers guidance for optimizing the crystal growth process and improving crystal quality.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China-Distinguished Young Scholars(No.52325407)the National Natural Science Foundation of China-Key Program(No.52234010)the Open Research Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Rolling and Automation,Northeastern University(No.2022RALKFKT004).
文摘Laser additive manufacturing(LAM)has been widely used in high-end manufacturing fields such as aerospace,nuclear power,and shipbuilding.However,it is a grand challenge for direct and continuous observation of complex laser-matter interaction,melt flow,and defect formation during LAM due to extremely large temperature gradient,fast cooling rate,and small time(millisecond)and space(micron)scales.The emergence of synchrotron radiation provides a feasible approach for in situ observation of the LAM process.This paper outlines the current development in real-time characterization of LAM by synchrotron radiation,including laser-matter interaction,molten pool evolution,solidification structure evolution,and defects formation and elimination.Furthermore,the future development direction and application-oriented research are also discussed.
基金supported by a Research Grant of Pukyong National University(2023)。
文摘Achieving high-quality perovskite films without surface defects is regarded as a crucial target for the development of durable high-performance perovskite solar cells.Additive engineering is commonly employed to simultaneously control the growth of perovskite crystals and passivate defects.Here,4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic anhydride(4-TBA)composed of benzene rings functionalized with carbonyl and trifluoromethyl groups was used as an example additive to study the characteristics of additives used for producing high-quality perovskites and controlling their surface properties.The interaction between4-TBA and perovskite precursor materials was investigated using density functional theory(DFT)simulations.The electron-rich carbonyl group efficiently passivated the under-coordinated lead-ion defects.Additionally,hydrogen bonding between trifluoromethyl and organic cations prevents the generation of cation vacancies.Because of its intrinsic hydrophobicity,the trifluoromethyl group simultaneously improves the moisture and heat stability of the film.4-TBA serves as a universal modifier for various perovskite compositions.The power conversion efficiency(PCE)of inverted perovskite solar cells(PSCs)based on methylammonium(MA)with 4-TBA was improved from 16.15%to 19.28%.Similarly,the PCE of inverted PSCs based on a cesium formamidinium MA(CsFAMA)perovskite film increased from20.72%to 23.58%,upon addition of 4-TBA.Furthermore,the moisture and thermal stability of 4-TBAtreated films and devices was significantly enhanced,along with prolonged device performance.Our work provides guidance on selecting the structure and functional groups that are essential for surface defect passivation and the production of high-quality perovskites.
基金funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52130504,52305577,and 52175509)the Key Research and Development Plan of Hubei Province(Grant No.2022BAA013)+4 种基金the Major Program(JD)of Hubei Province(Grant No.2023BAA008-2)the Interdisciplinary Research Program of Huazhong University of Science and Technology(2023JCYJ047)the Innovation Project of Optics Valley Laboratory(Grant No.OVL2023PY003)the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program(Grade B)of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.GZB20230244)the fellowship from the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2024M750995)。
文摘In integrated circuit(IC)manufacturing,fast,nondestructive,and precise detection of defects in patterned wafers,realized by bright-field microscopy,is one of the critical factors for ensuring the final performance and yields of chips.With the critical dimensions of IC nanostructures continuing to shrink,directly imaging or classifying deep-subwavelength defects by bright-field microscopy is challenging due to the well-known diffraction barrier,the weak scattering effect,and the faint correlation between the scattering cross-section and the defect morphology.Herein,we propose an optical far-field inspection method based on the form-birefringence scattering imaging of the defective nanostructure,which can identify and classify various defects without requiring optical super-resolution.The technique is built upon the principle of breaking the optical form birefringence of the original periodic nanostructures by the defect perturbation under the anisotropic illumination modes,such as the orthogonally polarized plane waves,then combined with the high-order difference of far-field images.We validated the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method in detecting deep subwavelength defects through rigid vector imaging modeling and optical detection experiments of various defective nanostructures based on polarization microscopy.On this basis,an intelligent classification algorithm for typical patterned defects based on a dual-channel AlexNet neural network has been proposed,stabilizing the classification accuracy ofλ/16-sized defects with highly similar features at more than 90%.The strong classification capability of the two-channel network on typical patterned defects can be attributed to the high-order difference image and its transverse gradient being used as the network’s input,which highlights the polarization modulation difference between different patterned defects more significantly than conventional bright-field microscopy results.This work will provide a new but easy-to-operate method for detecting and classifying deep-subwavelength defects in patterned wafers or photomasks,which thus endows current online inspection equipment with more missions in advanced IC manufacturing.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32171354,82222015,82171001)The National Key Research and Development Program of China2023YFC2413600Research Funding from West China School/Hospital of Stomatology,Sichuan University(No.RCDWIS2023-1).
文摘Infectious bone defects represent a substantial challenge in clinical practice,necessitating the deployment of advanced therapeutic strategies.This study presents a treatment modality that merges a mild photothermal therapy hydrogel with a pulsed drug delivery mechanism.The system is predicated on a hydrogel matrix that is thermally responsive,characteristic of bone defect sites,facilitating controlled and site-specific drug release.The cornerstone of this system is the incorporation of mild photothermal nanoparticles,which are activated within the temperature range of 40–43°C,thereby enhancing the precision and efficacy of drug delivery.Our findings demonstrate that the photothermal response significantly augments the localized delivery of therapeutic agents,mitigating systemic side effects and bolstering efficacy at the defect site.The synchronized pulsed release,cooperated with mild photothermal therapy,effectively addresses infection control,and promotes bone regeneration.This approach signifies a considerable advancement in the management of infectious bone defects,offering an effective and patient-centric alternative to traditional methods.Our research endeavors to extend its applicability to a wider spectrum of tissue regeneration scenarios,underscoring its transformative potential in the realm of regenerative medicine.
文摘The rapid progress in the construction of heavy-haul and high-speed railways has led to a surge in rail defects and unforeseen failures.Addressing this issue necessitates the implementation of more sophisticated rail inspection methods,specifically involving real-time,precise detection,and assessment of rail defects.Current applications fail to address the evolving requirements,prompting the need for advancements.This paper provides a summary of various types of rail defects and outlines both traditional and innovative non-destructive inspection techniques,examining their fundamental features,benefits,drawbacks,and practical suitability for railway track inspection.It also explores potential enhancements to equipment and software.The comprehensive review draws upon pertinent international research and review papers.Furthermore,the paper introduces a fusion of inspection methods aimed at enhancing the overall reliability of defect detection.
基金supported by the support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22072141,22176185 and 52304429)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Nos.2022YFB3504200,2021YFB3501900)+4 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province for Distinguished Young Scholars(No.20232ACB213004)Jiangxi Provincial Key Research and Development Program(No.20232BBG70012)Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation(No.20212BAB213032)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.2018263)the Research Projects of Ganjiang Innovation Academy,Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.E355C001).
文摘Selective catalytic reduction of NO_(x) with CO(CO-SCR)is a process that purifies both NO and CO pollutants through a catalytic reaction.Specifically,the cleavage of NO on the catalyst surface is crucial for promoting the reaction.During the reaction,the presence of oxygen vacancies can extract oxygen from NO,thereby facilitating the cleavage of NO on the catalyst surface.Thus,the formation of oxygen vacancies is key to accelerating the CO-SCR reaction,with different types of oxygen vacancies being more conducive to their generation.In this study,Rh/CeCuO_(x) catalysts were synthesized using the co-crystallization and impregnation methods,and asymmetric oxygen vacancies were induced through hydrogen thermal treatment.This structuralmodification was aimed at regulating the behavior of NO on the catalyst surface.The Rh/Ce0.95Cu0.05O_(x)-H_(2) catalyst exhibited the best performance in CO-SCR,achieving above 90%NO conversion at 162℃.Various characterization techniques showed that the H_(2) treatment effectively reduced some of the CuO and Rh_(2)O_(3),creating asymmetric oxygen vacancies that accelerated the cleavage of NO on the catalyst surface,rather than forming difficult-to-decompose nitrates.This study offers a novel approach to constructing oxygen vacancies in new CO-SCR catalysts.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22276117 and 22076108)the Science and Technology Innovation Talent Team Project of Shanxi Province(No.202204051002024).
文摘Phenanthrene(Phe)is one of the common polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the environment,and recent studies show that it can cause cardiac developmental toxicity and immunotoxicity.However,it is still unknown whether it can affect the hematopoietic development in aquatic organisms.To address this question,zebrafish(Danio rerio)were chronically exposed to Phe at different concentrations.We found that Phe caused structural damage to the renal tubules in the kidney,induced malformed erythrocytes in peripheral blood,and decreased the proportion of myeloid cells in adult zebrafish,suggesting possible negative impacts that Phe posed to hematopoietic development.Then,using in situ hybridization technology,we found that Phe decreased the expression of primitive hematopoietic marker genes,specifically gata1 and pu.1,accompanied by an obstruction of primitive erythrocyte circulation.Furthermore,Phe impaired definitive hematopoiesis,increased aberrations of the transient hematopoietic site(PBI),and reduced the generation of hematopoietic stem cells,ultimately influencing the number of erythrocytes and myeloid cells.The findings suggested that Phe could induce hematopoietic toxicity in zebrafish embryos and pose unknown ecological risks.
基金supported by Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant/Award number:ZCLTGY24H0401)Education Department of Zhejiang Province(Grant/Award number:Y202352970).
文摘Background:Congenital heart disease(CHD)results from abnormal heart development during fetal development,leading to life-threatening complications.This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of applying myocardial parametric mapping in post-mortem magnetic resonance imaging and to examine differences in the left ventricular myocardium between fetuses with CHD and controls.Methods:This prospective case–control study was conducted on 14 deceased fetuses with CHD(CHD group)and 24 fetuses without CHD(control group).Fetuses with CHD were further stratified into the cyanotic(n=9)and non-cyanotic(n=5)CHD groups.T1,T2,and proton density relaxation times of the left ventricular myocardium were calculated and compared using multiple-dynamic multiple-echo post-mortem magnetic resonance imaging technology.Results:The myocardial T2 relaxation time was significantly different between the groups(p=0.033),with no difference in T1 or proton density relaxation times between the groups.A one-way analysis of variance with Tukey's test showed that the mean cyanotic CHD group showed a longer myocardial T2 relaxation time than the control group(98.00013.143 vs.83.5429.491 ms,p=0.003).Additionally,the correlation coefficient in the CHD group was significantly different between the myocardial T2 relaxation time and peak systolic velocity of pulmonary artery on a fetal echocardiogram(r2=0.681,p=0.010).Conclusions:These results suggest that using myocardial alterations in the T2 relaxation time may provide a accurate early warning for myocardial injury and enable noninvasive recognition of cardiac involvement in fetuses with CHD.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.82160419 and 82302772)Guizhou Basic Research Project(No.ZK[2023]General 201)。
文摘As the global population ages,osteoporotic bone fractures leading to bone defects are increasingly becoming a significant challenge in the field of public health.Treating this disease faces many challenges,especially in the context of an imbalance between osteoblast and osteoclast activities.Therefore,the development of new biomaterials has become the key.This article reviews various design strategies and their advantages and disadvantages for biomaterials aimed at osteoporotic bone defects.Overall,current research progress indicates that innovative design,functionalization,and targeting of materials can significantly enhance bone regeneration under osteoporotic conditions.By comprehensively considering biocompatibility,mechanical properties,and bioactivity,these biomaterials can be further optimized,offering a range of choices and strategies for the repair of osteoporotic bone defects.
