Although cold treatments have been used to reduce the retained austenite in the cases of carburised steel for many years, there is little data on deep cold temperatures below -70℃ or treatment times longer than an ho...Although cold treatments have been used to reduce the retained austenite in the cases of carburised steel for many years, there is little data on deep cold temperatures below -70℃ or treatment times longer than an hour or two. This study set out to determine the effects of such deep cold treatments at temperatures -150℃ for 24 h. The study investigated the effects of deep cold on the microstructure, hardness profile, residual stress and internal oxidation on two typical carburising steels, 16MnCr5 and 21NiCrMo2. The study found that for both 16MnCr5 and 21NiCrMo2 carburised to a case depth of approximately 0.8 mm, the longer and colder the deep cold treatment, the more the austenite retained in the case was converted to martensite and the harder it became. After low temperature tempering, the hardness difference was smaller, but still significant. In both steels, the case appeared more refined and homogeneous after deep cold treatment. Deep cold treatment had a negligible effect on the core properties of either steel.展开更多
To investigate how the popular magnesium alloy AZ31 sheet(aluminum 3%,zinc 1%)behaves in cold working,deep drawing experiments at room temperature,along with finite element(FE)simulation,were performed on the cold for...To investigate how the popular magnesium alloy AZ31 sheet(aluminum 3%,zinc 1%)behaves in cold working,deep drawing experiments at room temperature,along with finite element(FE)simulation,were performed on the cold forming sheet of the AZ31 alloy after being annealed under various conditions.The activities were focused on the fracture pattern,limit drawing ratio(LDR),deformation load,thickness distribution,anisotropic effect,as well as the influences of the annealing conditions and tool configuration on them.The results display that punch shoulder radius instead of die clearance,has much influence on the thickness distribution.The anisotropy is remarkable in cold working,which adversely impacts the LDR.The fracture often happens on the side wall at an angle to axis of the deformed specimen.The results also imply that the LDR for the material under present experimental conditions is 1.72,and annealing the material at 450 ℃ for 1 h may be preferable for the cold deep drawing.展开更多
In accordance with experimental results about the annealing microstructure and texture of cold-rolled deep- drawing sheet based on the compact strip production （CSP） process, a two-dimensional cellular automation si...In accordance with experimental results about the annealing microstructure and texture of cold-rolled deep- drawing sheet based on the compact strip production （CSP） process, a two-dimensional cellular automation simulation model, considering real space and time scale, was established to simulate recrystallization and grain growth during the actual batch annealing process. The simulation results show that pancaked grains form during recrystallization. （111} advantageous texture components become the main parts of the recrystallization texture. After grain growth, the pancaked grains coarsen gradually. The content of （111} advantageous texture components in the annealing texture increases from 55vo1% to 65vo1%; meanwhile, the contents of {112}〈110〉 and {100}〈110〉 texture components decrease by 4% and 8%, respectively, compared with the recrystallization texture. The simulation results of microstructure and texture evolution are also consistent with the experimental ones, proving the accuracy and usefulness of the model.展开更多
Pseudoalteromonas sp. SM9913 is a phychrotmphic bacterium isolated from the deep-sea sediment. The genes encoding chaperones DnaJ and DnaK of P. sp. SM9913 were cloned by normal PCR and TAIL - PCR （GenBank accession ...Pseudoalteromonas sp. SM9913 is a phychrotmphic bacterium isolated from the deep-sea sediment. The genes encoding chaperones DnaJ and DnaK of P. sp. SM9913 were cloned by normal PCR and TAIL - PCR （GenBank accession Nos DQ640312, DQ504163 ）. The chaperones DnaJ and DnaK from the strain SM9913 contain such conserved domains as those of many other bacteria, and show some cold-adapted characteristics in their structures when compared with those from psychro-, meso-and themophilic bacteria. It is indicated that chaperones DnaJ and DnaK of P. sp. SM9913 may be adapted to low temperature in deep-sea and function well in assisting folding, assembling and translocation of proteins at low temperature. This research lays a foundation for the further study on the cold-adapted mechanism of chaperones DnaJ and DnaK of cold-adapted microorganisms.展开更多
Regarding the lack of cold source for underground cooling systems from either mine inflow or return air, field experiments were taken in a high temperature deep coal mine with abundant cold source from surface water. ...Regarding the lack of cold source for underground cooling systems from either mine inflow or return air, field experiments were taken in a high temperature deep coal mine with abundant cold source from surface water. Taking Sanhejian coal mine as an example, this paper introduced the technology scheme of heat disaster governance using surface water cold source. The paper presents the basics of this field experiment at the beginning, following by the design and site layout of the cooling system including the analysis and calculation of cold source. Numerical calculation method is also applied based on the operation parameters to simulate the influence to the surface river ecosystem. The results suggest that the temperature of surface water shall be lower than 34 ℃ after heat exchange, and when more cooling capacities are needed in the future, increasing the water flow is more favorable than increasing the cooling range of water, which is better for the ecological environment protection,展开更多
Cold-rolled steel sheets in automotive applications require an excellent deep draw ability, which is characterized by the Lankford value （r-value）. In this study, a correlation was identified between r-value and pan...Cold-rolled steel sheets in automotive applications require an excellent deep draw ability, which is characterized by the Lankford value （r-value）. In this study, a correlation was identified between r-value and pancake-shaped grain flatness which is indicated as the ratio of grain diameter in the rolling direction （RD） and normal direction （ND） of sheets （dr/dn）. A mathematical model （ r = e^0.345（dn^1/2-dr^1/2） ） was developed to calculate r-value by the microstructure of steel sheets hot-rolled by compact strip production （CSP）. It is shown that the r-value is higher, if the microstructure of steel sheet is of pancake-shaped grains elongated in the rolling direction. The calculated r-value is confirmed to fit exactly to the measured one from the large-scale production.展开更多
在容器技术和微服务框架的普及背景下,无服务器计算为开发者提供了一种无需关注服务器操作以及硬件资源管理的云计算范式.与此同时,无服务器计算通过弹性扩缩容实时地适应动态负载变化,能够有效降低请求响应延时并且减少服务成本,满足...在容器技术和微服务框架的普及背景下,无服务器计算为开发者提供了一种无需关注服务器操作以及硬件资源管理的云计算范式.与此同时,无服务器计算通过弹性扩缩容实时地适应动态负载变化,能够有效降低请求响应延时并且减少服务成本,满足了客户对于云服务成本按需付费的需求.然而,无服务器计算中面临着弹性扩缩容需求导致的冷启动延迟问题.提前预热函数实例能够有效地降低冷启动发生频率和延时.然而,在云环境中流量突发问题极大地增加了预测预热函数实例数的难度.针对上述挑战,提出了一种基于概率分布的弹性伸缩算法(probability distribution based auto-scaling algorithm,PDBAA),利用监控指标历史数据预测未来请求的概率分布,以最小化请求响应延时为目的计算预热函数实例的最佳数量,并且PDBAA能够有效地结合深度学习技术的强大预测功能进一步提升性能.在Knative框架中,通过NASA和WSAL数据集对算法进行了验证,仿真实验表明,相比于Knative弹性伸缩算法以及其他预测算法,所提出的算法弹性性能提升了31%以上,平均响应时间降低了16%以上,能够更好地解决流量突发问题,有效地降低了无服务器计算请求的响应延时.展开更多
对青海省共和县中深层地源热泵集中供暖系统实际运行情况展开了研究。通过室内外温度、取水与回灌水温度、供回水温度、能耗和性能系数等数据,综合分析了供热系统实际运行表现。研究结果表明,地热水出水温度存在0.078℃/d的衰减率,为维...对青海省共和县中深层地源热泵集中供暖系统实际运行情况展开了研究。通过室内外温度、取水与回灌水温度、供回水温度、能耗和性能系数等数据,综合分析了供热系统实际运行表现。研究结果表明,地热水出水温度存在0.078℃/d的衰减率,为维持地热动态平衡,取水上限流量为80 m 3/h。此外,天气转暖过程中室外平均温度5℃可看作热泵机组启停节点,关闭地源热泵机组仅靠板式换热器换热,能使系统综合性能系数最大升至8.7,系统能耗降幅达42.9%。本文可为地热供暖系统优化运行及能效提升提供参考。展开更多
文摘Although cold treatments have been used to reduce the retained austenite in the cases of carburised steel for many years, there is little data on deep cold temperatures below -70℃ or treatment times longer than an hour or two. This study set out to determine the effects of such deep cold treatments at temperatures -150℃ for 24 h. The study investigated the effects of deep cold on the microstructure, hardness profile, residual stress and internal oxidation on two typical carburising steels, 16MnCr5 and 21NiCrMo2. The study found that for both 16MnCr5 and 21NiCrMo2 carburised to a case depth of approximately 0.8 mm, the longer and colder the deep cold treatment, the more the austenite retained in the case was converted to martensite and the harder it became. After low temperature tempering, the hardness difference was smaller, but still significant. In both steels, the case appeared more refined and homogeneous after deep cold treatment. Deep cold treatment had a negligible effect on the core properties of either steel.
文摘To investigate how the popular magnesium alloy AZ31 sheet(aluminum 3%,zinc 1%)behaves in cold working,deep drawing experiments at room temperature,along with finite element(FE)simulation,were performed on the cold forming sheet of the AZ31 alloy after being annealed under various conditions.The activities were focused on the fracture pattern,limit drawing ratio(LDR),deformation load,thickness distribution,anisotropic effect,as well as the influences of the annealing conditions and tool configuration on them.The results display that punch shoulder radius instead of die clearance,has much influence on the thickness distribution.The anisotropy is remarkable in cold working,which adversely impacts the LDR.The fracture often happens on the side wall at an angle to axis of the deformed specimen.The results also imply that the LDR for the material under present experimental conditions is 1.72,and annealing the material at 450 ℃ for 1 h may be preferable for the cold deep drawing.
文摘In accordance with experimental results about the annealing microstructure and texture of cold-rolled deep- drawing sheet based on the compact strip production （CSP） process, a two-dimensional cellular automation simulation model, considering real space and time scale, was established to simulate recrystallization and grain growth during the actual batch annealing process. The simulation results show that pancaked grains form during recrystallization. （111} advantageous texture components become the main parts of the recrystallization texture. After grain growth, the pancaked grains coarsen gradually. The content of （111} advantageous texture components in the annealing texture increases from 55vo1% to 65vo1%; meanwhile, the contents of {112}〈110〉 and {100}〈110〉 texture components decrease by 4% and 8%, respectively, compared with the recrystallization texture. The simulation results of microstructure and texture evolution are also consistent with the experimental ones, proving the accuracy and usefulness of the model.
基金The work was supported by the Hi-Tech Research and Development Program of China under contract Nos 2006AA09Z414 and 2007AA091903；the China Ocean Mineral Resources R ＆ D Association under contract No. DYXM - 115 - 02 - 2 - 6；the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No. Z2004D02；the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province of China under contract No. Z2004D02；the Foundation for Young Excellent Scientists in Shandong Province of China under contract No. 2006BS02002；the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University under contract No. NCET - 06 - 0578.
文摘Pseudoalteromonas sp. SM9913 is a phychrotmphic bacterium isolated from the deep-sea sediment. The genes encoding chaperones DnaJ and DnaK of P. sp. SM9913 were cloned by normal PCR and TAIL - PCR （GenBank accession Nos DQ640312, DQ504163 ）. The chaperones DnaJ and DnaK from the strain SM9913 contain such conserved domains as those of many other bacteria, and show some cold-adapted characteristics in their structures when compared with those from psychro-, meso-and themophilic bacteria. It is indicated that chaperones DnaJ and DnaK of P. sp. SM9913 may be adapted to low temperature in deep-sea and function well in assisting folding, assembling and translocation of proteins at low temperature. This research lays a foundation for the further study on the cold-adapted mechanism of chaperones DnaJ and DnaK of cold-adapted microorganisms.
基金supported by the Key Project of National Natural Science Foundation‘‘Deep Heat Governance and Utilization’’(No.51134005)the Doctoral Fund of Ministry of Education(No.20120023120004)
文摘Regarding the lack of cold source for underground cooling systems from either mine inflow or return air, field experiments were taken in a high temperature deep coal mine with abundant cold source from surface water. Taking Sanhejian coal mine as an example, this paper introduced the technology scheme of heat disaster governance using surface water cold source. The paper presents the basics of this field experiment at the beginning, following by the design and site layout of the cooling system including the analysis and calculation of cold source. Numerical calculation method is also applied based on the operation parameters to simulate the influence to the surface river ecosystem. The results suggest that the temperature of surface water shall be lower than 34 ℃ after heat exchange, and when more cooling capacities are needed in the future, increasing the water flow is more favorable than increasing the cooling range of water, which is better for the ecological environment protection,
文摘Cold-rolled steel sheets in automotive applications require an excellent deep draw ability, which is characterized by the Lankford value （r-value）. In this study, a correlation was identified between r-value and pancake-shaped grain flatness which is indicated as the ratio of grain diameter in the rolling direction （RD） and normal direction （ND） of sheets （dr/dn）. A mathematical model （ r = e^0.345（dn^1/2-dr^1/2） ） was developed to calculate r-value by the microstructure of steel sheets hot-rolled by compact strip production （CSP）. It is shown that the r-value is higher, if the microstructure of steel sheet is of pancake-shaped grains elongated in the rolling direction. The calculated r-value is confirmed to fit exactly to the measured one from the large-scale production.
文摘在容器技术和微服务框架的普及背景下,无服务器计算为开发者提供了一种无需关注服务器操作以及硬件资源管理的云计算范式.与此同时,无服务器计算通过弹性扩缩容实时地适应动态负载变化,能够有效降低请求响应延时并且减少服务成本,满足了客户对于云服务成本按需付费的需求.然而,无服务器计算中面临着弹性扩缩容需求导致的冷启动延迟问题.提前预热函数实例能够有效地降低冷启动发生频率和延时.然而,在云环境中流量突发问题极大地增加了预测预热函数实例数的难度.针对上述挑战,提出了一种基于概率分布的弹性伸缩算法(probability distribution based auto-scaling algorithm,PDBAA),利用监控指标历史数据预测未来请求的概率分布,以最小化请求响应延时为目的计算预热函数实例的最佳数量,并且PDBAA能够有效地结合深度学习技术的强大预测功能进一步提升性能.在Knative框架中,通过NASA和WSAL数据集对算法进行了验证,仿真实验表明,相比于Knative弹性伸缩算法以及其他预测算法,所提出的算法弹性性能提升了31%以上,平均响应时间降低了16%以上,能够更好地解决流量突发问题,有效地降低了无服务器计算请求的响应延时.
文摘对青海省共和县中深层地源热泵集中供暖系统实际运行情况展开了研究。通过室内外温度、取水与回灌水温度、供回水温度、能耗和性能系数等数据,综合分析了供热系统实际运行表现。研究结果表明,地热水出水温度存在0.078℃/d的衰减率,为维持地热动态平衡,取水上限流量为80 m 3/h。此外,天气转暖过程中室外平均温度5℃可看作热泵机组启停节点,关闭地源热泵机组仅靠板式换热器换热,能使系统综合性能系数最大升至8.7,系统能耗降幅达42.9%。本文可为地热供暖系统优化运行及能效提升提供参考。
