Astrocytes,a major class of glial cells,have emerged as crucial regulators of synaptic function,neuronal homeostasis,and cognitive processes(Cabral-Miranda et al.,2024).These star-shaped cells not only provide structu...Astrocytes,a major class of glial cells,have emerged as crucial regulators of synaptic function,neuronal homeostasis,and cognitive processes(Cabral-Miranda et al.,2024).These star-shaped cells not only provide structural and metabolic support to neurons but also actively participate in modulating synaptic transmission,neurovascular coupling,and inflammatory responses in the brain.展开更多
Aging is a universal biological process characterized by the progressive decline in cellular and tissue function,representing the main risk factor for the development of most chronic human diseases.At the cellular lev...Aging is a universal biological process characterized by the progressive decline in cellular and tissue function,representing the main risk factor for the development of most chronic human diseases.At the cellular level,one hallmark of aging is the accumulation of senescent cells—non-dividing yet metabolically active cells that adopt a unique phenotype,including the senescence-associated secretory phenotype(SASP)(Wang et al.,2024).展开更多
With the rapidly aging human population,age-related cognitive decline and dementia are becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide.Aging is considered the main risk factor for cognitive decline and acts through alterati...With the rapidly aging human population,age-related cognitive decline and dementia are becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide.Aging is considered the main risk factor for cognitive decline and acts through alterations in the composition of the gut microbiota,microbial metabolites,and the functions of astrocytes.The microbiota–gut–brain axis has been the focus of multiple studies and is closely associated with cognitive function.This article provides a comprehensive review of the specific changes that occur in the composition of the gut microbiota and microbial metabolites in older individuals and discusses how the aging of astrocytes and reactive astrocytosis are closely related to age-related cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases.This article also summarizes the gut microbiota components that affect astrocyte function,mainly through the vagus nerve,immune responses,circadian rhythms,and microbial metabolites.Finally,this article summarizes the mechanism by which the gut microbiota–astrocyte axis plays a role in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases.Our findings have revealed the critical role of the microbiota–astrocyte axis in age-related cognitive decline,aiding in a deeper understanding of potential gut microbiome-based adjuvant therapy strategies for this condition.展开更多
Increasing temperatures and severe droughts threaten forest vitality globally.Prediction of forest response to climate change requires knowledge of the spatiotemporal patterns of monthly or seasonal climatic impacts o...Increasing temperatures and severe droughts threaten forest vitality globally.Prediction of forest response to climate change requires knowledge of the spatiotemporal patterns of monthly or seasonal climatic impacts on the growth of tree species,likely driven by local climatic aridity,climate trends,edaphic conditions,and the climatic adaption of tree species.The ability of tree species to cope with changing climate and the effects of environmental variables on growth trends and growth-climate relationships across diverse bioclimatic regions are still poorly understood for many species.This study investigated radial growth trends,interannual growth variability,and growth-climate sensitivity of two dominant tree species,Pinus tabulaeformis(PT)and Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica(PS),across a broad climatic gradient with a variety of soil properties in temperate Northern China.Using a network of 83 tree ring chronologies(54 for PT and 29 for PS)from 1971 to 2010,we documented that both species maintained constant growth trends at wet sites,while both displayed rapid declines at dry sites.We reported the species-specific drivers of spatial heterogeneity in growth trends,interannual growth variability,and growth-climate relationships.Calculated climatic variables and soil properties were identified as the most critical factors affecting the growth trends and growth-climate relationships.However,climatic variables play more essential roles than soil properties in determining the spatial heterogeneity of the growth-climate relationship.Lower clay content and higher soil nutrient regimes can exacerbate the moisture-related susceptibility of tree growth.Our findings highlight that soil properties emerged as important modulating factors to predict the drought vulnerability of forests in addition to climatic variables.Considering the continued climate warmingdrying trend in the future,both pines will face a more severe growth decline and increase in drought vulnerability at drier sites with lower clayed soil or higher nutrient regimes.展开更多
Rarer dementias are associated with atypical symptoms and younger onset,which result in a higher burden of care.We provide a review of the global literature on longitudinal decline in activities of daily living(ADLs)i...Rarer dementias are associated with atypical symptoms and younger onset,which result in a higher burden of care.We provide a review of the global literature on longitudinal decline in activities of daily living(ADLs)in dementias that account for less than 10%of dementia diagnoses.Published studies were identified through searches conducted in Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online(MEDLINE),Excerpta Medica Database(Embase),Excerpta Medica Care(Emcare),PsycINFO,and Cumulative Index in Nursing and Allied Health Literature(CINAHL).The search criteria included terms related to‘rarer dementias’,‘activities of daily living’and‘longitudinal or cross-sectional studies’following a predefined protocol registered.Studies were screened,and those that met the criteria were citation searched.Quality assessments were performed,and relevant data were extracted.20 articles were selected,of which 19 focused on dementias within the frontotemporal dementia/primary progressive aphasia spectrum,while one addressed posterior cortical atrophy.Four studies were cross-sectional and 16 studies were longitudinal,with a median duration of 2.2 years.The Disability Assessment for Dementia was used to measure decline in 8 of the 20 studies.The varied sequences of ADL decline reported in the literature reflect variation in diagnostic specificity between studies and within-syndrome heterogeneity.Most studies used Alzheimer’s disease staging scales to measure decline,which cannot capture variant-specific symptoms.To enhance care provision in dementia,ADL scales could be deployed postdiagnosis to aid treatment and planning.This necessitates staging scales that are variant-specific and span the disease course from diagnosis to end of life.展开更多
In January and February of 2025,China's textile and clothing exports totaled 42.88 billion US dollars,marking a 4.5%decrease compared to the same period in the previous year.The primary factors contributing to thi...In January and February of 2025,China's textile and clothing exports totaled 42.88 billion US dollars,marking a 4.5%decrease compared to the same period in the previous year.The primary factors contributing to this decline are as follows:First,China’s textile and clothing exports nearly reached USD 45 billion in January and February of 2024,setting a high base.Second,in order to avoid tariffs imposed by the United States,enterprises generally concentrated their exports at the end of last year and January this year.展开更多
In the third quarter of 2025,the orders index for textile machinery-compiled by ACIMIT's Economics Department(the Association of Italian Textile Machinery Manufacturers)-recorded a16%decrease compared to the same ...In the third quarter of 2025,the orders index for textile machinery-compiled by ACIMIT's Economics Department(the Association of Italian Textile Machinery Manufacturers)-recorded a16%decrease compared to the same period in 2024.In absolute terms,the index stood at 41.8 points(base year2021=100).The decline reflects negative performances in both the domestic and foreign markets.Specifically,on the domestic market,orders fell by 17%compared to the same quarter of the previous year,with the absolute index value reaching49.9points.展开更多
Americans have always been proud of their democratic system. Since the end of World War Ⅱ, the United States has even used its democratic system as a template to “democratize” some other countries. However, in rece...Americans have always been proud of their democratic system. Since the end of World War Ⅱ, the United States has even used its democratic system as a template to “democratize” some other countries. However, in recent years, the domestic democratic chaos in the United States has intensified, causing widespread doubts about the American political system and its democratic model.展开更多
The democratic decline in the United States has become a crucial perspective to understand recent changes in its domestic and foreign policies.Democratic decline refers to the erosion of the substantive integrity or s...The democratic decline in the United States has become a crucial perspective to understand recent changes in its domestic and foreign policies.Democratic decline refers to the erosion of the substantive integrity or structural framework of a democratic system.This decline is manifested in both the erosion of soft democratic norms and the social foundations that sustain them,and the multiple crises at the level of institutional functioning.The rise of populism particularly underscores the dual deterioration of democratic substance and structures.This democratic decline stems from political elites’ineffective response to the social tensions generated by economic polarization and cultural conflicts arising during the advancement of the liberal international order.In the context of major-country competition,democratic decline has not only driven the United States to place greater emphasis on the perceived“threat”from China but has also constrained its mobilization of strategic resources and adoption of a more pragmatic approach in selecting strategic tools.Amid the democratic decline at home and with limited effectiveness in domestic policy adjustments,the United States has aggressively shifted its governance burdens onto the international community,severely disrupting the international order and exposing the selfish nature of its hegemonism.展开更多
Warm-wet climatic conditions are widely regarded as conducive to remarkable tree growth,alleviating climatic pressures.However,the notable decline in tree growth observed in the southern edge of boreal forests has hei...Warm-wet climatic conditions are widely regarded as conducive to remarkable tree growth,alleviating climatic pressures.However,the notable decline in tree growth observed in the southern edge of boreal forests has heightened concerns over the spatial-temporal dynamics of forest decline.Currently,attaining a comprehensive grasp of the underlying patterns and their propelling factors remains a formidable challenge.We collected tree ring samples from a network of 50 sites across the Greater Xing'an Mountains.These samples were subsequently grouped into two distinct clusters,designated as Groups A and B.The percentage change of growth(GC,%)and the proportion of declining sites were utilized to assess forest decline.The decline in tree growth within Larix gmelinii forests exhibits significant regional variation,accompanied by temporal fluctuations even within a given region.Group A exhibited a pronounced increase in frequency(59.26%)of occurrences and encountered more severe declines(21.65%)in tree growth subsequent to the 1990s,contrasting sharply with Group B,which observed lower frequencies(20.00%)and relatively less severe declines(21.02%)prior to the 1980s.The primary impetus underlying the opposite radial growth increments observed in Larix gmelinii trees from the interplay between their differential response to temperatures and wetter climatic conditions,which is significantly influenced by varying stand densities.In cold-dry conditions,low-density forests may experience soil water freezing,exacerbating drought conditions and thereby inhibiting tree growth,in Group B.Trees growth in high-density stands is restrained by warm-wet conditions,in Group A.These results provide new insights into the variability at the southern edge of the boreal forest biome with different responses to density and climate.展开更多
[Objective] The aim was to research relationship between SPAD decline index after full-heading stage （SDIFHS） and productivity of rice. fertilized with nitro- gen in order to provide theoretical and practical refere...[Objective] The aim was to research relationship between SPAD decline index after full-heading stage （SDIFHS） and productivity of rice. fertilized with nitro- gen in order to provide theoretical and practical references for selection and breed- ing of rice varieties. [Method] From 2008 to 2010, 18 mid-season hybrid rice vari- eties were researched every year to explore relationship＇ between SDIFHS and pro- ductivity of rice fertilized with nitrogen. [Result] The productivity of rice fertilized with nitrogen was of extremely significant positive corretation with SDIFHS, because the higher SPAD decline index is, the higher LAI decline index and the transformation ratio of dry matter to spikes in overground plant would be. [Conclusion] The re- search established a new method to predict productivity of rice fertilized with nitro- gen based on SPAD decline index.展开更多
Current treatments for cerebral amyloid angiopathy are mainly symptomatic and have limited efficacy,and there is a lack of targeted therapies.Mesenchymal stem cell transplantation improves cognitive and motor function...Current treatments for cerebral amyloid angiopathy are mainly symptomatic and have limited efficacy,and there is a lack of targeted therapies.Mesenchymal stem cell transplantation improves cognitive and motor function in conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease,acute ischemic stroke,and Parkinson’s disease.In addition,mesenchymal stem cell therapy modulates the immune system,reduces neuroinflammation,and improves resolution of brain lesions by cells of the macrophage lineage.Cerebral amyloid angiopathy and Alzheimer’s disease share similar pathologic changes involving amyloid-beta deposition,which contributes to the progression of both diseases and exacerbates cognitive deficits through impaired vascular integrity and neuroinflammation.Therefore,we hypothesized that mesenchymal stem cell therapy could also ameliorate the pathological changes seen in cerebral amyloid angiopathy by modulating the immune response.In this study,we show that bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells have a protective effect in a mouse model of cerebral amyloid angiopathy(Tg-SwDI/B).Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell treatment improved cognitive function,reduced neuroinflammation,and maintained blood-brain barrier integrity in Tg-SwDI/B mice.Mechanistically,bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell treatment enhanced the expulsion of damaged mitochondria from neutrophils via migrasomes,in a process known as mitocytosis,thereby preserving mitochondrial quality within the neutrophils.Mitochondrial damage in neutrophils leads to cellular injury,including the generation of reactive oxygen species and the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps.Neutrophils activate mitocytosis to promote mitochondrial renewal,which further enhances their own clearance by macrophage lineage cells.Our findings demonstrate that bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells are a promising therapeutic candidate for cerebral amyloid angiopathy,as they play a significant role in migrasome-dependent mitochondrial quality control in neutrophils.展开更多
The innate immune system of the central nervous system(CNS),long viewed as primarily microgliadriven,is now increasingly recognized to include astrocytes as active participants in neuroimmune signaling.Chronic alcohol...The innate immune system of the central nervous system(CNS),long viewed as primarily microgliadriven,is now increasingly recognized to include astrocytes as active participants in neuroimmune signaling.Chronic alcohol exposure trigge rs oxidative stress,glial activation,and sustained inflammation,ultimately contributing to cognitive decline and neuronal injury.展开更多
Mounting evidence suggests that circadian rhythm disruption may be linked to the onset and progression of Alzheimer’s disease.However,whether this disruption occurs before the appearance of cognitive symptoms and whe...Mounting evidence suggests that circadian rhythm disruption may be linked to the onset and progression of Alzheimer’s disease.However,whether this disruption occurs before the appearance of cognitive symptoms and whether it drives disease development remain unclear.Understanding the temporal relationship between circadian rhythm dysregulation and early Alzheimer’s disease pathological changes may open up new avenues for disease prevention and intervention.To determine if circadian rhythm disruption precedes cognitive decline,we conducted high-resolution transcriptome analyses of the hippocampus in a 5-month-old mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease and age-matched wild-type control mice at multiple time points over a 24-hour period.While the mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease did not exhibit obvious cognitive symptoms at this stage,the expression of circadian-related genes in the hippocampus exhibited extensive abnormalities.In the control group,2109 genes exhibited rhythmic expression characteristics.In the mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease,a marked proportion of these genes lost their rhythmicity,some genes newly developed rhythmicity,and some maintained rhythmicity but with altered expression patterns.Genes related to neuronal function,including those involved in protein homeostasis regulation,neuroinflammation,and ion homeostasis,showed significant changes in circadian rhythm amplitude and phase,and some completely lost their rhythmicity.These findings point to the following critical early events in Alzheimer’s disease:hippocampal circadian gene disruption occurs before cognitive symptoms emerge,genes related to neuronal function are uniquely susceptible to this early dysregulation,and circadian dysfunction may even precede the pathological changes of Alzheimer’s disease and influence disease onset.This work advances Alzheimer’s disease research by clarifying that circadian disruption is an early pre-symptomatic event,reinforcing the potential of circadian rhythm regulation as a strategy for early intervention of Alzheimer’s disease,and identifying neuronal pathways that may serve as intervention targets.展开更多
Current pharmacotherapies for Alzheimer's disease(AD)exhibit constrained transient symptomatic relief without halting underlying neurodegenerative progression.Based on the framework of the amyloid cascade and neur...Current pharmacotherapies for Alzheimer's disease(AD)exhibit constrained transient symptomatic relief without halting underlying neurodegenerative progression.Based on the framework of the amyloid cascade and neurofibrillary tangle hypotheses[1],two FDA-approved antiamyloid monoclonal antibodies(Aβ-mAbs),Kisunla and Lecanemab,have demonstrated efficacy in removing cerebral amyloid buildup,thereby modestly slowing cognitive decline in AD patients[2,3].A 2023 meta-analysis in Neurology demonstrated that anti-amyloid therapies significantly accelerated brain volume loss compared to placebo,with Lecanemab demonstrating 36.4%greater volume reduction and Donanemab 23%.展开更多
Objective： The association between gut microbiota composition and biomarkers of immune activation and inflammation was assessed in the elderly. Patients： Serum inflammation markers of fifty-five outpatients （29 fem...Objective： The association between gut microbiota composition and biomarkers of immune activation and inflammation was assessed in the elderly. Patients： Serum inflammation markers of fifty-five outpatients （29 females, 26 males, aged 78 ＋ 8.5 years） were analyzed. Stool specimens and thus data on gut microbiota were available from a subgroup of 23 individuals （9 females and 14 males）. Results： Global cerebral atrophy was found in all magnet resonance tomography scans. Mean mini-mental-score examination in Alzheimer＇s disease patients was 18.8 ± 7.1, in patients with mild cognitive impairment 27.8 ± 1.5. Serum neopterin concentrations correlated with concentrations of fecal S100A12 （p 〈 0.001） and cq-antitrypsin （p 〈 0.05）. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii correlated with MMSE （p 〈 0.05）, with Akkermansia muciniphila （p 〈 0.01） and with serum neopterin （p 〈 0.05）. Fecal zonulin correlated inversely with Clostridium cluster I （p 〈 0.02）. Conclusions： Our results underline earlier in vitro and animal studies that cognitive decline associates with age-related changes in the intestinal microbiota and neuroinflammation. However, only correlational evidence can be reported, and a causative relationship still has to be demonstrated.展开更多
Objective To examine whether the selectivity of visual cortical neurons to stimulus spatial frequencies would be affected by aging in cats.Methods In vivo extracellular single-unit recording techniques were employed t...Objective To examine whether the selectivity of visual cortical neurons to stimulus spatial frequencies would be affected by aging in cats.Methods In vivo extracellular single-unit recording techniques were employed to record the tuning responses of V1 neurons to different stimulus spatial frequencies in old and young adult cats.Results Statistical analysis showed that the mean optimal spatial frequency of grating stimuli that evoked the maximal response of V1 neurons in old cats was significantly lower than that in young adult cats.Furthermore,the mean high cut-off spatial frequency of grating stimuli that evoked the half amplitude of the maximal response of V1 neurons in old cats was also significantly lower than that in young adult cats.Conclusion These results are consistent with those reported in the V1 of old monkeys,suggesting that the age-related decline in the selectivity of visual cortical cells to spatial frequency could be generalized to all mammalian species and might contribute to visual acuity reduction in senescent individuals.展开更多
Chronic stress is generally accepted as the main risk factor in the development of cognitive decline;however,the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.Previous data have demonstrated that the levels of homocysteine(Hcy...Chronic stress is generally accepted as the main risk factor in the development of cognitive decline;however,the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.Previous data have demonstrated that the levels of homocysteine(Hcy)are significantly elevated in the plasma of stressed animals,which suggests that Hcy is associated with stress and cognitive decline.To test this hypothesis,we analyzed the cognitive function,plasma concentrations of Hcy,and brain-derived neurotropic factor(BDNF)levels in rats undergoing chronic unpredicted mild stress(CUMS).The results showed that decreased cognitive behavioral performance and decreased BDNF transcription and protein expression were correlated with hyperhomocysteinemia(HHcy)levels in stressed rats.Diet-induced HHcy mimicked the cognitive decline and BDNF downregulation in the same manner as CUMS,while Hcy reduction(by means of vitamin B complex supplements)alleviated the cognitive deficits and BDNF reduction in CUMS rats.Furthermore,we also found that both stress and HHcy disturbed the DNA methylation process in the brain and induced DNA hypermethylation in the BDNF promoter.In contrast,control of Hcy blocked BDNF promoter methylation and upregulated BDNF levels in the brain.These results imply the possibility of a causal role of Hcy in stress-induced cognitive decline.We also used ten-eleven translocation(TET1),an enzyme that induces DNA demethylation,to verify the involvement of Hcy and DNA methylation in the regulation of BDNF expression and the development of stress-related cognitive decline.The data showed that TET1-expressing viral injection into the hippocampus inhibited BDNF promoter methylation and significantly mitigated the cognitive decline in HHcy rats.Taken together,novel evidence from the present study suggests that Hcy is likely involved in chronic stress-induced BDNF reduction and related cognitive deficits.In addition,the negative side-effects of HHcy may be associated with Hcy-induced DNA hypermethylation in the BDNF promoter.The results also suggest the possibility of Hcy as a target for therapy and the potential value of vitamin B intake in preventing stress-induced cognitive decline.展开更多
Forest structure and function are subject to risks of growth declines from intensified drought and frequent extreme events related to climate warming.Knowledge of tree growth declines will help anticipate future respo...Forest structure and function are subject to risks of growth declines from intensified drought and frequent extreme events related to climate warming.Knowledge of tree growth declines will help anticipate future responses of forests to climate change.In this study,we investigated tree growth declines over the last four centuries in a juniper forest on the eastern Tibetan Plateau.By analyzing the radial growth trajectories of individual trees,we identified two events of intense growth decline,one in 1817–1830 and the other in 1969–1999 over the past four centuries.The intensity of the recent decline was unprecedented in the period under study.Ring-width chronology showed a positive correlation with self-calibrating Palmer Drought Severity Indices and a negative correlation with mean monthly temperatures in May and June.The recent intensified growth decline may have been due to temperatureinduced frequent droughts in the study area.Our findings suggest that trees in this juniper forest may face a higher risk of growth decline and even mortality under continued climate warming.展开更多
文摘Astrocytes,a major class of glial cells,have emerged as crucial regulators of synaptic function,neuronal homeostasis,and cognitive processes(Cabral-Miranda et al.,2024).These star-shaped cells not only provide structural and metabolic support to neurons but also actively participate in modulating synaptic transmission,neurovascular coupling,and inflammatory responses in the brain.
基金NIH NIA1RO1AG061879 and 5PO1AG066591(to LME)FONDAP Program 15150012,ECOS-A NID(ECOS230034)the US Army Medical Research Acquisition Activity(USAMRAA)AL2201415(to CH)。
文摘Aging is a universal biological process characterized by the progressive decline in cellular and tissue function,representing the main risk factor for the development of most chronic human diseases.At the cellular level,one hallmark of aging is the accumulation of senescent cells—non-dividing yet metabolically active cells that adopt a unique phenotype,including the senescence-associated secretory phenotype(SASP)(Wang et al.,2024).
基金supported by the Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem Innovation Foundation,No.22HHXBSS00047(to PL)Graduate Science and Technology Innovation Project of Tianjin,No.2022BKY173(to LZ)Tianjin Municipal Science and Technology Bureau Foundation,No.20201194(to PL).
文摘With the rapidly aging human population,age-related cognitive decline and dementia are becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide.Aging is considered the main risk factor for cognitive decline and acts through alterations in the composition of the gut microbiota,microbial metabolites,and the functions of astrocytes.The microbiota–gut–brain axis has been the focus of multiple studies and is closely associated with cognitive function.This article provides a comprehensive review of the specific changes that occur in the composition of the gut microbiota and microbial metabolites in older individuals and discusses how the aging of astrocytes and reactive astrocytosis are closely related to age-related cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases.This article also summarizes the gut microbiota components that affect astrocyte function,mainly through the vagus nerve,immune responses,circadian rhythms,and microbial metabolites.Finally,this article summarizes the mechanism by which the gut microbiota–astrocyte axis plays a role in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases.Our findings have revealed the critical role of the microbiota–astrocyte axis in age-related cognitive decline,aiding in a deeper understanding of potential gut microbiome-based adjuvant therapy strategies for this condition.
基金funded by the National Key Research and Development Plan of China(No.2022YFE0127900)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.32071558,32171559)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation Key Project of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,China(No.2023ZD23)the Hulunbuir Science and Technology Plan Project(No.SF2022001)the Fundamental Research Funds of CAF(CAFYBB2023ZA002).
文摘Increasing temperatures and severe droughts threaten forest vitality globally.Prediction of forest response to climate change requires knowledge of the spatiotemporal patterns of monthly or seasonal climatic impacts on the growth of tree species,likely driven by local climatic aridity,climate trends,edaphic conditions,and the climatic adaption of tree species.The ability of tree species to cope with changing climate and the effects of environmental variables on growth trends and growth-climate relationships across diverse bioclimatic regions are still poorly understood for many species.This study investigated radial growth trends,interannual growth variability,and growth-climate sensitivity of two dominant tree species,Pinus tabulaeformis(PT)and Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica(PS),across a broad climatic gradient with a variety of soil properties in temperate Northern China.Using a network of 83 tree ring chronologies(54 for PT and 29 for PS)from 1971 to 2010,we documented that both species maintained constant growth trends at wet sites,while both displayed rapid declines at dry sites.We reported the species-specific drivers of spatial heterogeneity in growth trends,interannual growth variability,and growth-climate relationships.Calculated climatic variables and soil properties were identified as the most critical factors affecting the growth trends and growth-climate relationships.However,climatic variables play more essential roles than soil properties in determining the spatial heterogeneity of the growth-climate relationship.Lower clay content and higher soil nutrient regimes can exacerbate the moisture-related susceptibility of tree growth.Our findings highlight that soil properties emerged as important modulating factors to predict the drought vulnerability of forests in addition to climatic variables.Considering the continued climate warmingdrying trend in the future,both pines will face a more severe growth decline and increase in drought vulnerability at drier sites with lower clayed soil or higher nutrient regimes.
基金supported by UKResearch and Innovation(MR/S03546X/1)National BrainAppeal,Economic and Social ResearchCouncil(ES/S010467/1)+4 种基金Wellcome Trust(221915/Z/20/Z),ESRC(ES/W006014/1)Royal National Institute for Deaf People-Dunhill Medical Trust Pauline Ashley(204841/Z/16/Z,PA23)London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre(221915/Z/20/Z)Bloomsbury and East London Doctoral Training Partnership(ES/P000592/1)National Institute for Health Research.
文摘Rarer dementias are associated with atypical symptoms and younger onset,which result in a higher burden of care.We provide a review of the global literature on longitudinal decline in activities of daily living(ADLs)in dementias that account for less than 10%of dementia diagnoses.Published studies were identified through searches conducted in Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online(MEDLINE),Excerpta Medica Database(Embase),Excerpta Medica Care(Emcare),PsycINFO,and Cumulative Index in Nursing and Allied Health Literature(CINAHL).The search criteria included terms related to‘rarer dementias’,‘activities of daily living’and‘longitudinal or cross-sectional studies’following a predefined protocol registered.Studies were screened,and those that met the criteria were citation searched.Quality assessments were performed,and relevant data were extracted.20 articles were selected,of which 19 focused on dementias within the frontotemporal dementia/primary progressive aphasia spectrum,while one addressed posterior cortical atrophy.Four studies were cross-sectional and 16 studies were longitudinal,with a median duration of 2.2 years.The Disability Assessment for Dementia was used to measure decline in 8 of the 20 studies.The varied sequences of ADL decline reported in the literature reflect variation in diagnostic specificity between studies and within-syndrome heterogeneity.Most studies used Alzheimer’s disease staging scales to measure decline,which cannot capture variant-specific symptoms.To enhance care provision in dementia,ADL scales could be deployed postdiagnosis to aid treatment and planning.This necessitates staging scales that are variant-specific and span the disease course from diagnosis to end of life.
文摘In January and February of 2025,China's textile and clothing exports totaled 42.88 billion US dollars,marking a 4.5%decrease compared to the same period in the previous year.The primary factors contributing to this decline are as follows:First,China’s textile and clothing exports nearly reached USD 45 billion in January and February of 2024,setting a high base.Second,in order to avoid tariffs imposed by the United States,enterprises generally concentrated their exports at the end of last year and January this year.
文摘In the third quarter of 2025,the orders index for textile machinery-compiled by ACIMIT's Economics Department(the Association of Italian Textile Machinery Manufacturers)-recorded a16%decrease compared to the same period in 2024.In absolute terms,the index stood at 41.8 points(base year2021=100).The decline reflects negative performances in both the domestic and foreign markets.Specifically,on the domestic market,orders fell by 17%compared to the same quarter of the previous year,with the absolute index value reaching49.9points.
文摘Americans have always been proud of their democratic system. Since the end of World War Ⅱ, the United States has even used its democratic system as a template to “democratize” some other countries. However, in recent years, the domestic democratic chaos in the United States has intensified, causing widespread doubts about the American political system and its democratic model.
文摘The democratic decline in the United States has become a crucial perspective to understand recent changes in its domestic and foreign policies.Democratic decline refers to the erosion of the substantive integrity or structural framework of a democratic system.This decline is manifested in both the erosion of soft democratic norms and the social foundations that sustain them,and the multiple crises at the level of institutional functioning.The rise of populism particularly underscores the dual deterioration of democratic substance and structures.This democratic decline stems from political elites’ineffective response to the social tensions generated by economic polarization and cultural conflicts arising during the advancement of the liberal international order.In the context of major-country competition,democratic decline has not only driven the United States to place greater emphasis on the perceived“threat”from China but has also constrained its mobilization of strategic resources and adoption of a more pragmatic approach in selecting strategic tools.Amid the democratic decline at home and with limited effectiveness in domestic policy adjustments,the United States has aggressively shifted its governance burdens onto the international community,severely disrupting the international order and exposing the selfish nature of its hegemonism.
基金National Nature Science Foundation of China(No.32371871)。
文摘Warm-wet climatic conditions are widely regarded as conducive to remarkable tree growth,alleviating climatic pressures.However,the notable decline in tree growth observed in the southern edge of boreal forests has heightened concerns over the spatial-temporal dynamics of forest decline.Currently,attaining a comprehensive grasp of the underlying patterns and their propelling factors remains a formidable challenge.We collected tree ring samples from a network of 50 sites across the Greater Xing'an Mountains.These samples were subsequently grouped into two distinct clusters,designated as Groups A and B.The percentage change of growth(GC,%)and the proportion of declining sites were utilized to assess forest decline.The decline in tree growth within Larix gmelinii forests exhibits significant regional variation,accompanied by temporal fluctuations even within a given region.Group A exhibited a pronounced increase in frequency(59.26%)of occurrences and encountered more severe declines(21.65%)in tree growth subsequent to the 1990s,contrasting sharply with Group B,which observed lower frequencies(20.00%)and relatively less severe declines(21.02%)prior to the 1980s.The primary impetus underlying the opposite radial growth increments observed in Larix gmelinii trees from the interplay between their differential response to temperatures and wetter climatic conditions,which is significantly influenced by varying stand densities.In cold-dry conditions,low-density forests may experience soil water freezing,exacerbating drought conditions and thereby inhibiting tree growth,in Group B.Trees growth in high-density stands is restrained by warm-wet conditions,in Group A.These results provide new insights into the variability at the southern edge of the boreal forest biome with different responses to density and climate.
基金Supported by Southuest China Rice Innovation System and Crop High-yielding Project by Science and Technology (2011BAD02A05) Transformation Project of Agricultural Fruits into Capitals (2006GB2F000256)+2 种基金Sichuan Academic Leaders Training FundSichuan Rice Cultivation Key ProjectSichuan Financial Distribution Project~~
文摘[Objective] The aim was to research relationship between SPAD decline index after full-heading stage （SDIFHS） and productivity of rice. fertilized with nitro- gen in order to provide theoretical and practical references for selection and breed- ing of rice varieties. [Method] From 2008 to 2010, 18 mid-season hybrid rice vari- eties were researched every year to explore relationship＇ between SDIFHS and pro- ductivity of rice fertilized with nitrogen. [Result] The productivity of rice fertilized with nitrogen was of extremely significant positive corretation with SDIFHS, because the higher SPAD decline index is, the higher LAI decline index and the transformation ratio of dry matter to spikes in overground plant would be. [Conclusion] The re- search established a new method to predict productivity of rice fertilized with nitro- gen based on SPAD decline index.
基金Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation,No.2023A1515110543(to XK)National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.82471335 and 82171307(to ZL)+3 种基金Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases-National Science and Technology Major Project,No.2023ZD0504803(to ZL)Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou,No.202201020588(to ZL)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation,No.2023M744023(to MH)Guangzhou Municipal School(Hospital)Joint Funding(Dengfeng Hospital)Municipal Key Laboratory Construction Project,No.202102010009(to ZL).
文摘Current treatments for cerebral amyloid angiopathy are mainly symptomatic and have limited efficacy,and there is a lack of targeted therapies.Mesenchymal stem cell transplantation improves cognitive and motor function in conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease,acute ischemic stroke,and Parkinson’s disease.In addition,mesenchymal stem cell therapy modulates the immune system,reduces neuroinflammation,and improves resolution of brain lesions by cells of the macrophage lineage.Cerebral amyloid angiopathy and Alzheimer’s disease share similar pathologic changes involving amyloid-beta deposition,which contributes to the progression of both diseases and exacerbates cognitive deficits through impaired vascular integrity and neuroinflammation.Therefore,we hypothesized that mesenchymal stem cell therapy could also ameliorate the pathological changes seen in cerebral amyloid angiopathy by modulating the immune response.In this study,we show that bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells have a protective effect in a mouse model of cerebral amyloid angiopathy(Tg-SwDI/B).Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell treatment improved cognitive function,reduced neuroinflammation,and maintained blood-brain barrier integrity in Tg-SwDI/B mice.Mechanistically,bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell treatment enhanced the expulsion of damaged mitochondria from neutrophils via migrasomes,in a process known as mitocytosis,thereby preserving mitochondrial quality within the neutrophils.Mitochondrial damage in neutrophils leads to cellular injury,including the generation of reactive oxygen species and the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps.Neutrophils activate mitocytosis to promote mitochondrial renewal,which further enhances their own clearance by macrophage lineage cells.Our findings demonstrate that bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells are a promising therapeutic candidate for cerebral amyloid angiopathy,as they play a significant role in migrasome-dependent mitochondrial quality control in neutrophils.
基金UNMC to Dr.PPNational Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism(AA031444,P50AA030407-5126,Pilot Core grant)to Dr.SS。
文摘The innate immune system of the central nervous system(CNS),long viewed as primarily microgliadriven,is now increasingly recognized to include astrocytes as active participants in neuroimmune signaling.Chronic alcohol exposure trigge rs oxidative stress,glial activation,and sustained inflammation,ultimately contributing to cognitive decline and neuronal injury.
基金Shenzhen Science Technology and Innovation Commission,No.JCYJ20220531100811026Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Trauma Treatment,No.LCYSSQ20220823091405012(both to YZ)Shenzhen Science and Technology Program,No.KQTD20240729102249044.
文摘Mounting evidence suggests that circadian rhythm disruption may be linked to the onset and progression of Alzheimer’s disease.However,whether this disruption occurs before the appearance of cognitive symptoms and whether it drives disease development remain unclear.Understanding the temporal relationship between circadian rhythm dysregulation and early Alzheimer’s disease pathological changes may open up new avenues for disease prevention and intervention.To determine if circadian rhythm disruption precedes cognitive decline,we conducted high-resolution transcriptome analyses of the hippocampus in a 5-month-old mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease and age-matched wild-type control mice at multiple time points over a 24-hour period.While the mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease did not exhibit obvious cognitive symptoms at this stage,the expression of circadian-related genes in the hippocampus exhibited extensive abnormalities.In the control group,2109 genes exhibited rhythmic expression characteristics.In the mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease,a marked proportion of these genes lost their rhythmicity,some genes newly developed rhythmicity,and some maintained rhythmicity but with altered expression patterns.Genes related to neuronal function,including those involved in protein homeostasis regulation,neuroinflammation,and ion homeostasis,showed significant changes in circadian rhythm amplitude and phase,and some completely lost their rhythmicity.These findings point to the following critical early events in Alzheimer’s disease:hippocampal circadian gene disruption occurs before cognitive symptoms emerge,genes related to neuronal function are uniquely susceptible to this early dysregulation,and circadian dysfunction may even precede the pathological changes of Alzheimer’s disease and influence disease onset.This work advances Alzheimer’s disease research by clarifying that circadian disruption is an early pre-symptomatic event,reinforcing the potential of circadian rhythm regulation as a strategy for early intervention of Alzheimer’s disease,and identifying neuronal pathways that may serve as intervention targets.
基金supported by the Research Personnel Cultivation Programme of Zhongda Hospital Southeast(CZXM-GSP-RC172)the Science and Technology Innovation 2030 Major Projects(2022ZD0211600)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82271574 and 82502335).
文摘Current pharmacotherapies for Alzheimer's disease(AD)exhibit constrained transient symptomatic relief without halting underlying neurodegenerative progression.Based on the framework of the amyloid cascade and neurofibrillary tangle hypotheses[1],two FDA-approved antiamyloid monoclonal antibodies(Aβ-mAbs),Kisunla and Lecanemab,have demonstrated efficacy in removing cerebral amyloid buildup,thereby modestly slowing cognitive decline in AD patients[2,3].A 2023 meta-analysis in Neurology demonstrated that anti-amyloid therapies significantly accelerated brain volume loss compared to placebo,with Lecanemab demonstrating 36.4%greater volume reduction and Donanemab 23%.
文摘Objective： The association between gut microbiota composition and biomarkers of immune activation and inflammation was assessed in the elderly. Patients： Serum inflammation markers of fifty-five outpatients （29 females, 26 males, aged 78 ＋ 8.5 years） were analyzed. Stool specimens and thus data on gut microbiota were available from a subgroup of 23 individuals （9 females and 14 males）. Results： Global cerebral atrophy was found in all magnet resonance tomography scans. Mean mini-mental-score examination in Alzheimer＇s disease patients was 18.8 ± 7.1, in patients with mild cognitive impairment 27.8 ± 1.5. Serum neopterin concentrations correlated with concentrations of fecal S100A12 （p 〈 0.001） and cq-antitrypsin （p 〈 0.05）. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii correlated with MMSE （p 〈 0.05）, with Akkermansia muciniphila （p 〈 0.01） and with serum neopterin （p 〈 0.05）. Fecal zonulin correlated inversely with Clostridium cluster I （p 〈 0.02）. Conclusions： Our results underline earlier in vitro and animal studies that cognitive decline associates with age-related changes in the intestinal microbiota and neuroinflammation. However, only correlational evidence can be reported, and a causative relationship still has to be demonstrated.
基金supported by Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province(No. 070413138)the Key Research Foundation of Education Department of Anhui Province,China(No. KJ2009A167)
文摘Objective To examine whether the selectivity of visual cortical neurons to stimulus spatial frequencies would be affected by aging in cats.Methods In vivo extracellular single-unit recording techniques were employed to record the tuning responses of V1 neurons to different stimulus spatial frequencies in old and young adult cats.Results Statistical analysis showed that the mean optimal spatial frequency of grating stimuli that evoked the maximal response of V1 neurons in old cats was significantly lower than that in young adult cats.Furthermore,the mean high cut-off spatial frequency of grating stimuli that evoked the half amplitude of the maximal response of V1 neurons in old cats was also significantly lower than that in young adult cats.Conclusion These results are consistent with those reported in the V1 of old monkeys,suggesting that the age-related decline in the selectivity of visual cortical cells to spatial frequency could be generalized to all mammalian species and might contribute to visual acuity reduction in senescent individuals.
基金This work was supported by Grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31771290 and 81702454)the Beijing National Science Foundation(5222033)+1 种基金the Military Logistics Scientific Research Foundation of China(BWS17J027)the National Basic Scientific Research Program of China(JCKY2019548B001).
文摘Chronic stress is generally accepted as the main risk factor in the development of cognitive decline;however,the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.Previous data have demonstrated that the levels of homocysteine(Hcy)are significantly elevated in the plasma of stressed animals,which suggests that Hcy is associated with stress and cognitive decline.To test this hypothesis,we analyzed the cognitive function,plasma concentrations of Hcy,and brain-derived neurotropic factor(BDNF)levels in rats undergoing chronic unpredicted mild stress(CUMS).The results showed that decreased cognitive behavioral performance and decreased BDNF transcription and protein expression were correlated with hyperhomocysteinemia(HHcy)levels in stressed rats.Diet-induced HHcy mimicked the cognitive decline and BDNF downregulation in the same manner as CUMS,while Hcy reduction(by means of vitamin B complex supplements)alleviated the cognitive deficits and BDNF reduction in CUMS rats.Furthermore,we also found that both stress and HHcy disturbed the DNA methylation process in the brain and induced DNA hypermethylation in the BDNF promoter.In contrast,control of Hcy blocked BDNF promoter methylation and upregulated BDNF levels in the brain.These results imply the possibility of a causal role of Hcy in stress-induced cognitive decline.We also used ten-eleven translocation(TET1),an enzyme that induces DNA demethylation,to verify the involvement of Hcy and DNA methylation in the regulation of BDNF expression and the development of stress-related cognitive decline.The data showed that TET1-expressing viral injection into the hippocampus inhibited BDNF promoter methylation and significantly mitigated the cognitive decline in HHcy rats.Taken together,novel evidence from the present study suggests that Hcy is likely involved in chronic stress-induced BDNF reduction and related cognitive deficits.In addition,the negative side-effects of HHcy may be associated with Hcy-induced DNA hypermethylation in the BDNF promoter.The results also suggest the possibility of Hcy as a target for therapy and the potential value of vitamin B intake in preventing stress-induced cognitive decline.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China project(No.31330015)
文摘Forest structure and function are subject to risks of growth declines from intensified drought and frequent extreme events related to climate warming.Knowledge of tree growth declines will help anticipate future responses of forests to climate change.In this study,we investigated tree growth declines over the last four centuries in a juniper forest on the eastern Tibetan Plateau.By analyzing the radial growth trajectories of individual trees,we identified two events of intense growth decline,one in 1817–1830 and the other in 1969–1999 over the past four centuries.The intensity of the recent decline was unprecedented in the period under study.Ring-width chronology showed a positive correlation with self-calibrating Palmer Drought Severity Indices and a negative correlation with mean monthly temperatures in May and June.The recent intensified growth decline may have been due to temperatureinduced frequent droughts in the study area.Our findings suggest that trees in this juniper forest may face a higher risk of growth decline and even mortality under continued climate warming.
