Objective:To investigate gender difference in the effects of daytime sleep on item and source memories,which are dissociable elements of declarative memory,and the effects of sleep on recollection and familiarity,whic...Objective:To investigate gender difference in the effects of daytime sleep on item and source memories,which are dissociable elements of declarative memory,and the effects of sleep on recollection and familiarity,which are two processes underlying recognition. Methods:Participants saw a series of pictures with either blue or red background,and were then given a pretest for item and source memories. Then males and females respectively were randomly assigned either to a wake or a sleep condition. In the wake condition,participants remained awake until the posttest;in the sleep condition,participants slept for 1 h until awakened and asked to remain awake until the posttest. Results:Daytime sleep contributed to retention of source memory rather than item memory in females,whereas males undergoing daytime sleep had a trend towards increased familiarity. For females,however,neither recollection nor familiarity appeared to be influenced by daytime sleep. Conclusion:The mechanism underlying gender difference may be linked with different memory traces resulting from different encoding strategies,as well as with different electrophysiological changes during daytime sleep.展开更多
This paper presents adaptive hybrid protocols based on the declarative network and mainly discusses the principle and realization of the Bayesian-estimation based adaptive hybrid protocol in the declarative network, w...This paper presents adaptive hybrid protocols based on the declarative network and mainly discusses the principle and realization of the Bayesian-estimation based adaptive hybrid protocol in the declarative network, which is well adapted to the Mobile Ad hoc NETwork (MANET). The adaptive hybrid protocol is designed for ad hoc networks which have characteristics like self-organizing, no trusted party, flexibility, etc. The nodes that run the hybrid protocol can automatically select one routing protocol that is suitable for different network environment. The Bayesian-estimation based adaptive strategy, that improves the adaptability and stability of the protocol, succeeds in the Rapidnet, a declarative network engine. The result in the Rapidnet proves that the hybrid protocol and the adaptive strategy are feasible. The experiment on the ns-3 simulator, an emerging discrete-event network simulator, validates that this protocol performs well and reduces communication overheads.展开更多
Statistics of this Paper derive from a business correspondence translation,Sing Sing Lounge,participated by English ma jors of one higher-educational institution.Facilitated with means of quantitative approach,this Pa...Statistics of this Paper derive from a business correspondence translation,Sing Sing Lounge,participated by English ma jors of one higher-educational institution.Facilitated with means of quantitative approach,this Paper,introducing an applicable procedure to analyze translation by students from one Class,is devoted to discover subjects used in declarative sentences of their translations.展开更多
Declarative Programming Languages (DPLs) apply a process model of Horn claun es such as PARLOG[8] or a reduction model of A-calculus such as SML[7] and are) in principle, well suited to multiprocessor implemelltation....Declarative Programming Languages (DPLs) apply a process model of Horn claun es such as PARLOG[8] or a reduction model of A-calculus such as SML[7] and are) in principle, well suited to multiprocessor implemelltation. However, the performance of a parallel declarative program can be impaired by a mismatch between the parallelism available in an application and the parallelism available in the architecture. A particularly attractive solution is to automatically match the parallelism of the program to the parallelism of the target hardware as a compilation step. In this paper) we present an optimizillg compilation technique called granularity analysis which identi fies and removes excess parallelism that would degrade performance. The main steps are: an analysis of the flow of data to form an attributed call graph between function (or predicate) arguments; and an asymptotic estimation of granularity of a function (or predicate) to generate approximate grain size. Compiled procedure calls can be annotated with grain size and a task scheduler can make scheduling decisions with the classilication scheme of grains to control parallelism at runtime. The resulting granularity analysis scheme is suitable for exploiting adaptive parallelism of declarative programming languages on multiprocessors.展开更多
We give two generalizations of Tarski’s fixpoint theorem in the setting of residuated lattices and use them to establish van Emdem-Kowalski’s least fixpoint semantics for residuated lattice-valued logic programs.
Object-oriented modeling with declarative equation based languages often unconsciously leads to structural inconsistencies. Component-based debugging is a new structural analysis approach that addresses this problem b...Object-oriented modeling with declarative equation based languages often unconsciously leads to structural inconsistencies. Component-based debugging is a new structural analysis approach that addresses this problem by analyzing the structure of each component in a model to separately locate faulty components. The analysis procedure is performed recursively based on the depth-first rule. It first generates fictitious equations for a component to establish a debugging environment, and then detects structural defects by using graph theoretical approaches to analyzing the structure of the system of equations resulting from the component. The proposed method can automatically locate components that cause the structural inconsistencies, and show the user detailed error messages. This information can be a great help in finding and localizing structural inconsistencies, and in some cases pinpoints them immediately.展开更多
This paper presents a declarative semantics of compositional inheritancein an object-oriented logic programming' framework wit h explicit exceptions,based on the iterated least Aspoint semantics to normal logic pr...This paper presents a declarative semantics of compositional inheritancein an object-oriented logic programming' framework wit h explicit exceptions,based on the iterated least Aspoint semantics to normal logic programs. Tak-ing logic objects with exceptions as a ldnd of nonmonotonic theory, the nonmonotonicity of inheritance is achieved, which is of importance for modelingincomplete knowledge and requirement specffications in both artificial intelli-gence and softwa-re engineering.展开更多
In this paper,we focus on the compiling implementation of parallel logic language PARLOG and functional language ML on distributed memory multiprocessors.Under the graph rewriting framework, a Heterogeneous Parallel G...In this paper,we focus on the compiling implementation of parallel logic language PARLOG and functional language ML on distributed memory multiprocessors.Under the graph rewriting framework, a Heterogeneous Parallel Graph Rewriting Execution Model(HPGREM)is presented firstly.Then based on HPGREM,a parallel abstract machine PAM/TGR is described.Furthermore,several optimizing compilation schemes for executing declarative programs on transputer array are proposed. The performance statistics on a transputer array demonstrate the effectiveness of our model,parallel ab- stract machine,optimizing compilation strategies and compiler.展开更多
The Declaration of Competing Interest statements were not included in the published version of the following articles that appeared in previous issues of Water Science and Engineering.The appropriate Declaration Compe...The Declaration of Competing Interest statements were not included in the published version of the following articles that appeared in previous issues of Water Science and Engineering.The appropriate Declaration Competing Interest statements,provided by authors,are included below.展开更多
The Declaration of Competing Interest statements were not included in the published version of the following articles that appeared in previous issues of Water Science and Engineering.The appropriate Declaration Compe...The Declaration of Competing Interest statements were not included in the published version of the following articles that appeared in previous issues of Water Science and Engineering.The appropriate Declaration Competing Interest statements,provided by authors,are included below.展开更多
The Declaration of Competing Interest statements were not included in the published version of the following articles that appeared in previous issues of Water Science and Engineering.The appropriate Declaration of Co...The Declaration of Competing Interest statements were not included in the published version of the following articles that appeared in previous issues of Water Science and Engineering.The appropriate Declaration of Competing Interest statements,provided by authors,are included below.展开更多
The Declaration of Competing Interest statements were not included in the published version of the following articles that appeared in previous issues of Water Science and Engineering.The appropriate Declaration Compe...The Declaration of Competing Interest statements were not included in the published version of the following articles that appeared in previous issues of Water Science and Engineering.The appropriate Declaration Competing Interest statements,provided by authors,are included below.展开更多
The Declaration of Competing Interest statements were not included in the published version of the following articles that appeared in previous issues of Water Science and Engineering.The appropriate Declaration of Co...The Declaration of Competing Interest statements were not included in the published version of the following articles that appeared in previous issues of Water Science and Engineering.The appropriate Declaration of Competing Interest statements,provided by authors,are included below.展开更多
Declaration of Competing Interest statements were not included in the published version of the following articles that appeared in previous issues of Journal of Automation and Intelligence.The appropriate Declaration ...Declaration of Competing Interest statements were not included in the published version of the following articles that appeared in previous issues of Journal of Automation and Intelligence.The appropriate Declaration of Competing Interest statements,provided by the Authors,are included below.1.“A survey on computationally efficient neural architecture search”[Journal of Automation and Intelligence,1(2022)100002].10.1016/j.jai.2022.100002。展开更多
A brief review of the importance of simulation-based engineering and science(including social sciences)is followed by a historic perspective of model-based simulation.Section 2 is on declarative modeling of component ...A brief review of the importance of simulation-based engineering and science(including social sciences)is followed by a historic perspective of model-based simulation.Section 2 is on declarative modeling of component systems as well as its advantages for self-documentation and for computer-aided checks and coupling.As an example for declarative modeling,General System Theory(GEST)implementor is given.In Sec.3,basic concepts for coupling of component models,and rules for computer-assisted coupling specification are explained.Section 4 is devoted to possible computerized checks in couplings of declarative models such as:(1)automatic unit checking to avoid meaning-less input/output matching at the time of coupling specification,(2)automatic threshold checking to provide warnings and/or to avoid disasters,and(3)automatic unit conversion for convenience of using library models.Section 5 is about several layers of nested couplings for modeling systems of systems.In Sec.6,two types of variable couplings are discussed:(1)couplings with variable connections(to allow input/output relations of models to depend on time or state conditions)and(2)coupling with variable component models(to allow component(or coupled)models to be switched based on time or state conditions).Section 7 is on the use of multimodels as component models in couplings.Section 8 is on types of inputs and their use in couplings as well as on exter-nal inputs to simulation studies.In Sec.9,conclusions and future work for complex systems are outlined.Especially,the values of simulation systems engineering as well as understanding and avoidance of misunderstanding in cognitive and emotive simulations are stressed.Appendix A is a list of almost 50 types of couplings and Appendix B lists over 50 terms related with couplings in modeling and simulation.To show the richness of“input”concept which is important in specification of input/output relations of component models,Appendix C lists almost 150 types of inputs.Information shared in this article may be useful in developing advanced modeling and simulation software,tools and environments.展开更多
Protecting human rights is a noble ideal enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.For an extended period,the United States has positioned itself as a"defender"of this cause,politicizing,weaponi...Protecting human rights is a noble ideal enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.For an extended period,the United States has positioned itself as a"defender"of this cause,politicizing,weaponizing,and instrumentalizing human rights issues to criticize and discredit other countries.展开更多
The authors regret that the declaration of Acknowledgement as below is missing in the paper:AcknowledgementWe are grateful to the Department of Biology and Postgraduate Sciences-Biology of the Universidad del Valle,Ca...The authors regret that the declaration of Acknowledgement as below is missing in the paper:AcknowledgementWe are grateful to the Department of Biology and Postgraduate Sciences-Biology of the Universidad del Valle,Cali-Colombia for their support of the project;to Wilmar Torres MSc.for his statistical advice;to the biologist Helen Burnham MSc.for the translation of the document;to Isabel Castro and all the members of the Ornithology and Animal Behaviour Laboratory-OYCA of Universidad del Valle for their invaluable support in the field.We sincerely thank the anonymous re-viewers for their invaluable feedback and contributions to our manuscript.展开更多
At the turn of the 21st century,specifically from 10 to 12 October 2000,the first Ministerial Conference of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation(FOCAC)was held in Beijing,following prior consultations.More than 80 mi...At the turn of the 21st century,specifically from 10 to 12 October 2000,the first Ministerial Conference of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation(FOCAC)was held in Beijing,following prior consultations.More than 80 ministers from China and 44 African countries attended.In a joint declaration issued at the end of the conference,both sides expressed strong appreciation for the stable development of Sino-African relations over the past decades,full confidence in future cooperation,and a shared belief that a solid foundation exists for friendly relations and collaboration,rooted in their long-standing traditional friendship.展开更多
The World Health Organization declared Sri Lanka a malaria eliminated country in 2016[1-3].At present,the country is in the phase of preventing the re-establishment of malaria[4].However,travelers who contract the dis...The World Health Organization declared Sri Lanka a malaria eliminated country in 2016[1-3].At present,the country is in the phase of preventing the re-establishment of malaria[4].However,travelers who contract the disease overseas in malaria endemic countries continue to present a constant risk of re-establishing malaria in Sri Lanka,where malaria-transmitting mosquitos is prevalent.In this context,robust measures are being implemented in the country to prevent re-establishment of malaria and to stop travelers infected with malaria progressing into severe disease and death.展开更多
The World Medical Association’s Declaration of Helsinki(DoH)serves as a key document of ethical guidance advocating principles of medical research involving human participants.Since its inception in 1964,the DoH has ...The World Medical Association’s Declaration of Helsinki(DoH)serves as a key document of ethical guidance advocating principles of medical research involving human participants.Since its inception in 1964,the DoH has undergone several revisions,reflecting a dynamic evolution in our understanding of research ethics,spurred by gaps identified within the document,harms discovered,challenges identified during ongoing research activities,scientific advancements and societal shifts in values.The DoH addresses a challenge and a conflict that may arise between two key aspects of medical research:On one hand,the fundamental obligation of physicians to do no harm,and on the other,the essential need to ensure the efficacy and safety of medical interventions by testing them on human research participants or healthy volunteers.With each revision,increasing emphasis is given to distributive justice and beneficence and not only to patient autonomy.Despite being a comprehensive and concise document,occasional criticism is reported,such as with regards to the impracticability of obtaining informed consent amongst other challenges.This essay will examine the key changes across the DoH's iterations,highlighting the progressive strengthening of participant protection and the evolving relationship between research,societal benefit,and individual rights.展开更多
基金supported partially by the National Basic Research Program (973) of China (No. 2006CB303101)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 90820305)
文摘Objective:To investigate gender difference in the effects of daytime sleep on item and source memories,which are dissociable elements of declarative memory,and the effects of sleep on recollection and familiarity,which are two processes underlying recognition. Methods:Participants saw a series of pictures with either blue or red background,and were then given a pretest for item and source memories. Then males and females respectively were randomly assigned either to a wake or a sleep condition. In the wake condition,participants remained awake until the posttest;in the sleep condition,participants slept for 1 h until awakened and asked to remain awake until the posttest. Results:Daytime sleep contributed to retention of source memory rather than item memory in females,whereas males undergoing daytime sleep had a trend towards increased familiarity. For females,however,neither recollection nor familiarity appeared to be influenced by daytime sleep. Conclusion:The mechanism underlying gender difference may be linked with different memory traces resulting from different encoding strategies,as well as with different electrophysiological changes during daytime sleep.
基金Supported by National Key Technology R&D Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology (2012BAB15B01)
文摘This paper presents adaptive hybrid protocols based on the declarative network and mainly discusses the principle and realization of the Bayesian-estimation based adaptive hybrid protocol in the declarative network, which is well adapted to the Mobile Ad hoc NETwork (MANET). The adaptive hybrid protocol is designed for ad hoc networks which have characteristics like self-organizing, no trusted party, flexibility, etc. The nodes that run the hybrid protocol can automatically select one routing protocol that is suitable for different network environment. The Bayesian-estimation based adaptive strategy, that improves the adaptability and stability of the protocol, succeeds in the Rapidnet, a declarative network engine. The result in the Rapidnet proves that the hybrid protocol and the adaptive strategy are feasible. The experiment on the ns-3 simulator, an emerging discrete-event network simulator, validates that this protocol performs well and reduces communication overheads.
文摘Statistics of this Paper derive from a business correspondence translation,Sing Sing Lounge,participated by English ma jors of one higher-educational institution.Facilitated with means of quantitative approach,this Paper,introducing an applicable procedure to analyze translation by students from one Class,is devoted to discover subjects used in declarative sentences of their translations.
文摘Declarative Programming Languages (DPLs) apply a process model of Horn claun es such as PARLOG[8] or a reduction model of A-calculus such as SML[7] and are) in principle, well suited to multiprocessor implemelltation. However, the performance of a parallel declarative program can be impaired by a mismatch between the parallelism available in an application and the parallelism available in the architecture. A particularly attractive solution is to automatically match the parallelism of the program to the parallelism of the target hardware as a compilation step. In this paper) we present an optimizillg compilation technique called granularity analysis which identi fies and removes excess parallelism that would degrade performance. The main steps are: an analysis of the flow of data to form an attributed call graph between function (or predicate) arguments; and an asymptotic estimation of granularity of a function (or predicate) to generate approximate grain size. Compiled procedure calls can be annotated with grain size and a task scheduler can make scheduling decisions with the classilication scheme of grains to control parallelism at runtime. The resulting granularity analysis scheme is suitable for exploiting adaptive parallelism of declarative programming languages on multiprocessors.
文摘We give two generalizations of Tarski’s fixpoint theorem in the setting of residuated lattices and use them to establish van Emdem-Kowalski’s least fixpoint semantics for residuated lattice-valued logic programs.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant No. 60574053）, the National High-Tech Development 863 Program of China （Grant No. 2003AA001031）, and the National Basic Research 973 Program of China （Grant No. 2003CB716207）.
文摘Object-oriented modeling with declarative equation based languages often unconsciously leads to structural inconsistencies. Component-based debugging is a new structural analysis approach that addresses this problem by analyzing the structure of each component in a model to separately locate faulty components. The analysis procedure is performed recursively based on the depth-first rule. It first generates fictitious equations for a component to establish a debugging environment, and then detects structural defects by using graph theoretical approaches to analyzing the structure of the system of equations resulting from the component. The proposed method can automatically locate components that cause the structural inconsistencies, and show the user detailed error messages. This information can be a great help in finding and localizing structural inconsistencies, and in some cases pinpoints them immediately.
文摘This paper presents a declarative semantics of compositional inheritancein an object-oriented logic programming' framework wit h explicit exceptions,based on the iterated least Aspoint semantics to normal logic programs. Tak-ing logic objects with exceptions as a ldnd of nonmonotonic theory, the nonmonotonicity of inheritance is achieved, which is of importance for modelingincomplete knowledge and requirement specffications in both artificial intelli-gence and softwa-re engineering.
基金This work was partially supported by the National 863 High Technical Grant 863-306-101the National Doctoral Subject Foundation Grant 0249136.
文摘In this paper,we focus on the compiling implementation of parallel logic language PARLOG and functional language ML on distributed memory multiprocessors.Under the graph rewriting framework, a Heterogeneous Parallel Graph Rewriting Execution Model(HPGREM)is presented firstly.Then based on HPGREM,a parallel abstract machine PAM/TGR is described.Furthermore,several optimizing compilation schemes for executing declarative programs on transputer array are proposed. The performance statistics on a transputer array demonstrate the effectiveness of our model,parallel ab- stract machine,optimizing compilation strategies and compiler.
文摘The Declaration of Competing Interest statements were not included in the published version of the following articles that appeared in previous issues of Water Science and Engineering.The appropriate Declaration Competing Interest statements,provided by authors,are included below.
文摘The Declaration of Competing Interest statements were not included in the published version of the following articles that appeared in previous issues of Water Science and Engineering.The appropriate Declaration Competing Interest statements,provided by authors,are included below.
文摘The Declaration of Competing Interest statements were not included in the published version of the following articles that appeared in previous issues of Water Science and Engineering.The appropriate Declaration of Competing Interest statements,provided by authors,are included below.
文摘The Declaration of Competing Interest statements were not included in the published version of the following articles that appeared in previous issues of Water Science and Engineering.The appropriate Declaration Competing Interest statements,provided by authors,are included below.
文摘The Declaration of Competing Interest statements were not included in the published version of the following articles that appeared in previous issues of Water Science and Engineering.The appropriate Declaration of Competing Interest statements,provided by authors,are included below.
文摘Declaration of Competing Interest statements were not included in the published version of the following articles that appeared in previous issues of Journal of Automation and Intelligence.The appropriate Declaration of Competing Interest statements,provided by the Authors,are included below.1.“A survey on computationally efficient neural architecture search”[Journal of Automation and Intelligence,1(2022)100002].10.1016/j.jai.2022.100002。
文摘A brief review of the importance of simulation-based engineering and science(including social sciences)is followed by a historic perspective of model-based simulation.Section 2 is on declarative modeling of component systems as well as its advantages for self-documentation and for computer-aided checks and coupling.As an example for declarative modeling,General System Theory(GEST)implementor is given.In Sec.3,basic concepts for coupling of component models,and rules for computer-assisted coupling specification are explained.Section 4 is devoted to possible computerized checks in couplings of declarative models such as:(1)automatic unit checking to avoid meaning-less input/output matching at the time of coupling specification,(2)automatic threshold checking to provide warnings and/or to avoid disasters,and(3)automatic unit conversion for convenience of using library models.Section 5 is about several layers of nested couplings for modeling systems of systems.In Sec.6,two types of variable couplings are discussed:(1)couplings with variable connections(to allow input/output relations of models to depend on time or state conditions)and(2)coupling with variable component models(to allow component(or coupled)models to be switched based on time or state conditions).Section 7 is on the use of multimodels as component models in couplings.Section 8 is on types of inputs and their use in couplings as well as on exter-nal inputs to simulation studies.In Sec.9,conclusions and future work for complex systems are outlined.Especially,the values of simulation systems engineering as well as understanding and avoidance of misunderstanding in cognitive and emotive simulations are stressed.Appendix A is a list of almost 50 types of couplings and Appendix B lists over 50 terms related with couplings in modeling and simulation.To show the richness of“input”concept which is important in specification of input/output relations of component models,Appendix C lists almost 150 types of inputs.Information shared in this article may be useful in developing advanced modeling and simulation software,tools and environments.
文摘Protecting human rights is a noble ideal enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.For an extended period,the United States has positioned itself as a"defender"of this cause,politicizing,weaponizing,and instrumentalizing human rights issues to criticize and discredit other countries.
文摘The authors regret that the declaration of Acknowledgement as below is missing in the paper:AcknowledgementWe are grateful to the Department of Biology and Postgraduate Sciences-Biology of the Universidad del Valle,Cali-Colombia for their support of the project;to Wilmar Torres MSc.for his statistical advice;to the biologist Helen Burnham MSc.for the translation of the document;to Isabel Castro and all the members of the Ornithology and Animal Behaviour Laboratory-OYCA of Universidad del Valle for their invaluable support in the field.We sincerely thank the anonymous re-viewers for their invaluable feedback and contributions to our manuscript.
文摘At the turn of the 21st century,specifically from 10 to 12 October 2000,the first Ministerial Conference of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation(FOCAC)was held in Beijing,following prior consultations.More than 80 ministers from China and 44 African countries attended.In a joint declaration issued at the end of the conference,both sides expressed strong appreciation for the stable development of Sino-African relations over the past decades,full confidence in future cooperation,and a shared belief that a solid foundation exists for friendly relations and collaboration,rooted in their long-standing traditional friendship.
文摘The World Health Organization declared Sri Lanka a malaria eliminated country in 2016[1-3].At present,the country is in the phase of preventing the re-establishment of malaria[4].However,travelers who contract the disease overseas in malaria endemic countries continue to present a constant risk of re-establishing malaria in Sri Lanka,where malaria-transmitting mosquitos is prevalent.In this context,robust measures are being implemented in the country to prevent re-establishment of malaria and to stop travelers infected with malaria progressing into severe disease and death.
基金acknowledge Dr Thirumoorthy S/O Thamotharampillai for his inputs that were incorporated into the writing of this manuscript.
文摘The World Medical Association’s Declaration of Helsinki(DoH)serves as a key document of ethical guidance advocating principles of medical research involving human participants.Since its inception in 1964,the DoH has undergone several revisions,reflecting a dynamic evolution in our understanding of research ethics,spurred by gaps identified within the document,harms discovered,challenges identified during ongoing research activities,scientific advancements and societal shifts in values.The DoH addresses a challenge and a conflict that may arise between two key aspects of medical research:On one hand,the fundamental obligation of physicians to do no harm,and on the other,the essential need to ensure the efficacy and safety of medical interventions by testing them on human research participants or healthy volunteers.With each revision,increasing emphasis is given to distributive justice and beneficence and not only to patient autonomy.Despite being a comprehensive and concise document,occasional criticism is reported,such as with regards to the impracticability of obtaining informed consent amongst other challenges.This essay will examine the key changes across the DoH's iterations,highlighting the progressive strengthening of participant protection and the evolving relationship between research,societal benefit,and individual rights.
