In August 2024,the United Nations General Assembly adopted resolution 78/321 to declare the period from 2025 to 2034 as the“Decade of Action for Cryospheric Sciences”.This action was championed by the Republic of Fr...In August 2024,the United Nations General Assembly adopted resolution 78/321 to declare the period from 2025 to 2034 as the“Decade of Action for Cryospheric Sciences”.This action was championed by the Republic of France and the Republic of Tajikistan,with support from over 30 member states,underscoring the urgent need for an international scientific collaboration to mitigate the far-reaching effects of cryospheric changes on ecosystems,water security,and global climate stability.A dedicated brainstorming session during the March 2025 celebrations in Paris convened over 1,000 policymakers,scientists,and stakeholders to outline the priorities for the Decade of Action.The session aimed to foster cross-border partnerships and strengthen the integration of cryospheric science into global climate adaptation strategies.Joint task force teams developed an integrated governance framework through discussions across five domains—scientific research,socioeconomic impacts,education,policy advocacy,and finance.The Decade of Action for Cryospheric Sciences represents a critical shift from observation to intervention,mobilizing global stakeholders to translate scientific consensus into concrete measures against cryosphere decline.The initiative responds to urgent calls from UNESCO and international partners for coordinated action on cryosphere preservation.展开更多
Northeast China(NEC),a critical agricultural and ecological zone,has experienced intensified hydrological variability under global warming,with cascading impacts on food security and ecosystem resilience.This study ut...Northeast China(NEC),a critical agricultural and ecological zone,has experienced intensified hydrological variability under global warming,with cascading impacts on food security and ecosystem resilience.This study utilized observational data and two new generation reanalysis products(i.e.,the fifth major global reanalysis produced by ECMWF(ERA5)and the Japanese Reanalysis for Three Quarters of a Century(JRA-3Q))to investigate the shift changes in precipitation in NEC around 2000 and associated water vapor transport.The analysis identified a pivotal interdecadal shift in 1998/99,transitioning from moderate increases(17.5 mm/10 yr during 1980-1998)to accelerated but more variable precipitation growth(85.4 mm/10 yr post-1999).While the mean precipitation during the post-shift period decreased,enhanced anticyclonic circulation amplified moisture divergence over continental NEC,redirecting vapor flux toward coastal regions.Crucially,trajectory analysis demonstrated regime-dependent moisture sourcing:midlatitude westerlies dominated during wet extremes(44% of trajectories in 1998),whereas East Asian monsoon flows prevailed in drought years(36% of trajectories in 2007).The post-1998 period exhibited increased reliance on localized recycling(45%of mid-tropospheric trajectories),reflecting weakened monsoonal inflow.These findings highlight NEC’s growing vulnerability to competing moisture pathways and atmospheric blocking-a dual mechanism that explains rising extremes despite declining mean precipitation.By reconciling dataset discrepancies(ERA5 vs.JRA-3Q trends)and elucidating circulation-precipitation linkages,this work provides actionable insights for climate-resilient agriculture in NEC’s water-stressed ecosystems.展开更多
The global monsoon system,encompassing the Asian-Australian,African,and American monsoons,sustains two-thirds of the world’s population by regulating water resources and agriculture.Monsoon anomalies pose severe risk...The global monsoon system,encompassing the Asian-Australian,African,and American monsoons,sustains two-thirds of the world’s population by regulating water resources and agriculture.Monsoon anomalies pose severe risks,including floods and droughts.Recent research associated with the implementation of the Global Monsoons Model Intercomparison Project under the umbrella of CMIP6 has advanced our understanding of its historical variability and driving mechanisms.Observational data reveal a 20th-century shift:increased rainfall pre-1950s,followed by aridification and partial recovery post-1980s,driven by both internal variability(e.g.,Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation)and external forcings(greenhouse gases,aerosols),while ENSO drives interannual variability through ocean-atmosphere interactions.Future projections under greenhouse forcing suggest long-term monsoon intensification,though regional disparities and model uncertainties persist.Models indicate robust trends but struggle to quantify extremes,where thermodynamic effects(warming-induced moisture rise)uniformly boost heavy rainfall,while dynamical shifts(circulation changes)create spatial heterogeneity.Volcanic eruptions and proposed solar radiation modification(SRM)further complicate predictions:tropical eruptions suppress monsoons,whereas high-latitude events alter cross-equatorial flows,highlighting unresolved feedbacks.The emergent constraint approach is booming in terms of correcting future projections and reducing uncertainty with respect to the global monsoons.Critical challenges remain.Model biases and sparse 20th-century observational data hinder accurate attribution.The interplay between natural variability and anthropogenic forcings,along with nonlinear extreme precipitation risks under warming,demands deeper mechanistic insights.Additionally,SRM’s regional impacts and hemispheric monsoon interactions require systematic evaluation.Addressing these gaps necessitates enhanced observational networks,refined climate models,and interdisciplinary efforts to disentangle multiscale drivers,ultimately improving resilience strategies for monsoon-dependent regions.展开更多
In the past decade we witnessed a revolutionary development of wheat genomics and functional genomics, thanks to the development of next generation sequencing (NSG) technology.Wheat, as one of the most important crops...In the past decade we witnessed a revolutionary development of wheat genomics and functional genomics, thanks to the development of next generation sequencing (NSG) technology.Wheat, as one of the most important crops in China and the world and with a huge, repetitive, and polyploid genome,was unconquerable in the past and is now catching up with other crops due to the availability of an increasing number of resources and platforms.Wheat researchers in China have worked unostentatiously during the last decade after The National High Technology Research and Development Program of China first set up the wheat functional genomics program in 2005. Since then many papers on wheat were published in a wide range of international journals demonstrating significant progress in wheat functional genomics.展开更多
Observed hiatus or accelerated warming phenomena are compared with numerical simulations from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 （CMIP5） archives,and the associated physical mechanisms are explored ba...Observed hiatus or accelerated warming phenomena are compared with numerical simulations from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 （CMIP5） archives,and the associated physical mechanisms are explored based on the CMIP5 models.Decadal trends in total ocean heat content （OHC） are strongly constrained by net top-of-atmosphere （TOA） radiation.During hiatus decades,most CMIP5 models exhibit a significant decrease in the SST and upper OHC and a significant increase of heat penetrating into the subsurface or deep ocean,opposite to the accelerated warming decades.The shallow meridional overturning of the Pacific subtropical cell experiences a significant strengthening （slowdown） for the hiatus （accelerated warming） decades associated with the strengthened （weakened） trade winds over the tropical Pacific.Both surface heating and ocean dynamics contribute to the decadal changes in SST over the Indian Ocean,and the Indonesian Throughflow has a close relationship with the changes of subsurface temperature in the Indian Ocean.The Atlantic Meridional Overturing Circulation （Antarctic Bottom Water） tends to weaken （strengthen） during hiatus decades,opposite to the accelerated warming decades.In short,the results highlight the important roles of air-sea interactions and ocean circulations for modulation of surface and subsurface temperature.展开更多
Previous studies have suggested a poleward shift of the zonally averaged jet stream due to rapid warming over continents.However,the regional characteristics of the change in the jet stream are not yet understood.Here...Previous studies have suggested a poleward shift of the zonally averaged jet stream due to rapid warming over continents.However,the regional characteristics of the change in the jet stream are not yet understood.Here,we present evidence suggesting that the East Asian westerly jet did not shift poleward in past decades（1980-2004 relative to 1958-1979）,both in winter and summer.Rather,the jet axis has moved southward in summer,but its meridional position is steady in winter.The main change of the jet stream in winter is the enhancement of its intensity.These changes in both summer and winter are consistent with the corresponding changes in the large meridional tropospheric temperature-gradient zone.Based on these results,we suggest that the changes of the jet stream over East Asia are unique and are different from the zonal mean jet stream over the Northern Hemisphere and over the North Atlantic region.展开更多
China's grain production cost has risen constantly since 2003. This paper starts from the grain production cost changes of unit area and unit quality,to analyze the reasons for China's grain production cost ch...China's grain production cost has risen constantly since 2003. This paper starts from the grain production cost changes of unit area and unit quality,to analyze the reasons for China's grain production cost change in the last decade. It points out that the direct cause of changes in grain production cost is the steady growth of material and services costs,the fastest growth of labor costs and fast growth of land costs. The indirect cause of grain production high cost is the low efficiency in numerous and dispersive farmer production management,obviously insufficient agricultural infrastructure construction,waste phenomenon grain in production process and low contribution rate of agricultural technology.On this basis,it is recommended to reduce China's grain production cost and improve grain production conditions.展开更多
Using a homogenized daily maximum temperature(T_(max))dataset across China,this study characterized the spatiotemporal variation of the onset date of extreme hot days in a year(i.e.,FirstEHD)during 1960-2018.Inhomogen...Using a homogenized daily maximum temperature(T_(max))dataset across China,this study characterized the spatiotemporal variation of the onset date of extreme hot days in a year(i.e.,FirstEHD)during 1960-2018.Inhomogeneous trends of FirstEHD over China during 1960-2018 can be found,with the advanced trend of FirstEHD over most parts in China,while a number of stations in North-Central China(NC)show the delayed trend of FirstEHD.Moreover,there exist interdecadal changes of FirstEHD trend,with a remarkable difference in the trend magnitude before and after the 1990s over South China(SC),and the sign of trend can even reverse from negative to positive after the 1990s in Xinjiang(XJ)and Yangtze River Basin(YR),and from positive to negative in NC.The overall trends of FirstEHD over NC,YR,and XJ during 1960-2018 are dominated by the trends before the 1990s,while they are dominated by the sharp advance after the 1990s over SC.It is further found that the trend of FirstEHD can generally be explained by the long-term trend in T_(max) over most parts of China,but the contribution from T_(max) variabilities is also non-negligible and can even account for more than 75% of the overall trend over NC.The possible factors responsible for the decadal changes in FirstEHD trends are also discussed.展开更多
China＇s complex and twisted journey of SOE reform over the past four decades is an unprecedented transformation in its history and is at the center stage of its economic reforms. Over the past four decades, SOEs tran...China＇s complex and twisted journey of SOE reform over the past four decades is an unprecedented transformation in its history and is at the center stage of its economic reforms. Over the past four decades, SOEs transitioned from being affiliates of a planned economy to ＂new SOEs＂ as modern enterprises under the market economic system. This journey can be roughly divided into the following four stages： the reform to expand SOE autonomy during 1978-1993, the reform to create a modern enterprise system during 1993- 2003, the reform to create a new system for the administration of state assets during 2003- 2013, and the new era of classified SOE reform since 2013. After the four stages, China＇s SOE reform has made tremendous achievements, particularly since the 18th CPC National Congress. V~th policy readiness for SOE reform in the new era, reform should be carried out in a comprehensive and systematic manner for different types of SOEs in the future.展开更多
Over the past four decades of reform and opening-up, China has basically eradicated hunger and lifted over 700 million rural people out of poverty. China's poverty incidence has dropped to about 3%. These achievem...Over the past four decades of reform and opening-up, China has basically eradicated hunger and lifted over 700 million rural people out of poverty. China's poverty incidence has dropped to about 3%. These achievements can be attributed to the following factors: First, farmers have regained their economic freedom that was lost in the planned economy era. Second, China's top decision-makers have followed people's will by transitioning into the market economy and thus achieved rapid economic growth. Third,the government has continuously enhanced infrastructure and human capital investments,and implemented a social protection system in rural and urban areas nationwide. Fourth,integrated poverty reduction measures have been carried out to assist poor people in disadvantaged regions and those with poor capabilities. Given the diminishing poverty reduction effect of pro-poor fiscal funds, it is necessary to avoid direct administrative interventions in the operational decision-making of poor households and broaden institutional space for rural cooperative economy. Meanwhile, China should remove inequalities in the rights between the urban and rural households, facilitate the labor migration of the poor, and promote the urbanization of rural people.展开更多
The International Conference for the Decade Memory of the Wenchuan Earthquake and the 4th International Conference on Continental Earthquake will be held by China Earthquake Administration in Chengdu,Sichuan,China,on ...The International Conference for the Decade Memory of the Wenchuan Earthquake and the 4th International Conference on Continental Earthquake will be held by China Earthquake Administration in Chengdu,Sichuan,China,on May 12-14,2018.On May 12,2008(Monday),at 14:08:04(Beijing time),an magnitude 8.0 earthquake occured in Wenchuan,Sichuan Province,China.According to the data from China Earthquake Administration,the magnitude of the earthquake reached M S8.0 and the seismic intensity reachedⅪ.The earthquake affected more than half of China and many Asian countries and regions and felt in Liaoning to the north,Shanghai to the east,Hong Kong,Macao,Thailand,Vietnam to the south,and Pakistan to the west.The severely hit area of the May 12,2008 Wenchuan earthquake exceeded 100,000km 2,including 10 counties(cities)in the most severely hit area,41 counties(cities)in the fairly severely hit area and 186 counties(cities)in the general quake-hit area.展开更多
Over the past decade,nine separate gene therapy clinical trials for advanced Parkinson’s disease（PD）have been launched and completed,involving the dosing of nearly 12-dozen PD volunteers who incurred significant ri...Over the past decade,nine separate gene therapy clinical trials for advanced Parkinson’s disease（PD）have been launched and completed,involving the dosing of nearly 12-dozen PD volunteers who incurred significant risks to hopefully reduce symptoms and gain a better life.展开更多
The Cultural approach is at the core of the modern theory of translation.The latter includes travel narratives,migrant writing,identity issues as well as cultural performances and representations.Henceforth,the beginn...The Cultural approach is at the core of the modern theory of translation.The latter includes travel narratives,migrant writing,identity issues as well as cultural performances and representations.Henceforth,the beginning of the 21st century has been characterized by the emergence of a wave of research in the area of translation and migration which has matured into a more developed and autonomous field of study whose heroes are migrants who have been portrayed by Salman Rushdie(1983)as“translated being”.The present research traces back the Algerian Black decade,which profoundly weighted on Algeria.What is highlighted is far from what is jointly heard during civil wars and conflict periods associated to scenes of terrorism,massacres and persecution;light is rather shed on some achievements that resulted from the different aspects of movement.The main question of our research turns around the way mobility of the Algerian elite during the Black Decade contributed in one way or another to enhance translation and literature and then to promote identity and local cultures.Drawing heavily on the modern Algerian history located undoubtedly in crucial moments,the study aims at investigating how movement during the tragic events of the Black Decade refreshed translation and migrant writing.The research provides a comprehensive picture of historical trends by available existing data,making it a descriptive research since this latter tries to answer questions about the complex nature of transnational features of translation with the purpose of understanding the phenomenon under scrutiny from precise angles.The study,which scrutinized Assia Djebar’s novel Far from Medina(1991)revealed the significant contribution of elite migrants’mobility during the Algerian Black in enhancing translation and literature within and across national boundaries.展开更多
Background: Chronic empyema thoracis is a debilitating illness with high morbidity and mortality, and is seen among all age groups in Nigeria. Objective: To review all cases of chronic empyema thoracis treated by pleu...Background: Chronic empyema thoracis is a debilitating illness with high morbidity and mortality, and is seen among all age groups in Nigeria. Objective: To review all cases of chronic empyema thoracis treated by pleurectomy and lung decortication and highlight the indications, challenges and the outcome. Materials and Method: In a 10-year period spanning 2007-2016, 90 patients with chronic empyema thoracis were admitted and managed in our institution. A retrospective study of 36 patients who underwent surgery was performed. Results: Ten patients (27.80%) out of 36 patients had unsuccessful one month closed chest tube drainage (CTTD). Six patients (16.67%) were referred from peripheral hospitals as chronic empyema thoracis that had failed CTTD. The remainder, 20 (55.60%) were diagnosed as chronic empyema thoracis de novo. Conclusion: Chronic empyema thoracis is a very difficult disease to manage especially in developing countries like ours, where patients present very late and the requisite facilities are inadequate.展开更多
The year of 2018 marks China’s 40th anniversary of the reform and opening up. Coincidently, this year is also the 40th anniversary of Genetics Society of China (GSC), one of the largest academic organizations in Chin...The year of 2018 marks China’s 40th anniversary of the reform and opening up. Coincidently, this year is also the 40th anniversary of Genetics Society of China (GSC), one of the largest academic organizations in China. In October of 1978, GSC was formally established in Nanjing, ushering a new era of genetics research in China, and its mission is to promote genetics research and education.Genetics focuses on the study of genes, genetic variations, and heredity in living organisms. It has permeated every field of展开更多
Recently the Institute of Population and Labor Economics and Social Sciences Academic Press,both under the umbrella of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences,released a green paper on the Chinese population.It predict...Recently the Institute of Population and Labor Economics and Social Sciences Academic Press,both under the umbrella of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences,released a green paper on the Chinese population.It predicts that the Chinese population will peak at 1.442 billion in 2029,and start to decline thereafter,falling to 1.364 billion by 2050 and on to 1.248 billion by 2065.If China’s total fertility rate(TFR)is to stay at 1.6,the population decline will start around 2027,and the number of Chinese people will dwindle to 1.172 billion by 2065,the level of 1990.展开更多
Today＇s idea of the so-called fin-de-sibcle is still somewhat inexact and incomplete. This lack of precision originates from a deeply rooted methodological approach which consists of considering the respective develo...Today＇s idea of the so-called fin-de-sibcle is still somewhat inexact and incomplete. This lack of precision originates from a deeply rooted methodological approach which consists of considering the respective developments of literature, art, and science in isolation, without paying attention to any interference or reciprocal contamination. This defective method also affects the overlaps and contacts between high culture and popular culture. Despite the progress made over recent years, there are few researchers who approach their objective with a real awareness of the complexity of a time period which saw the appearance of mass culture in the current sense and an unprecedented boom in scientific and technological development.1 To this end, the example of the great German philosopher Walter Benjamin and his studies on Paris during the 19th century----collected in the essays on the great French poet Charles Baudelaire and especially in the monumental and unfinished work The Arcades Project--is, without doubt, a model to follow. Taking the path suggested by Benjamin, this article sets out a revision of the novel Bruges-la-Morte （1892） by the Belgian writer Georges Rodenbach, considered one of the major exponents of thefin-de-sikcle decadence, which goes beyond the usual approach of a symbolist reading, by paying special attention to the frictions between literature and technology on one hand, and between literature and popular entertainment on the other.展开更多
基金support from USA NSF Grant OPP2213875NASA Grant 80NSSC22K1707.
文摘In August 2024,the United Nations General Assembly adopted resolution 78/321 to declare the period from 2025 to 2034 as the“Decade of Action for Cryospheric Sciences”.This action was championed by the Republic of France and the Republic of Tajikistan,with support from over 30 member states,underscoring the urgent need for an international scientific collaboration to mitigate the far-reaching effects of cryospheric changes on ecosystems,water security,and global climate stability.A dedicated brainstorming session during the March 2025 celebrations in Paris convened over 1,000 policymakers,scientists,and stakeholders to outline the priorities for the Decade of Action.The session aimed to foster cross-border partnerships and strengthen the integration of cryospheric science into global climate adaptation strategies.Joint task force teams developed an integrated governance framework through discussions across five domains—scientific research,socioeconomic impacts,education,policy advocacy,and finance.The Decade of Action for Cryospheric Sciences represents a critical shift from observation to intervention,mobilizing global stakeholders to translate scientific consensus into concrete measures against cryosphere decline.The initiative responds to urgent calls from UNESCO and international partners for coordinated action on cryosphere preservation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant numbers 42275185 and 42205032]the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities[grant number B250201118]。
文摘Northeast China(NEC),a critical agricultural and ecological zone,has experienced intensified hydrological variability under global warming,with cascading impacts on food security and ecosystem resilience.This study utilized observational data and two new generation reanalysis products(i.e.,the fifth major global reanalysis produced by ECMWF(ERA5)and the Japanese Reanalysis for Three Quarters of a Century(JRA-3Q))to investigate the shift changes in precipitation in NEC around 2000 and associated water vapor transport.The analysis identified a pivotal interdecadal shift in 1998/99,transitioning from moderate increases(17.5 mm/10 yr during 1980-1998)to accelerated but more variable precipitation growth(85.4 mm/10 yr post-1999).While the mean precipitation during the post-shift period decreased,enhanced anticyclonic circulation amplified moisture divergence over continental NEC,redirecting vapor flux toward coastal regions.Crucially,trajectory analysis demonstrated regime-dependent moisture sourcing:midlatitude westerlies dominated during wet extremes(44% of trajectories in 1998),whereas East Asian monsoon flows prevailed in drought years(36% of trajectories in 2007).The post-1998 period exhibited increased reliance on localized recycling(45%of mid-tropospheric trajectories),reflecting weakened monsoonal inflow.These findings highlight NEC’s growing vulnerability to competing moisture pathways and atmospheric blocking-a dual mechanism that explains rising extremes despite declining mean precipitation.By reconciling dataset discrepancies(ERA5 vs.JRA-3Q trends)and elucidating circulation-precipitation linkages,this work provides actionable insights for climate-resilient agriculture in NEC’s water-stressed ecosystems.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2020YFA0608904)the International Partnership Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant Nos.060GJHZ2023079GC and 134111KYSB20160031)+1 种基金supported by the Office of Science,U.S.Department of Energy(DOE)Biological and Environmental Research as part of the Regional and Global Model Analysis program area through the Water Cycle and Climate Extremes Modeling(WACCEM)scientific focus areaoperated for DOE by Battelle Memorial Institute under contract DE-AC05-76RL01830。
文摘The global monsoon system,encompassing the Asian-Australian,African,and American monsoons,sustains two-thirds of the world’s population by regulating water resources and agriculture.Monsoon anomalies pose severe risks,including floods and droughts.Recent research associated with the implementation of the Global Monsoons Model Intercomparison Project under the umbrella of CMIP6 has advanced our understanding of its historical variability and driving mechanisms.Observational data reveal a 20th-century shift:increased rainfall pre-1950s,followed by aridification and partial recovery post-1980s,driven by both internal variability(e.g.,Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation)and external forcings(greenhouse gases,aerosols),while ENSO drives interannual variability through ocean-atmosphere interactions.Future projections under greenhouse forcing suggest long-term monsoon intensification,though regional disparities and model uncertainties persist.Models indicate robust trends but struggle to quantify extremes,where thermodynamic effects(warming-induced moisture rise)uniformly boost heavy rainfall,while dynamical shifts(circulation changes)create spatial heterogeneity.Volcanic eruptions and proposed solar radiation modification(SRM)further complicate predictions:tropical eruptions suppress monsoons,whereas high-latitude events alter cross-equatorial flows,highlighting unresolved feedbacks.The emergent constraint approach is booming in terms of correcting future projections and reducing uncertainty with respect to the global monsoons.Critical challenges remain.Model biases and sparse 20th-century observational data hinder accurate attribution.The interplay between natural variability and anthropogenic forcings,along with nonlinear extreme precipitation risks under warming,demands deeper mechanistic insights.Additionally,SRM’s regional impacts and hemispheric monsoon interactions require systematic evaluation.Addressing these gaps necessitates enhanced observational networks,refined climate models,and interdisciplinary efforts to disentangle multiscale drivers,ultimately improving resilience strategies for monsoon-dependent regions.
基金supported partly by the National Key R&D Program for Crop Breeding of China to L.M. (No. 2016YFD0101004)
文摘In the past decade we witnessed a revolutionary development of wheat genomics and functional genomics, thanks to the development of next generation sequencing (NSG) technology.Wheat, as one of the most important crops in China and the world and with a huge, repetitive, and polyploid genome,was unconquerable in the past and is now catching up with other crops due to the availability of an increasing number of resources and platforms.Wheat researchers in China have worked unostentatiously during the last decade after The National High Technology Research and Development Program of China first set up the wheat functional genomics program in 2005. Since then many papers on wheat were published in a wide range of international journals demonstrating significant progress in wheat functional genomics.
基金supported by the National Key Program for Developing Basic Sciences (Grant No.2010CB950502)the "Strategic Priority Research Program Climate Change: Carbon Budget and Relevant Issues" of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No.XDA05110302)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.41376019)the Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Climate Change
文摘Observed hiatus or accelerated warming phenomena are compared with numerical simulations from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 （CMIP5） archives,and the associated physical mechanisms are explored based on the CMIP5 models.Decadal trends in total ocean heat content （OHC） are strongly constrained by net top-of-atmosphere （TOA） radiation.During hiatus decades,most CMIP5 models exhibit a significant decrease in the SST and upper OHC and a significant increase of heat penetrating into the subsurface or deep ocean,opposite to the accelerated warming decades.The shallow meridional overturning of the Pacific subtropical cell experiences a significant strengthening （slowdown） for the hiatus （accelerated warming） decades associated with the strengthened （weakened） trade winds over the tropical Pacific.Both surface heating and ocean dynamics contribute to the decadal changes in SST over the Indian Ocean,and the Indonesian Throughflow has a close relationship with the changes of subsurface temperature in the Indian Ocean.The Atlantic Meridional Overturing Circulation （Antarctic Bottom Water） tends to weaken （strengthen） during hiatus decades,opposite to the accelerated warming decades.In short,the results highlight the important roles of air-sea interactions and ocean circulations for modulation of surface and subsurface temperature.
基金provided by the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) and National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR)supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No41130963)+1 种基金Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education (Grant No.20100091110003)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant Nos.1184020702 and 1107020730)
文摘Previous studies have suggested a poleward shift of the zonally averaged jet stream due to rapid warming over continents.However,the regional characteristics of the change in the jet stream are not yet understood.Here,we present evidence suggesting that the East Asian westerly jet did not shift poleward in past decades（1980-2004 relative to 1958-1979）,both in winter and summer.Rather,the jet axis has moved southward in summer,but its meridional position is steady in winter.The main change of the jet stream in winter is the enhancement of its intensity.These changes in both summer and winter are consistent with the corresponding changes in the large meridional tropospheric temperature-gradient zone.Based on these results,we suggest that the changes of the jet stream over East Asia are unique and are different from the zonal mean jet stream over the Northern Hemisphere and over the North Atlantic region.
基金Supported by The Humanities and Social Sciences Planning Fund,the Ministry of Education(10YJAZH088)Humanities and Social Sciences General Project,Tianjin Municipal Education Commission(20142404)
文摘China's grain production cost has risen constantly since 2003. This paper starts from the grain production cost changes of unit area and unit quality,to analyze the reasons for China's grain production cost change in the last decade. It points out that the direct cause of changes in grain production cost is the steady growth of material and services costs,the fastest growth of labor costs and fast growth of land costs. The indirect cause of grain production high cost is the low efficiency in numerous and dispersive farmer production management,obviously insufficient agricultural infrastructure construction,waste phenomenon grain in production process and low contribution rate of agricultural technology.On this basis,it is recommended to reduce China's grain production cost and improve grain production conditions.
基金funded by the National Key Research and De-velopment Program of China[Grant number 2017YFA0604304]the National Natural Science Foundation of China[Grant number 41661144032].
文摘Using a homogenized daily maximum temperature(T_(max))dataset across China,this study characterized the spatiotemporal variation of the onset date of extreme hot days in a year(i.e.,FirstEHD)during 1960-2018.Inhomogeneous trends of FirstEHD over China during 1960-2018 can be found,with the advanced trend of FirstEHD over most parts in China,while a number of stations in North-Central China(NC)show the delayed trend of FirstEHD.Moreover,there exist interdecadal changes of FirstEHD trend,with a remarkable difference in the trend magnitude before and after the 1990s over South China(SC),and the sign of trend can even reverse from negative to positive after the 1990s in Xinjiang(XJ)and Yangtze River Basin(YR),and from positive to negative in NC.The overall trends of FirstEHD over NC,YR,and XJ during 1960-2018 are dominated by the trends before the 1990s,while they are dominated by the sharp advance after the 1990s over SC.It is further found that the trend of FirstEHD can generally be explained by the long-term trend in T_(max) over most parts of China,but the contribution from T_(max) variabilities is also non-negligible and can even account for more than 75% of the overall trend over NC.The possible factors responsible for the decadal changes in FirstEHD trends are also discussed.
基金＇ From the two dimensions of modem property ownership system and market-based management system, ＇haew SOEs＂ can be defined as SOEs with modem property ownership systems （characterized by equity diversification and standard corporate governance） and market-based management system （characterized by independent operation, decision-making and management）. See ＂Pre ＇hminary Study on New SOEs Phenomenon＂, China Industrial Economics, Vol.6 2005 by Jin Bei and Huang Qunhui.
文摘China＇s complex and twisted journey of SOE reform over the past four decades is an unprecedented transformation in its history and is at the center stage of its economic reforms. Over the past four decades, SOEs transitioned from being affiliates of a planned economy to ＂new SOEs＂ as modern enterprises under the market economic system. This journey can be roughly divided into the following four stages： the reform to expand SOE autonomy during 1978-1993, the reform to create a modern enterprise system during 1993- 2003, the reform to create a new system for the administration of state assets during 2003- 2013, and the new era of classified SOE reform since 2013. After the four stages, China＇s SOE reform has made tremendous achievements, particularly since the 18th CPC National Congress. V~th policy readiness for SOE reform in the new era, reform should be carried out in a comprehensive and systematic manner for different types of SOEs in the future.
文摘Over the past four decades of reform and opening-up, China has basically eradicated hunger and lifted over 700 million rural people out of poverty. China's poverty incidence has dropped to about 3%. These achievements can be attributed to the following factors: First, farmers have regained their economic freedom that was lost in the planned economy era. Second, China's top decision-makers have followed people's will by transitioning into the market economy and thus achieved rapid economic growth. Third,the government has continuously enhanced infrastructure and human capital investments,and implemented a social protection system in rural and urban areas nationwide. Fourth,integrated poverty reduction measures have been carried out to assist poor people in disadvantaged regions and those with poor capabilities. Given the diminishing poverty reduction effect of pro-poor fiscal funds, it is necessary to avoid direct administrative interventions in the operational decision-making of poor households and broaden institutional space for rural cooperative economy. Meanwhile, China should remove inequalities in the rights between the urban and rural households, facilitate the labor migration of the poor, and promote the urbanization of rural people.
文摘The International Conference for the Decade Memory of the Wenchuan Earthquake and the 4th International Conference on Continental Earthquake will be held by China Earthquake Administration in Chengdu,Sichuan,China,on May 12-14,2018.On May 12,2008(Monday),at 14:08:04(Beijing time),an magnitude 8.0 earthquake occured in Wenchuan,Sichuan Province,China.According to the data from China Earthquake Administration,the magnitude of the earthquake reached M S8.0 and the seismic intensity reachedⅪ.The earthquake affected more than half of China and many Asian countries and regions and felt in Liaoning to the north,Shanghai to the east,Hong Kong,Macao,Thailand,Vietnam to the south,and Pakistan to the west.The severely hit area of the May 12,2008 Wenchuan earthquake exceeded 100,000km 2,including 10 counties(cities)in the most severely hit area,41 counties(cities)in the fairly severely hit area and 186 counties(cities)in the general quake-hit area.
文摘Over the past decade,nine separate gene therapy clinical trials for advanced Parkinson’s disease（PD）have been launched and completed,involving the dosing of nearly 12-dozen PD volunteers who incurred significant risks to hopefully reduce symptoms and gain a better life.
文摘The Cultural approach is at the core of the modern theory of translation.The latter includes travel narratives,migrant writing,identity issues as well as cultural performances and representations.Henceforth,the beginning of the 21st century has been characterized by the emergence of a wave of research in the area of translation and migration which has matured into a more developed and autonomous field of study whose heroes are migrants who have been portrayed by Salman Rushdie(1983)as“translated being”.The present research traces back the Algerian Black decade,which profoundly weighted on Algeria.What is highlighted is far from what is jointly heard during civil wars and conflict periods associated to scenes of terrorism,massacres and persecution;light is rather shed on some achievements that resulted from the different aspects of movement.The main question of our research turns around the way mobility of the Algerian elite during the Black Decade contributed in one way or another to enhance translation and literature and then to promote identity and local cultures.Drawing heavily on the modern Algerian history located undoubtedly in crucial moments,the study aims at investigating how movement during the tragic events of the Black Decade refreshed translation and migrant writing.The research provides a comprehensive picture of historical trends by available existing data,making it a descriptive research since this latter tries to answer questions about the complex nature of transnational features of translation with the purpose of understanding the phenomenon under scrutiny from precise angles.The study,which scrutinized Assia Djebar’s novel Far from Medina(1991)revealed the significant contribution of elite migrants’mobility during the Algerian Black in enhancing translation and literature within and across national boundaries.
文摘Background: Chronic empyema thoracis is a debilitating illness with high morbidity and mortality, and is seen among all age groups in Nigeria. Objective: To review all cases of chronic empyema thoracis treated by pleurectomy and lung decortication and highlight the indications, challenges and the outcome. Materials and Method: In a 10-year period spanning 2007-2016, 90 patients with chronic empyema thoracis were admitted and managed in our institution. A retrospective study of 36 patients who underwent surgery was performed. Results: Ten patients (27.80%) out of 36 patients had unsuccessful one month closed chest tube drainage (CTTD). Six patients (16.67%) were referred from peripheral hospitals as chronic empyema thoracis that had failed CTTD. The remainder, 20 (55.60%) were diagnosed as chronic empyema thoracis de novo. Conclusion: Chronic empyema thoracis is a very difficult disease to manage especially in developing countries like ours, where patients present very late and the requisite facilities are inadequate.
文摘The year of 2018 marks China’s 40th anniversary of the reform and opening up. Coincidently, this year is also the 40th anniversary of Genetics Society of China (GSC), one of the largest academic organizations in China. In October of 1978, GSC was formally established in Nanjing, ushering a new era of genetics research in China, and its mission is to promote genetics research and education.Genetics focuses on the study of genes, genetic variations, and heredity in living organisms. It has permeated every field of
文摘Recently the Institute of Population and Labor Economics and Social Sciences Academic Press,both under the umbrella of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences,released a green paper on the Chinese population.It predicts that the Chinese population will peak at 1.442 billion in 2029,and start to decline thereafter,falling to 1.364 billion by 2050 and on to 1.248 billion by 2065.If China’s total fertility rate(TFR)is to stay at 1.6,the population decline will start around 2027,and the number of Chinese people will dwindle to 1.172 billion by 2065,the level of 1990.
文摘Today＇s idea of the so-called fin-de-sibcle is still somewhat inexact and incomplete. This lack of precision originates from a deeply rooted methodological approach which consists of considering the respective developments of literature, art, and science in isolation, without paying attention to any interference or reciprocal contamination. This defective method also affects the overlaps and contacts between high culture and popular culture. Despite the progress made over recent years, there are few researchers who approach their objective with a real awareness of the complexity of a time period which saw the appearance of mass culture in the current sense and an unprecedented boom in scientific and technological development.1 To this end, the example of the great German philosopher Walter Benjamin and his studies on Paris during the 19th century----collected in the essays on the great French poet Charles Baudelaire and especially in the monumental and unfinished work The Arcades Project--is, without doubt, a model to follow. Taking the path suggested by Benjamin, this article sets out a revision of the novel Bruges-la-Morte （1892） by the Belgian writer Georges Rodenbach, considered one of the major exponents of thefin-de-sikcle decadence, which goes beyond the usual approach of a symbolist reading, by paying special attention to the frictions between literature and technology on one hand, and between literature and popular entertainment on the other.
