In the 21st century world,people mostly behave with business mentality without considering moral obligations in society.In this behavioral change,the service market,particularly the medical care service market,has app...In the 21st century world,people mostly behave with business mentality without considering moral obligations in society.In this behavioral change,the service market,particularly the medical care service market,has appeared to be vulnerable.Because of supplying medical care services,the doctor or hospital receives capitation payments,fees-for-services,risk pool settlements,incentive payments or other fees.However,today it is probably the most criticized profession in world economy country-wise such as Bangladesh.Sometimes doctors here are blamed for requiring unnecessary tests of patients for doctors’own monetary gains.In some cases,doctors’efforts are assumed to relate to pharmaceutical products promotion by writing lengthy prescriptions.Some groups claim that today doctors spend less time on each patient.All these interactions justify claiming that a patient works for a doctor when the patient visits a doctor for medical care services.Here the existence of“asymmetric information”dominates the medical care market where doctor takes advantages in multiple facets.It causes market inefficiency that creates negative economic externalities-deadweight loss.Improving medical education with special emphasis on ethical aspects and soft skills in communication is considered important in order to reduce the magnitudes of today’s dilemma in the medical care service market.Also,strict enforcements of medical care provisions and ethical code of conduct among all health works can be instrumental.Finally,the answer to the question“Are medical care services becoming money-making machines under physicians’headship in the 21st century business-driven world?”depends on who are asked.But the reflections of today’s medical care market in economy of Bangladesh are no deniable,which deserves to be studied further curtailing the magnitudes of the problem.展开更多
China is believed to have gained immensely from its admission into to the World Trade Organization （WTO） in 2001. One of the direct gains comes from the lessening of deadweight loss （DWL） due to tariff reduction. ...China is believed to have gained immensely from its admission into to the World Trade Organization （WTO） in 2001. One of the direct gains comes from the lessening of deadweight loss （DWL） due to tariff reduction. Conventional measures for DWL, however, are too aggregate to capture the trade policies, which are determined at a much higher disaggregated level, and ignore the interactions between tariff and corresponding import demand as suggested by theories. In this paper, we first systematically estimate the import demand elasticities at a highly disaggregated level and then match them with the most detailed lines of the applied tariff for the most favored nations as reported by the WTO. Using the detailed matching data, we construct Feenstra＇s （1995） simplified trade restrictiveness index （TRI）, which captures the covariance of tariff and the corresponding demand elasticity. Finally, we use the TRI to compute the DWL from1997 to 2008 and find that the DWL due to the tariff barrier was reduced to 0.73% of GNI in 2008, noticeably lower than the highest previous mark of 4.58% of GNI in 2001.展开更多
文摘In the 21st century world,people mostly behave with business mentality without considering moral obligations in society.In this behavioral change,the service market,particularly the medical care service market,has appeared to be vulnerable.Because of supplying medical care services,the doctor or hospital receives capitation payments,fees-for-services,risk pool settlements,incentive payments or other fees.However,today it is probably the most criticized profession in world economy country-wise such as Bangladesh.Sometimes doctors here are blamed for requiring unnecessary tests of patients for doctors’own monetary gains.In some cases,doctors’efforts are assumed to relate to pharmaceutical products promotion by writing lengthy prescriptions.Some groups claim that today doctors spend less time on each patient.All these interactions justify claiming that a patient works for a doctor when the patient visits a doctor for medical care services.Here the existence of“asymmetric information”dominates the medical care market where doctor takes advantages in multiple facets.It causes market inefficiency that creates negative economic externalities-deadweight loss.Improving medical education with special emphasis on ethical aspects and soft skills in communication is considered important in order to reduce the magnitudes of today’s dilemma in the medical care service market.Also,strict enforcements of medical care provisions and ethical code of conduct among all health works can be instrumental.Finally,the answer to the question“Are medical care services becoming money-making machines under physicians’headship in the 21st century business-driven world?”depends on who are asked.But the reflections of today’s medical care market in economy of Bangladesh are no deniable,which deserves to be studied further curtailing the magnitudes of the problem.
基金Acknowledgements We are grateful to the participants at CESifo Venice Summer Institute workshop on ＂China and the Global Economy Post Crisis＂ for their invaluable comments. All errors in this paper are ours. Bo Chen acknowledges the financial support of the Ministry of Education of China （No. 09YJC790180） and of the Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 71103116）.
文摘China is believed to have gained immensely from its admission into to the World Trade Organization （WTO） in 2001. One of the direct gains comes from the lessening of deadweight loss （DWL） due to tariff reduction. Conventional measures for DWL, however, are too aggregate to capture the trade policies, which are determined at a much higher disaggregated level, and ignore the interactions between tariff and corresponding import demand as suggested by theories. In this paper, we first systematically estimate the import demand elasticities at a highly disaggregated level and then match them with the most detailed lines of the applied tariff for the most favored nations as reported by the WTO. Using the detailed matching data, we construct Feenstra＇s （1995） simplified trade restrictiveness index （TRI）, which captures the covariance of tariff and the corresponding demand elasticity. Finally, we use the TRI to compute the DWL from1997 to 2008 and find that the DWL due to the tariff barrier was reduced to 0.73% of GNI in 2008, noticeably lower than the highest previous mark of 4.58% of GNI in 2001.
