The offshore reinforced concrete structures are always subject to cyclic load, such as wave load.In this paper a new finite element analysis model is developed to analyze the stress and strain state of reinforced conc...The offshore reinforced concrete structures are always subject to cyclic load, such as wave load.In this paper a new finite element analysis model is developed to analyze the stress and strain state of reinforced concrete structures including offshore concrete structures, subject to any number of the cyclic load. On the basis of the anal ysis of the experimental data,this model simplifies the number of cycles-total cyclic strain curve of concrete as three straight line segments,and it is assumed that the stress-strain curves of different cycles in each segment are the same, thus the elastoplastic analysis is only needed for the first cycle of each segment, and the stress or strain corresponding to any number of cycles can be obtained by superposition of stress or strain obtained by the above e lastoplastic analysis based on the cyclic numbers in each segment.This model spends less computer time,and can obtain the stress and strain states of the structures after any number of cycles.The endochronic-damage and ideal offshore concrete platform subject to cyclic loading are experimented and analyzed by the finite element method based on the model proposed in this paper. The results between the experiment and the finite element analysis are in good agreement,which demonstrates the validity and accuracy of the proposed model.展开更多
The crashworthiness is an important design factor of civil aircraft related with the safety of occupant during impact accident. It is a highly nonlinear transient dynamic problem and may be greatly influenced by the u...The crashworthiness is an important design factor of civil aircraft related with the safety of occupant during impact accident. It is a highly nonlinear transient dynamic problem and may be greatly influenced by the uncertainty factors. Crashworthiness uncertainty analysis is conducted to investigate the effects of initial conditions, structural dimensions and material properties. Simplified finite element model is built based on the geometrical model and basic physics phenomenon. Box-Behnken sampling and response surface methods are adopted to obtain gradient information. Results show that the proposed methods are effective for crashworthiness uncertainty analysis. Yield stress, frame thickness, impact velocity and angle have great influence on the failure behavior, and yield stress and frame thickness dominate the uncertainty of internal energy. Failure strain and tangent modulus have the smallest influence on the initial peak acceleration, and gradients of mean acceleration increase because the appearance of material plastic deformation and element failure.展开更多
When assessing seismic liquefaction potential with data-driven models,addressing the uncertainties of establishing models,interpreting cone penetration tests(CPT)data and decision threshold is crucial for avoiding bia...When assessing seismic liquefaction potential with data-driven models,addressing the uncertainties of establishing models,interpreting cone penetration tests(CPT)data and decision threshold is crucial for avoiding biased data selection,ameliorating overconfident models,and being flexible to varying practical objectives,especially when the training and testing data are not identically distributed.A workflow characterized by leveraging Bayesian methodology was proposed to address these issues.Employing a Multi-Layer Perceptron(MLP)as the foundational model,this approach was benchmarked against empirical methods and advanced algorithms for its efficacy in simplicity,accuracy,and resistance to overfitting.The analysis revealed that,while MLP models optimized via maximum a posteriori algorithm suffices for straightforward scenarios,Bayesian neural networks showed great potential for preventing overfitting.Additionally,integrating decision thresholds through various evaluative principles offers insights for challenging decisions.Two case studies demonstrate the framework's capacity for nuanced interpretation of in situ data,employing a model committee for a detailed evaluation of liquefaction potential via Monte Carlo simulations and basic statistics.Overall,the proposed step-by-step workflow for analyzing seismic liquefaction incorporates multifold testing and real-world data validation,showing improved robustness against overfitting and greater versatility in addressing practical challenges.This research contributes to the seismic liquefaction assessment field by providing a structured,adaptable methodology for accurate and reliable analysis.展开更多
In this work, fragility analysis is performed to assess two groups of reinforced concrete structures. The first group of structures is composed of buildings that implement three common design practices; namely, fully ...In this work, fragility analysis is performed to assess two groups of reinforced concrete structures. The first group of structures is composed of buildings that implement three common design practices; namely, fully infilled, weak ground story and short columns. The three design practices are applied during the design process of a reinforced concrete building. The structures of the second group vary according to the value of the behavioral factors used to define the seismic forces as specified in design procedures. Most seismic design codes belong to the class of prescriptive procedures where if certain constraints are fulfilled, the structure is considered safe. Prescriptive design procedures express the ability of the structure to absorb energy through inelastic deformation using the behavior factor. The basic objective of this work is to assess both groups of structures with reference to the limit-state probability of exceedance. Thus, four limit state fragility curves are developed on the basis of nonlinear static analysis for both groups of structures. Moreover, the 95% confidence intervals of the fragility curves are also calculated, taking into account two types of random variables that influence structural capacity and seismic demand.展开更多
To improve the impact sound insulation performance of building floors and meet the objective requirements for living comfort of residents,in this article,three kinds of elastic cushion materials,Portuguese cork board,...To improve the impact sound insulation performance of building floors and meet the objective requirements for living comfort of residents,in this article,three kinds of elastic cushion materials,Portuguese cork board,BGL insulation sound insulation foam board,and EPP polypropylene plastic foam board,are applied to the sound insulation of a light frame wood floor structure of the same bedroom and compared to the ordinary floor.This study uses the transfer function method and transient excitation method to measure the sound insulation,damping ratio,and elastic modulus of materials,as well as the sound insulation of the floor under the jumping excitation method of daily behavior.Through comparative analysis,the results and factors of improving the sound insulation performance of the floor are obtained,according to which three types of elastic cushion materials and the floor covering composed of them have higher vibration and noise reduction performance.Among them,the overall sound insulation performance of BGL board floor is the highest,followed by EPP board and cork board floor,and ordinary OSB floor is the lowest.Under the jumping excitation method,three floating floors can improve the impact sound insulation performance of the middle and low-frequency bands.展开更多
In this paper, the global stability of free smoking equilibrium point was evaluated and presented graphically. The linear stability of a developed mathematical model illustrates the effect on the population of chain, ...In this paper, the global stability of free smoking equilibrium point was evaluated and presented graphically. The linear stability of a developed mathematical model illustrates the effect on the population of chain, mild and passive smokers. MATLAB programming was used to simulate the solutions, the reproduction number R0 and the nature of the equilibria.展开更多
Understanding the abnormal electricity usage behavior of buildings is essential to enhance the resilience,efficiency,and security of urban/building energy systems while safeguarding occupant comfort.However,data refle...Understanding the abnormal electricity usage behavior of buildings is essential to enhance the resilience,efficiency,and security of urban/building energy systems while safeguarding occupant comfort.However,data reflecting such behavior are often considered as outliers,and removed or smoothed during preprocessing,limiting insights into their potential impacts.This paper proposes an abnormal behavior analysis method that identifies outliers(considering data distribution)and anomalies(considering the physical context)based on the statistical principle and domain knowledge,assessing their effects on energy supply security.A 4-quadrant graph is proposed to quantify and categorize the impacts of buildings on urban energy systems.The method is illustrated by data from 1,451 buildings in a city.Results show that the proposed method can identify abnormal data effectively.Buildings in the primary industry have more outliers,while those in the tertiary industry have more anomalies.Seven buildings affecting both the security and economy of urban energy systems are identified.The outliers rise more frequently from 8:00 to 18:00,on weekdays and in the summer and winter months.However,the anomaly distribution has a weak connection with time.Moreover,the abnormal electricity usage behavior positively correlates with outdoor air temperatures.This method provides a new perspective for identifying potential risks,managing energy usage behavior,and enhancing flexibility of the urban energy systems.展开更多
Behavior affects an individual's life in all aspects,e.g.,enhancing fitness,leveraging predation risk,and reducing competition with conspecifics.However,the sequential distribution of behaviors received less atten...Behavior affects an individual's life in all aspects,e.g.,enhancing fitness,leveraging predation risk,and reducing competition with conspecifics.However,the sequential distribution of behaviors received less attention and is unclear what the function of displacement behavior is.Displacement activities can be found in vertebrate species but there is no formal method to determine whether a behavior is expressed as a displaced or normal activity.Analyzing the sequential distributions of behaviors in a natural setting may allow researchers to identify unexpected distributions as a possible signature of displacement activities.In this study,we used a behavior random permutation model to detect the presence of a displacement activity in the Tibetan antelope Pantholops hodgsonii and the Tibetan gazelle Procapra picticaudata.The results showed that grooming in both ungulates tended to be accompanied with vigilance,and the frequency of grooming after vigilance was significantly higher than before vigilance.A significant positive correlation between the scan rate and grooming rate in the 2 ungulates was obtained.We suggest that grooming could sometimes be expressed as a displacement activity in ungulates.In addition to providing a general method for further research on displacement activities in a variety of animal species,this study sheds light on the importance of a spectral analysis of sequential distribution of animal behaviors.Behavior random permutation models can be used to explore the relevance between any 2 behaviors in a specific sequence,especially to identify a myriad of unexpected behaviors relative to their normal context of occurrence.展开更多
Brain imaging methods have effectively revealed drivers’underlying psychological and neural processes when they perform driving tasks and promote driving behavior research in a more scientific direction.With research...Brain imaging methods have effectively revealed drivers’underlying psychological and neural processes when they perform driving tasks and promote driving behavior research in a more scientific direction.With research no longer limited to indirect inferences about external behavior,some researchers combine behavior and driver brain activity to understand the human factors in driving essentially.However,most researchers in the field of driving behavior still have little understanding of how brain imaging methods are used.This paper aims to review and analyze the application of brain imaging methods in driving behavior research,including bibliometric analysis and an individual critical literature review.Regarding bibliometric analysis,this field’s knowledge structure and development trend are described macroscopically,using data such as annual distribution of publications,country/region statistics and partnerships,publication sources,literature co-citation analysis,and keyword co-occurrence analysis.In a review of the individual critical literature,eight research themes were identified that examined driving behavior using brain imaging methods:substance consumption,fatigue or sleep deprivation,workload,distraction,aging brains,brain impairment and other diseases,automated/semi-automated environments,emotions influence and risk-taking,and general driving process.In addition,the study reports on six brain imaging methods and their advantages and disadvantages,involving electroencephalography(EEG),functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI),functional near-infrared spectroscopy(fNIRS),magnetoencephalography(MEG),positron emission tomography(PET),and transcranial magnetic stimulation(TMS).The contribution of this study is twofold.The first part relates to providing the researchers with a comprehensive understanding of the field’s knowledge structure and development trends.The second part goes beyond reviewing and analyzing previous studies,and the discussion section points out the directions and challenges for future research.展开更多
Laying the under-sleeper pad(USP)is one of the effective measures commonly used to delay ballast degradation and reduce maintenance workload.To explore the impact of application of the USP on the dynamic and static me...Laying the under-sleeper pad(USP)is one of the effective measures commonly used to delay ballast degradation and reduce maintenance workload.To explore the impact of application of the USP on the dynamic and static mechanical behavior of the ballast track in the heavy-haul railway system,numerical simulation models of the ballast bed with USP and without USP are presented in this paper by using the discrete element method(DEM)-multi-flexible body dynamic(MFBD)coupling analysis method.The ballast bed support stiffness test and dynamic displacement tests were carried out on the actual operation of a heavy-haul railway line to verify the validity of the models.The results show that using the USP results in a 43.01%reduction in the ballast bed support stiffness and achieves a more uniform distribution of track loads on the sleepers.It effectively reduces the load borne by the sleeper directly under the wheel load,with a 7.89%reduction in the pressure on the sleeper.Furthermore,the laying of the USP changes the lateral resistance sharing ratio of the ballast bed,significantly reducing the stress level of the ballast bed under train loads,with an average stress reduction of 42.19 kPa.It also reduces the plastic displacement of ballast particles and lowers the peak value of rotational angular velocity by about 50%to 70%,which is conducive to slowing down ballast bed settlement deformation and reducing maintenance costs.In summary,laying the USP has a potential value in enhancing the stability and extending the lifespan of the ballast bed in heavy-haul railway systems.展开更多
文摘The offshore reinforced concrete structures are always subject to cyclic load, such as wave load.In this paper a new finite element analysis model is developed to analyze the stress and strain state of reinforced concrete structures including offshore concrete structures, subject to any number of the cyclic load. On the basis of the anal ysis of the experimental data,this model simplifies the number of cycles-total cyclic strain curve of concrete as three straight line segments,and it is assumed that the stress-strain curves of different cycles in each segment are the same, thus the elastoplastic analysis is only needed for the first cycle of each segment, and the stress or strain corresponding to any number of cycles can be obtained by superposition of stress or strain obtained by the above e lastoplastic analysis based on the cyclic numbers in each segment.This model spends less computer time,and can obtain the stress and strain states of the structures after any number of cycles.The endochronic-damage and ideal offshore concrete platform subject to cyclic loading are experimented and analyzed by the finite element method based on the model proposed in this paper. The results between the experiment and the finite element analysis are in good agreement,which demonstrates the validity and accuracy of the proposed model.
基金supported by the Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China (Nos. 2012M510306, 2013T60054)
文摘The crashworthiness is an important design factor of civil aircraft related with the safety of occupant during impact accident. It is a highly nonlinear transient dynamic problem and may be greatly influenced by the uncertainty factors. Crashworthiness uncertainty analysis is conducted to investigate the effects of initial conditions, structural dimensions and material properties. Simplified finite element model is built based on the geometrical model and basic physics phenomenon. Box-Behnken sampling and response surface methods are adopted to obtain gradient information. Results show that the proposed methods are effective for crashworthiness uncertainty analysis. Yield stress, frame thickness, impact velocity and angle have great influence on the failure behavior, and yield stress and frame thickness dominate the uncertainty of internal energy. Failure strain and tangent modulus have the smallest influence on the initial peak acceleration, and gradients of mean acceleration increase because the appearance of material plastic deformation and element failure.
文摘When assessing seismic liquefaction potential with data-driven models,addressing the uncertainties of establishing models,interpreting cone penetration tests(CPT)data and decision threshold is crucial for avoiding biased data selection,ameliorating overconfident models,and being flexible to varying practical objectives,especially when the training and testing data are not identically distributed.A workflow characterized by leveraging Bayesian methodology was proposed to address these issues.Employing a Multi-Layer Perceptron(MLP)as the foundational model,this approach was benchmarked against empirical methods and advanced algorithms for its efficacy in simplicity,accuracy,and resistance to overfitting.The analysis revealed that,while MLP models optimized via maximum a posteriori algorithm suffices for straightforward scenarios,Bayesian neural networks showed great potential for preventing overfitting.Additionally,integrating decision thresholds through various evaluative principles offers insights for challenging decisions.Two case studies demonstrate the framework's capacity for nuanced interpretation of in situ data,employing a model committee for a detailed evaluation of liquefaction potential via Monte Carlo simulations and basic statistics.Overall,the proposed step-by-step workflow for analyzing seismic liquefaction incorporates multifold testing and real-world data validation,showing improved robustness against overfitting and greater versatility in addressing practical challenges.This research contributes to the seismic liquefaction assessment field by providing a structured,adaptable methodology for accurate and reliable analysis.
文摘In this work, fragility analysis is performed to assess two groups of reinforced concrete structures. The first group of structures is composed of buildings that implement three common design practices; namely, fully infilled, weak ground story and short columns. The three design practices are applied during the design process of a reinforced concrete building. The structures of the second group vary according to the value of the behavioral factors used to define the seismic forces as specified in design procedures. Most seismic design codes belong to the class of prescriptive procedures where if certain constraints are fulfilled, the structure is considered safe. Prescriptive design procedures express the ability of the structure to absorb energy through inelastic deformation using the behavior factor. The basic objective of this work is to assess both groups of structures with reference to the limit-state probability of exceedance. Thus, four limit state fragility curves are developed on the basis of nonlinear static analysis for both groups of structures. Moreover, the 95% confidence intervals of the fragility curves are also calculated, taking into account two types of random variables that influence structural capacity and seismic demand.
基金This study was funded by Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources(Nanjing Forestry University,Nanjing,210037,China).
文摘To improve the impact sound insulation performance of building floors and meet the objective requirements for living comfort of residents,in this article,three kinds of elastic cushion materials,Portuguese cork board,BGL insulation sound insulation foam board,and EPP polypropylene plastic foam board,are applied to the sound insulation of a light frame wood floor structure of the same bedroom and compared to the ordinary floor.This study uses the transfer function method and transient excitation method to measure the sound insulation,damping ratio,and elastic modulus of materials,as well as the sound insulation of the floor under the jumping excitation method of daily behavior.Through comparative analysis,the results and factors of improving the sound insulation performance of the floor are obtained,according to which three types of elastic cushion materials and the floor covering composed of them have higher vibration and noise reduction performance.Among them,the overall sound insulation performance of BGL board floor is the highest,followed by EPP board and cork board floor,and ordinary OSB floor is the lowest.Under the jumping excitation method,three floating floors can improve the impact sound insulation performance of the middle and low-frequency bands.
文摘In this paper, the global stability of free smoking equilibrium point was evaluated and presented graphically. The linear stability of a developed mathematical model illustrates the effect on the population of chain, mild and passive smokers. MATLAB programming was used to simulate the solutions, the reproduction number R0 and the nature of the equilibria.
基金funded by the program Research and Application of Demand Response Potential Evaluation Technologies Based on Massive Electricity Data(No.B31532238944)supported by the State Grid Hubei Electric Power Research Institute.
文摘Understanding the abnormal electricity usage behavior of buildings is essential to enhance the resilience,efficiency,and security of urban/building energy systems while safeguarding occupant comfort.However,data reflecting such behavior are often considered as outliers,and removed or smoothed during preprocessing,limiting insights into their potential impacts.This paper proposes an abnormal behavior analysis method that identifies outliers(considering data distribution)and anomalies(considering the physical context)based on the statistical principle and domain knowledge,assessing their effects on energy supply security.A 4-quadrant graph is proposed to quantify and categorize the impacts of buildings on urban energy systems.The method is illustrated by data from 1,451 buildings in a city.Results show that the proposed method can identify abnormal data effectively.Buildings in the primary industry have more outliers,while those in the tertiary industry have more anomalies.Seven buildings affecting both the security and economy of urban energy systems are identified.The outliers rise more frequently from 8:00 to 18:00,on weekdays and in the summer and winter months.However,the anomaly distribution has a weak connection with time.Moreover,the abnormal electricity usage behavior positively correlates with outdoor air temperatures.This method provides a new perspective for identifying potential risks,managing energy usage behavior,and enhancing flexibility of the urban energy systems.
基金Authors thank the Tibet Major Science and Technology Project(XZ201901-GA-06)National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant nos.31360141 and 31772470)West Light Foundation of Chinese Academy of Sciences(2015)in supporting the study financially.
文摘Behavior affects an individual's life in all aspects,e.g.,enhancing fitness,leveraging predation risk,and reducing competition with conspecifics.However,the sequential distribution of behaviors received less attention and is unclear what the function of displacement behavior is.Displacement activities can be found in vertebrate species but there is no formal method to determine whether a behavior is expressed as a displaced or normal activity.Analyzing the sequential distributions of behaviors in a natural setting may allow researchers to identify unexpected distributions as a possible signature of displacement activities.In this study,we used a behavior random permutation model to detect the presence of a displacement activity in the Tibetan antelope Pantholops hodgsonii and the Tibetan gazelle Procapra picticaudata.The results showed that grooming in both ungulates tended to be accompanied with vigilance,and the frequency of grooming after vigilance was significantly higher than before vigilance.A significant positive correlation between the scan rate and grooming rate in the 2 ungulates was obtained.We suggest that grooming could sometimes be expressed as a displacement activity in ungulates.In addition to providing a general method for further research on displacement activities in a variety of animal species,this study sheds light on the importance of a spectral analysis of sequential distribution of animal behaviors.Behavior random permutation models can be used to explore the relevance between any 2 behaviors in a specific sequence,especially to identify a myriad of unexpected behaviors relative to their normal context of occurrence.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(51978522 and 51808402)。
文摘Brain imaging methods have effectively revealed drivers’underlying psychological and neural processes when they perform driving tasks and promote driving behavior research in a more scientific direction.With research no longer limited to indirect inferences about external behavior,some researchers combine behavior and driver brain activity to understand the human factors in driving essentially.However,most researchers in the field of driving behavior still have little understanding of how brain imaging methods are used.This paper aims to review and analyze the application of brain imaging methods in driving behavior research,including bibliometric analysis and an individual critical literature review.Regarding bibliometric analysis,this field’s knowledge structure and development trend are described macroscopically,using data such as annual distribution of publications,country/region statistics and partnerships,publication sources,literature co-citation analysis,and keyword co-occurrence analysis.In a review of the individual critical literature,eight research themes were identified that examined driving behavior using brain imaging methods:substance consumption,fatigue or sleep deprivation,workload,distraction,aging brains,brain impairment and other diseases,automated/semi-automated environments,emotions influence and risk-taking,and general driving process.In addition,the study reports on six brain imaging methods and their advantages and disadvantages,involving electroencephalography(EEG),functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI),functional near-infrared spectroscopy(fNIRS),magnetoencephalography(MEG),positron emission tomography(PET),and transcranial magnetic stimulation(TMS).The contribution of this study is twofold.The first part relates to providing the researchers with a comprehensive understanding of the field’s knowledge structure and development trends.The second part goes beyond reviewing and analyzing previous studies,and the discussion section points out the directions and challenges for future research.
基金the project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52372425)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Science and technology leading talent team project)(Grant No.2022JBXT010).
文摘Laying the under-sleeper pad(USP)is one of the effective measures commonly used to delay ballast degradation and reduce maintenance workload.To explore the impact of application of the USP on the dynamic and static mechanical behavior of the ballast track in the heavy-haul railway system,numerical simulation models of the ballast bed with USP and without USP are presented in this paper by using the discrete element method(DEM)-multi-flexible body dynamic(MFBD)coupling analysis method.The ballast bed support stiffness test and dynamic displacement tests were carried out on the actual operation of a heavy-haul railway line to verify the validity of the models.The results show that using the USP results in a 43.01%reduction in the ballast bed support stiffness and achieves a more uniform distribution of track loads on the sleepers.It effectively reduces the load borne by the sleeper directly under the wheel load,with a 7.89%reduction in the pressure on the sleeper.Furthermore,the laying of the USP changes the lateral resistance sharing ratio of the ballast bed,significantly reducing the stress level of the ballast bed under train loads,with an average stress reduction of 42.19 kPa.It also reduces the plastic displacement of ballast particles and lowers the peak value of rotational angular velocity by about 50%to 70%,which is conducive to slowing down ballast bed settlement deformation and reducing maintenance costs.In summary,laying the USP has a potential value in enhancing the stability and extending the lifespan of the ballast bed in heavy-haul railway systems.
