With increasing physical event rates and the number of electronic channels, traditional readout schemes meet the challenge of improving readout speed caused by the limited bandwidth of the crate backplane. In this pap...With increasing physical event rates and the number of electronic channels, traditional readout schemes meet the challenge of improving readout speed caused by the limited bandwidth of the crate backplane. In this paper, a high-speed data readout method based on the Ethernet is presented to make each readout module capable of transmitting data to the DAQ. Features of explicitly parallel data transmitting and distributed network architecture give the readout system the advantage of adapting varying requirements of particle physics experiments. Furthermore,to guarantee the readout performance and flexibility, a standalone embedded CPU system is utilized for network protocol stack processing. To receive the customized data format and protocol from front-end electronics, a field programmable gate array（FPGA） is used for logic reconfiguration. To optimize the interface and to improve the data throughput between CPU and FPGA, a sophisticated method based on SRAM is presented in this paper. For the purpose of evaluating this high-speed readout method, a simplified readout module is designed and implemented.Test results show that this module can support up to 70 Mbps data throughput from the readout module to DAQ.展开更多
Due to its advantages of universality, flexibility and high performance, fast Ethernet is widely used in readout system design for modern particle physics experiments. However, Ethernet is usually used together with t...Due to its advantages of universality, flexibility and high performance, fast Ethernet is widely used in readout system design for modern particle physics experiments. However, Ethernet is usually used together with the TCP/IP protocol stack, which makes it difficult to implement readout systems because designers have to use the operating system to process this protocol. Furthermore, TCP/IP degrades the transmission efficiency and real-time performance. To maximize the performance of Ethernet in physics experiment applications, a data readout method based on the physical layer（PHY） is proposed. In this method, TCP/IP is replaced with a customized and simple protocol, which makes it easier to implement. On each readout module, data from the front-end electronics is first fed into an FPGA for protocol processing and then sent out to a PHY chip controlled by this FPGA for transmission.This kind of data path is fully implemented by hardware. From the side of the data acquisition system（DAQ）,however, the absence of a standard protocol causes problems for the network related applications. To solve this problem, in the operating system kernel space, data received by the network interface card is redirected from the traditional flow to a specified memory space by a customized program. This memory space can easily be accessed by applications in user space. For the purpose of verification, a prototype system has been designed and implemented.Preliminary test results show that this method can meet the requirements of data transmission from the readout module to the DAQ with an efficient and simple manner.展开更多
The high energy cosmic-radiation detection(HERD)facility is planned to launch in 2027 and scheduled to be installed on the China Space Station.It serves as a dark matter particle detector,a cosmic ray instrument,and a...The high energy cosmic-radiation detection(HERD)facility is planned to launch in 2027 and scheduled to be installed on the China Space Station.It serves as a dark matter particle detector,a cosmic ray instrument,and an observatory for high-energy gamma rays.A transition radiation detector placed on one of its lateral sides serves dual purpose,(ⅰ)calibrating HERD's electromagnetic calorimeter in the TeV energy range,and(ⅱ)serving as an independent detector for high-energy gamma rays.In this paper,the prototype readout electronics design of the transition radiation detector is demonstrated,which aims to accurately measure the charge of the anodes using the SAMPA application specific integrated circuit chip.The electronic performance of the prototype system is evaluated in terms of noise,linearity,and resolution.Through the presented design,each electronic channel can achieve a dynamic range of 0–100 fC,the RMS noise level not exceeding 0.15 fC,and the integral nonlinearity was<0.2%.To further verify the readout electronic performance,a joint test with the detector was carried out,and the results show that the prototype system can satisfy the requirements of the detector's scientific goals.展开更多
This article introduces the methodologies and instrumentation for data measurement and propagation at the Back-n white neutron facility of the China Spallation Neutron Source.The Back-n facility employs backscattering...This article introduces the methodologies and instrumentation for data measurement and propagation at the Back-n white neutron facility of the China Spallation Neutron Source.The Back-n facility employs backscattering techniques to generate a broad spectrum of white neutrons.Equipped with advanced detectors such as the light particle detector array and the fission ionization chamber detector,the facility achieves high-precision data acquisition through a general-purpose electronics system.Data were managed and stored in a hierarchical system supported by the National High Energy Physics Science Data Center,ensuring long-term preservation and efficient access.The data from the Back-n experiments significantly contribute to nuclear physics,reactor design,astrophysics,and medical physics,enhancing the understanding of nuclear processes and supporting interdisciplinary research.展开更多
介绍了超声地震物理模型实验数据连续采集系统．该系统将传统使用的间断采集方式改变为连续采集方法．实际应用表明，此系统具有可靠性高、实时性能好以及智能化程度高的特点．使用 Windows 98/2000连续采集应用程序模拟三维地震勘探实...介绍了超声地震物理模型实验数据连续采集系统．该系统将传统使用的间断采集方式改变为连续采集方法．实际应用表明，此系统具有可靠性高、实时性能好以及智能化程度高的特点．使用 Windows 98/2000连续采集应用程序模拟三维地震勘探实验只需要一个星期左右完成，将实验时间缩短了二十多天．展开更多
Purpose The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory(JUNO)is a multi-purpose underground neutrino experiment.About 1800020-inch photomultipliers(PMTs)are instrumented in the Central Detector to detect the photons,and...Purpose The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory(JUNO)is a multi-purpose underground neutrino experiment.About 1800020-inch photomultipliers(PMTs)are instrumented in the Central Detector to detect the photons,and the signals will be captured by high-speed high-resolution waveform full sampling technique.In addition,about 250003-inch PMTs are also instrumented to capture T/Q Hits information.This work builds a DAQ readout prototype system for JUNO,which can be used to test the full readout chain for 20-inch and 3-inch PMTs.Methods The system is designed to continuously readout the data flow from multiple electronics channels,check the raw data,and finally save them into disk.Meanwhile,the graphical user interface(GUI)provides a real time display of the sampled waveforms.The system is developed with the open source Qt platform.Results The design and performance of the system have been verified in detail,particularly by performance test based on Gigabit Ethernet and 10-Gigabit Ethernet.Conclusion A DAQ readout prototype system has been developed for JUNO,which is successfully applied to electronics testing system in Italy and PMT testing system in Guangdong.展开更多
比较了计算机多道脉冲幅度分析系统与NIM(Nuclear I nstrument Module)多道脉冲幅度分析系统各自的特点,并介绍了后者的构架及其工作原理。对峰值展宽电路进行了功能分析和指标测试,并用NIM多道脉冲幅度采集卡进行了实际数据获取,从测...比较了计算机多道脉冲幅度分析系统与NIM(Nuclear I nstrument Module)多道脉冲幅度分析系统各自的特点,并介绍了后者的构架及其工作原理。对峰值展宽电路进行了功能分析和指标测试,并用NIM多道脉冲幅度采集卡进行了实际数据获取,从测得数据绘制出了脉冲幅度谱,其半高宽约为0.075%。在经过长达200多个小时的运行测试中,由该多道脉冲幅度采集卡与上位PC机组成的NIM数据获取系统工作稳定,已能初步满足小规模多参数数据获取系统的要求。展开更多
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(11005107)Independent Projects of State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics(201301)
文摘With increasing physical event rates and the number of electronic channels, traditional readout schemes meet the challenge of improving readout speed caused by the limited bandwidth of the crate backplane. In this paper, a high-speed data readout method based on the Ethernet is presented to make each readout module capable of transmitting data to the DAQ. Features of explicitly parallel data transmitting and distributed network architecture give the readout system the advantage of adapting varying requirements of particle physics experiments. Furthermore,to guarantee the readout performance and flexibility, a standalone embedded CPU system is utilized for network protocol stack processing. To receive the customized data format and protocol from front-end electronics, a field programmable gate array（FPGA） is used for logic reconfiguration. To optimize the interface and to improve the data throughput between CPU and FPGA, a sophisticated method based on SRAM is presented in this paper. For the purpose of evaluating this high-speed readout method, a simplified readout module is designed and implemented.Test results show that this module can support up to 70 Mbps data throughput from the readout module to DAQ.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(11005107)Independent Projects of State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics(201301)
文摘Due to its advantages of universality, flexibility and high performance, fast Ethernet is widely used in readout system design for modern particle physics experiments. However, Ethernet is usually used together with the TCP/IP protocol stack, which makes it difficult to implement readout systems because designers have to use the operating system to process this protocol. Furthermore, TCP/IP degrades the transmission efficiency and real-time performance. To maximize the performance of Ethernet in physics experiment applications, a data readout method based on the physical layer（PHY） is proposed. In this method, TCP/IP is replaced with a customized and simple protocol, which makes it easier to implement. On each readout module, data from the front-end electronics is first fed into an FPGA for protocol processing and then sent out to a PHY chip controlled by this FPGA for transmission.This kind of data path is fully implemented by hardware. From the side of the data acquisition system（DAQ）,however, the absence of a standard protocol causes problems for the network related applications. To solve this problem, in the operating system kernel space, data received by the network interface card is redirected from the traditional flow to a specified memory space by a customized program. This memory space can easily be accessed by applications in user space. For the purpose of verification, a prototype system has been designed and implemented.Preliminary test results show that this method can meet the requirements of data transmission from the readout module to the DAQ with an efficient and simple manner.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12375193,11975292,11875304)the CAS“Light of West China”Program+1 种基金the Scientific Instrument Developing Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.GJJSTD20210009)the CAS Pioneer Hundred Talent Program。
文摘The high energy cosmic-radiation detection(HERD)facility is planned to launch in 2027 and scheduled to be installed on the China Space Station.It serves as a dark matter particle detector,a cosmic ray instrument,and an observatory for high-energy gamma rays.A transition radiation detector placed on one of its lateral sides serves dual purpose,(ⅰ)calibrating HERD's electromagnetic calorimeter in the TeV energy range,and(ⅱ)serving as an independent detector for high-energy gamma rays.In this paper,the prototype readout electronics design of the transition radiation detector is demonstrated,which aims to accurately measure the charge of the anodes using the SAMPA application specific integrated circuit chip.The electronic performance of the prototype system is evaluated in terms of noise,linearity,and resolution.Through the presented design,each electronic channel can achieve a dynamic range of 0–100 fC,the RMS noise level not exceeding 0.15 fC,and the integral nonlinearity was<0.2%.To further verify the readout electronic performance,a joint test with the detector was carried out,and the results show that the prototype system can satisfy the requirements of the detector's scientific goals.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Plan(No.2023YFA1606602)。
文摘This article introduces the methodologies and instrumentation for data measurement and propagation at the Back-n white neutron facility of the China Spallation Neutron Source.The Back-n facility employs backscattering techniques to generate a broad spectrum of white neutrons.Equipped with advanced detectors such as the light particle detector array and the fission ionization chamber detector,the facility achieves high-precision data acquisition through a general-purpose electronics system.Data were managed and stored in a hierarchical system supported by the National High Energy Physics Science Data Center,ensuring long-term preservation and efficient access.The data from the Back-n experiments significantly contribute to nuclear physics,reactor design,astrophysics,and medical physics,enhancing the understanding of nuclear processes and supporting interdisciplinary research.
基金This work was partially supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences under Grant No.XDA10010700CAS Center for Excellence in Particle Physics(CCEPP).
文摘Purpose The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory(JUNO)is a multi-purpose underground neutrino experiment.About 1800020-inch photomultipliers(PMTs)are instrumented in the Central Detector to detect the photons,and the signals will be captured by high-speed high-resolution waveform full sampling technique.In addition,about 250003-inch PMTs are also instrumented to capture T/Q Hits information.This work builds a DAQ readout prototype system for JUNO,which can be used to test the full readout chain for 20-inch and 3-inch PMTs.Methods The system is designed to continuously readout the data flow from multiple electronics channels,check the raw data,and finally save them into disk.Meanwhile,the graphical user interface(GUI)provides a real time display of the sampled waveforms.The system is developed with the open source Qt platform.Results The design and performance of the system have been verified in detail,particularly by performance test based on Gigabit Ethernet and 10-Gigabit Ethernet.Conclusion A DAQ readout prototype system has been developed for JUNO,which is successfully applied to electronics testing system in Italy and PMT testing system in Guangdong.
文摘比较了计算机多道脉冲幅度分析系统与NIM(Nuclear I nstrument Module)多道脉冲幅度分析系统各自的特点,并介绍了后者的构架及其工作原理。对峰值展宽电路进行了功能分析和指标测试,并用NIM多道脉冲幅度采集卡进行了实际数据获取,从测得数据绘制出了脉冲幅度谱,其半高宽约为0.075%。在经过长达200多个小时的运行测试中,由该多道脉冲幅度采集卡与上位PC机组成的NIM数据获取系统工作稳定,已能初步满足小规模多参数数据获取系统的要求。
