The conservation behavior framework is useful to identify key linkages between behavior and conservation practice. We apply this framework to a novel host-parasite system on the Galapagos Islands and ask if there have...The conservation behavior framework is useful to identify key linkages between behavior and conservation practice. We apply this framework to a novel host-parasite system on the Galapagos Islands and ask if there have been changes in parasite oviposition behavior and host mortality patterns across the first decade （2004-2013） of its known association. The Dipteran parasite Philornis downsi was first discovered in Darwin＇s finch nests in 1997 and is the biggest threat to the survival of Galapagos land birds. Host mortality has increased over the past decade. In Dipterans, pupation and pupae size are determined by access to host resources. Here, we test the hypothesis that P downsi flies are laying eggs in finch nests earlier in the nestling phase to maximize larval feeding time and therefore chance of pupation success before host death. The results show fewer 1st instar larvae later in the host nesting cycle in support of earlier egg laying behavior by female flies. Between 2004 and 2013, parasite intensity increased from -28 to -48 parasites per nest, host mortality increased from -50% to -90%, and host age at death decreased from -11 to -5 days. The earlier age at host death was correlated with fewer pupae （from -50% to -20%） and smaller pupae size （-10% decrease）. Changes in parasite behavior reveal new fitness costs to both the parasite and Darwin＇s finches. These findings un- derscore the need for urgent conservation action to save Darwin＇s finches from extinction due to a novel, lethal and introduced parasite [Current Zoology 60 （4）： 542-550, 2014].展开更多
Monthly mean summer (DJF) temperature and precipitation from Global Historical Climate Network (GHCN-V3) for the period of 1870-2011, are analyzed to assess the role of teleconnections on climate of Darwin, Australia....Monthly mean summer (DJF) temperature and precipitation from Global Historical Climate Network (GHCN-V3) for the period of 1870-2011, are analyzed to assess the role of teleconnections on climate of Darwin, Australia. Indices of El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Antarctic Oscillation (AAO), Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), Arctic Oscillation (AO), and Pacific North American Oscillation (PNA) are extracted from monthly means and compared with climatic data of Darwin. Most of these climate modes are shown to have a strong influence on the monthly mean summer temperature and precipitation. ENSO is shown to have a positive relationship with the amount of precipitation received and a negative relationship with the temperature. Where an El Nino event produces warmer drier conditions and a La Nina event produces colder wetter conditions. The AAO is shown to cause cold and dry conditions during the positive phase and warm and wet conditions during the negative phase. The PDO is shown to cause El Nino like condition during the positive phase causing warmer, drier weather, and La Nina like conditions during the negative phase causing cooler, wetter weather. Through the analysis it is also shown that the NAO, AO, and PNA have little effect on the temperature and precipitation patterns of Darwin.展开更多
Social Darwinism is an important theory reflected in Sister Carrie. This thesis is to interpret the characters' fates with Social Darwinism."Survival of the fittest"is an important theme. Carrie is the w...Social Darwinism is an important theory reflected in Sister Carrie. This thesis is to interpret the characters' fates with Social Darwinism."Survival of the fittest"is an important theme. Carrie is the winner of life and Hurtwood is the loser. Their adjustability to the environment determines their future. It is hoped to help the readers construct a better understanding on this theory.展开更多
The Call of the Wild by Jack London depicts the protagonist Buck’s transition,i.e.from a dog to a wolf,as well as those victims eliminated in the selecting of nature.All of these reflect the perpetual theme in this n...The Call of the Wild by Jack London depicts the protagonist Buck’s transition,i.e.from a dog to a wolf,as well as those victims eliminated in the selecting of nature.All of these reflect the perpetual theme in this novel—social Darwinism which advo⁃cates“survival of the fittest”.展开更多
Describing Service-Oriented Architecture （SOA） is critical in the development of Web based system, in this paper, an approach for describing SOA by extended Darwin is proposed. The requirements for describing SOA, w...Describing Service-Oriented Architecture （SOA） is critical in the development of Web based system, in this paper, an approach for describing SOA by extended Darwin is proposed. The requirements for describing SOA, which are different from that of ordinary architecture, are highlighted firstly, and then a solution for extending Darwin is presented. Using the extended Darwin, service components and connectors can be described explicit by the extended construct, as well as precise operational semantics of SOA by the π-calculus. Finally an example of supply-chain management system is given for manifesting the effect of the extended Darwin.展开更多
Bird song is used for mate attraction and is important for establishing reproductive isolation. Current research highlights performance constraints on song production that may be influenced by variation in bill morpho...Bird song is used for mate attraction and is important for establishing reproductive isolation. Current research highlights performance constraints on song production that may be influenced by variation in bill morphology. Darwin＇s finches are a model system for studying the relationship between morphology and song performance, with previous studies suggesting that lower vocal performance is correlated with larger bill size. Here, we tested for a relationship between bill morphology and vocal performance in Darwin＇s Small Tree Finch （Camarhynchus parvulus） on Floreana Island. We found no evidence of a correlation between bill morphology and vocal performance. This finding is in agreement with prior study of the Small Tree Finch, but contrasts a greater body of work addressing song in Darwin＇s Finches. We discussed our findings in the context of ecological divergence, and ecological variation across species.展开更多
19th-century scientific breakthroughs and developments exerted huge influence upon Thomas Hardy’s literary work,among which Darwinian discourses as well as issues of heredity and degeneration have attracted considera...19th-century scientific breakthroughs and developments exerted huge influence upon Thomas Hardy’s literary work,among which Darwinian discourses as well as issues of heredity and degeneration have attracted considerable critical attention.These scientific discourses can find their literary echoes in Hardy’s novels.Hardy’s characters are trapped by biological determinism and are therefore deprived of freewill,a devastating element which contributes to Hardy’s tragic vision.In Hardy’s early novels,Darwinism and other scientific issues are dealt with in a discursive manner,as is the case in A Pair of Blue Eyes;it is only in his late novels,especially in Tess of the d’Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure,that Hardy finally succeeds in incorporating Darwinian and hereditary discourses into his literary and philosophical conception and design.Thus to use a Darwinian term,this paper investigates the evolutionary process in which Hardy grows gradually adept in his artistic attempt to fuse the contemporary scientific discourses with his literary imagination,as well as in using scientific issues to mediate between authorial intention and critical expectation.展开更多
Thomas Hardy, one of the greatest British novelists in the 19th century. The Mayor of Casterbridge, which is usually regarded as one of the best novels for Thomas Hardy, has received different interpretations since it...Thomas Hardy, one of the greatest British novelists in the 19th century. The Mayor of Casterbridge, which is usually regarded as one of the best novels for Thomas Hardy, has received different interpretations since its publication. This thesis tries to explore novel from the perspective of Darwinsm and Social Darwinism. The spirit of Darwinism is expressed all through the novel. Thomas Hardy＇s firm adherence to Darwinism and social Darwinism is reflected in his design of the rise and fall of Henchard, and the competition between Henchard and Farfrae. The rise and fall of Henchard, the competition between Henchard and Farfrae are analyzed by employing the principle of adaptation and the principle of struggling for existence.展开更多
文摘The conservation behavior framework is useful to identify key linkages between behavior and conservation practice. We apply this framework to a novel host-parasite system on the Galapagos Islands and ask if there have been changes in parasite oviposition behavior and host mortality patterns across the first decade （2004-2013） of its known association. The Dipteran parasite Philornis downsi was first discovered in Darwin＇s finch nests in 1997 and is the biggest threat to the survival of Galapagos land birds. Host mortality has increased over the past decade. In Dipterans, pupation and pupae size are determined by access to host resources. Here, we test the hypothesis that P downsi flies are laying eggs in finch nests earlier in the nestling phase to maximize larval feeding time and therefore chance of pupation success before host death. The results show fewer 1st instar larvae later in the host nesting cycle in support of earlier egg laying behavior by female flies. Between 2004 and 2013, parasite intensity increased from -28 to -48 parasites per nest, host mortality increased from -50% to -90%, and host age at death decreased from -11 to -5 days. The earlier age at host death was correlated with fewer pupae （from -50% to -20%） and smaller pupae size （-10% decrease）. Changes in parasite behavior reveal new fitness costs to both the parasite and Darwin＇s finches. These findings un- derscore the need for urgent conservation action to save Darwin＇s finches from extinction due to a novel, lethal and introduced parasite [Current Zoology 60 （4）： 542-550, 2014].
文摘Monthly mean summer (DJF) temperature and precipitation from Global Historical Climate Network (GHCN-V3) for the period of 1870-2011, are analyzed to assess the role of teleconnections on climate of Darwin, Australia. Indices of El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Antarctic Oscillation (AAO), Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), Arctic Oscillation (AO), and Pacific North American Oscillation (PNA) are extracted from monthly means and compared with climatic data of Darwin. Most of these climate modes are shown to have a strong influence on the monthly mean summer temperature and precipitation. ENSO is shown to have a positive relationship with the amount of precipitation received and a negative relationship with the temperature. Where an El Nino event produces warmer drier conditions and a La Nina event produces colder wetter conditions. The AAO is shown to cause cold and dry conditions during the positive phase and warm and wet conditions during the negative phase. The PDO is shown to cause El Nino like condition during the positive phase causing warmer, drier weather, and La Nina like conditions during the negative phase causing cooler, wetter weather. Through the analysis it is also shown that the NAO, AO, and PNA have little effect on the temperature and precipitation patterns of Darwin.
文摘Social Darwinism is an important theory reflected in Sister Carrie. This thesis is to interpret the characters' fates with Social Darwinism."Survival of the fittest"is an important theme. Carrie is the winner of life and Hurtwood is the loser. Their adjustability to the environment determines their future. It is hoped to help the readers construct a better understanding on this theory.
文摘The Call of the Wild by Jack London depicts the protagonist Buck’s transition,i.e.from a dog to a wolf,as well as those victims eliminated in the selecting of nature.All of these reflect the perpetual theme in this novel—social Darwinism which advo⁃cates“survival of the fittest”.
基金Supported by the National Nature Science Founda-tion of China (60473066) and Young Outstanding Talent Foundationof Hubei Province (2003ABB004)
文摘Describing Service-Oriented Architecture （SOA） is critical in the development of Web based system, in this paper, an approach for describing SOA by extended Darwin is proposed. The requirements for describing SOA, which are different from that of ordinary architecture, are highlighted firstly, and then a solution for extending Darwin is presented. Using the extended Darwin, service components and connectors can be described explicit by the extended construct, as well as precise operational semantics of SOA by the π-calculus. Finally an example of supply-chain management system is given for manifesting the effect of the extended Darwin.
基金funded by Flinders University (Research Establishment Grant to SK, Overseas Field Trip Grant to RC), Conservation International and the American Bird Conservancy with awards to SK,and the Australian Federation of University Women SA with a Barbara Crase Bursary to RC
文摘Bird song is used for mate attraction and is important for establishing reproductive isolation. Current research highlights performance constraints on song production that may be influenced by variation in bill morphology. Darwin＇s finches are a model system for studying the relationship between morphology and song performance, with previous studies suggesting that lower vocal performance is correlated with larger bill size. Here, we tested for a relationship between bill morphology and vocal performance in Darwin＇s Small Tree Finch （Camarhynchus parvulus） on Floreana Island. We found no evidence of a correlation between bill morphology and vocal performance. This finding is in agreement with prior study of the Small Tree Finch, but contrasts a greater body of work addressing song in Darwin＇s Finches. We discussed our findings in the context of ecological divergence, and ecological variation across species.
文摘19th-century scientific breakthroughs and developments exerted huge influence upon Thomas Hardy’s literary work,among which Darwinian discourses as well as issues of heredity and degeneration have attracted considerable critical attention.These scientific discourses can find their literary echoes in Hardy’s novels.Hardy’s characters are trapped by biological determinism and are therefore deprived of freewill,a devastating element which contributes to Hardy’s tragic vision.In Hardy’s early novels,Darwinism and other scientific issues are dealt with in a discursive manner,as is the case in A Pair of Blue Eyes;it is only in his late novels,especially in Tess of the d’Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure,that Hardy finally succeeds in incorporating Darwinian and hereditary discourses into his literary and philosophical conception and design.Thus to use a Darwinian term,this paper investigates the evolutionary process in which Hardy grows gradually adept in his artistic attempt to fuse the contemporary scientific discourses with his literary imagination,as well as in using scientific issues to mediate between authorial intention and critical expectation.
文摘Thomas Hardy, one of the greatest British novelists in the 19th century. The Mayor of Casterbridge, which is usually regarded as one of the best novels for Thomas Hardy, has received different interpretations since its publication. This thesis tries to explore novel from the perspective of Darwinsm and Social Darwinism. The spirit of Darwinism is expressed all through the novel. Thomas Hardy＇s firm adherence to Darwinism and social Darwinism is reflected in his design of the rise and fall of Henchard, and the competition between Henchard and Farfrae. The rise and fall of Henchard, the competition between Henchard and Farfrae are analyzed by employing the principle of adaptation and the principle of struggling for existence.
