The Global Stratotype Section and Point(GSSP)of the base of Langhian Stage(base of the Middle Miocene Subseries)is defined at a level of 17.84 m in the“Lower La Vedova Beach”section in central Italy.This level marks...The Global Stratotype Section and Point(GSSP)of the base of Langhian Stage(base of the Middle Miocene Subseries)is defined at a level of 17.84 m in the“Lower La Vedova Beach”section in central Italy.This level marks the mid-point of the darker marly interval above“Megabed IV”which has been astronomically calibrated to the most prominent~100-kyr eccentricity maximum,with an astronomical age of 15.981 Ma according to La2004 nominal solution,and of 15.978 Ma according to the La2011,in the 405-kyr maximum around 16.0 Ma.The GSSP level in the Lower La Vedova Beach section corresponds closely to the top of Chron C5Cn(at 15.795 m),which is considered the principal event for recognizing the boundary globally.This magnetic reversal with an astronomical age of 16.017 Ma(Turco et al.,2017)(15.97 Ma in Hilgen et al.,2012 ATNTS,2012;15.994 Ma in Raffi et al.,2020 in GTS2020)is preferred to the historical guiding criterion,the Praeorbulina datum,which has been complicated by taxonomic confusion and revision(Turco et al.,2011a),and hence is considered less suitable for recognizing the boundary.The Lower La Vedova Beach section is preferred to the St.Peter’s Pool section(in Malta)as it has an independent astronomical tuning and a better paleomagnetic signal.展开更多
Fruit color substantially affects consumer preferences,with darker red strawberries being economically more valuable due to their higher anthocyanin content.However,the molecular basis for the dark red coloration rema...Fruit color substantially affects consumer preferences,with darker red strawberries being economically more valuable due to their higher anthocyanin content.However,the molecular basis for the dark red coloration remains unclear.Through screening of an ethyl methanesulfonate mutant library,we identified a rg418 mutant,that demonstrated anthocyanin accumulation during early fruit development stages.Furthermore,the ripening fruits of this mutant had higher anthocyanin content than wild-type(WT)fruits.An analysis of flavonoid content in WT and rg418 mutant fruits revealed substantial changes in metabolic fluxes,with the mutant exhibiting increased levels of anthocyanins and flavonols and decreased levels of proanthocyanidins.Bulked sergeant analysis sequencing indicated that the mutant gene was anthocyanidin reductase(ANR),a key gene in the proanthocyanidin synthesis pathway.Furthermore,transcriptome sequencing revealed the increased expression of MYB105 during the early development stage of mutant fruits,which promoted the expression of UFGT(UDP-glucose flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase),a key gene involved in anthocyanin synthesis,thus substantially enhancing the anthocyanin content in the mutant fruits.Additionally,mutating ANR in a white-fruited strawberry variant(myb10 mutant)resulted in appealing pink-colored fruits,suggesting the diverse roles of ANR in fruit color regulation.Our study provides valuable theoretical insights for improving strawberry fruit color.展开更多
文摘The Global Stratotype Section and Point(GSSP)of the base of Langhian Stage(base of the Middle Miocene Subseries)is defined at a level of 17.84 m in the“Lower La Vedova Beach”section in central Italy.This level marks the mid-point of the darker marly interval above“Megabed IV”which has been astronomically calibrated to the most prominent~100-kyr eccentricity maximum,with an astronomical age of 15.981 Ma according to La2004 nominal solution,and of 15.978 Ma according to the La2011,in the 405-kyr maximum around 16.0 Ma.The GSSP level in the Lower La Vedova Beach section corresponds closely to the top of Chron C5Cn(at 15.795 m),which is considered the principal event for recognizing the boundary globally.This magnetic reversal with an astronomical age of 16.017 Ma(Turco et al.,2017)(15.97 Ma in Hilgen et al.,2012 ATNTS,2012;15.994 Ma in Raffi et al.,2020 in GTS2020)is preferred to the historical guiding criterion,the Praeorbulina datum,which has been complicated by taxonomic confusion and revision(Turco et al.,2011a),and hence is considered less suitable for recognizing the boundary.The Lower La Vedova Beach section is preferred to the St.Peter’s Pool section(in Malta)as it has an independent astronomical tuning and a better paleomagnetic signal.
基金supported by Shanghai Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program(2023-02-08-00-12-F04600)the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(23ZR1434300)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32172536 and 32002003)the Startup Fund for Young Faculty at SJTU(SFYF at SJTU,23X010502175).
文摘Fruit color substantially affects consumer preferences,with darker red strawberries being economically more valuable due to their higher anthocyanin content.However,the molecular basis for the dark red coloration remains unclear.Through screening of an ethyl methanesulfonate mutant library,we identified a rg418 mutant,that demonstrated anthocyanin accumulation during early fruit development stages.Furthermore,the ripening fruits of this mutant had higher anthocyanin content than wild-type(WT)fruits.An analysis of flavonoid content in WT and rg418 mutant fruits revealed substantial changes in metabolic fluxes,with the mutant exhibiting increased levels of anthocyanins and flavonols and decreased levels of proanthocyanidins.Bulked sergeant analysis sequencing indicated that the mutant gene was anthocyanidin reductase(ANR),a key gene in the proanthocyanidin synthesis pathway.Furthermore,transcriptome sequencing revealed the increased expression of MYB105 during the early development stage of mutant fruits,which promoted the expression of UFGT(UDP-glucose flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase),a key gene involved in anthocyanin synthesis,thus substantially enhancing the anthocyanin content in the mutant fruits.Additionally,mutating ANR in a white-fruited strawberry variant(myb10 mutant)resulted in appealing pink-colored fruits,suggesting the diverse roles of ANR in fruit color regulation.Our study provides valuable theoretical insights for improving strawberry fruit color.
