On November 14,2016(NZDT),a 7.8 magnitude earthquake struck the northeast coast of the South Island in New Zealand.A tsunami swept onto the coastlines with wave-heights of 2.5 m at Kaikoura.This earthquake is the larg...On November 14,2016(NZDT),a 7.8 magnitude earthquake struck the northeast coast of the South Island in New Zealand.A tsunami swept onto the coastlines with wave-heights of 2.5 m at Kaikoura.This earthquake is the largest event in the region since a magnitude 7.5 earthquake that occurred 100 km to the northeast in October 1848.The days immediately following a natural disaster are particularly challenging for authorities and aid organisations who need to make decisions relating to deployment and distribution of resources.Rapid Damage Mapping(RDM)is a tool developed by Tonkin+Taylor International Limited(T+TI)whereby integrated disaster mapping information is assembled within the first 24 to 72 hrs of an event.The Committee on Data of the International Council for Science(CODATA)Task Group of Linked Open Data for Global Disaster Risk Research(LODGD)organized ChinaGEOSS portal to access TripleSat and JL-1 satellite images immediately following the devastating Kaikoura earthquake.An internet based Project Orbit portal was set up for use by all response and recovery organisations in New Zealand.While the recent RDM response work was largely reactive in nature,the data set compiled during this work provides a valuable resource,presenting opportunities to apply a more proactive and refined approach to similar RDM work in the future.The recent RDM work provides valuable insight into key vulnerabilities that evolved after the earthquake,and helped to identify more than 10,000 landslips in the area.展开更多
The damage map is an important tool for the investigation of the conservation state of a building,especially when the surveyed element is a property with historical preservation interest.Thereby,we consider that the f...The damage map is an important tool for the investigation of the conservation state of a building,especially when the surveyed element is a property with historical preservation interest.Thereby,we consider that the full understanding of the construction techniques is crucial to diagnose anomalies found in the facades of the buildings.It is very important to know the materials used in the construction and the routine of building maintenance.It is also necessary to emphasize the importance of having historical information about interventions and modifications that the building’s structure suffered over the years in order to obtain data and requirements for the complete configuration of the analyzed building.This article results from a master's research in progress and it aims to present the process of the development of a damage map,seeking its implementation in a real case study,the facades of the Carmo’s Church in the city of Olinda.There are three reasons why we chose this church to study.First,this building is inserted in the Historic Centre of the Town of Olinda,which is inscribed on the UNESCO’s World Heritage list since 1982;second it was built in 1588 configuring the oldest church of the Carmelite Order in Brazil and finally the building has been restored and recovered recently in July 2012 and it is observed that,after four years,we observe some pathological manifestations in their facades.展开更多
The 2011 Tsunami event in the eastern coastal area of Japan caused a huge amount of damages or devastations on buildings. To this date, several field surveys have been conducted which provide detailed information abou...The 2011 Tsunami event in the eastern coastal area of Japan caused a huge amount of damages or devastations on buildings. To this date, several field surveys have been conducted which provide detailed information about inundation areas and building damage characteristics in attacking east coastal areas by this tsunami. In this study, building damage data of Ishinomaki city, with special attention to the plain coast affected area, are classified and analyzed using data surveyed by the Ministry of Lands, Infrastructure and Transportation of Japan (MLIT) for more than 52,000 structures. The classification includes information on six levels of damage, four types of building materials and damages due to tsunami inundation for each building material which are necessary information for an effective hazard mitigation. Notably, damage level percentage distribution of different building materials is plotted for different inundation depth ranges in several sets of figures. This graphic illustration not only shows a better resistant performance of Reinforced Concrete (RC) and steel buildings over wood or other buildings for all inundation depth ranges, but also can explain clearly the inundation-induced damage behavior for each building material as well as the threshold depth for each damage level. Moreover, this research contains an analysis of vulnerable areas due to the coastal topography and the geographical factors. Surveyed data provided by Geospatial information authority of Japan (GSI) that classifies Ishinomaki plain coast area into three classes are compared with the damage map produced using an Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) methodology in ArcGIS 10.2 environment. The influence of key geographical features on tsunami-induced building damage, notably Kitakami river and water canals flooding, is taken into account with respect to the weighting of factors. A good agreement produced building damage map with surveyed GSI data shows the power of a GIS tool based on the AHP approach for tsunami damage assessment. The results of this study are useful to understand the damage behavior of buildings with different structural materials located in coastal areas vulnerable to the tsunami disaster.展开更多
Crown fire damage is a mixture of three principal fire-related components:charred material,scorched foliage,and unaltered green canopy.This study estimated the abundance of these physical alterations in two immediate ...Crown fire damage is a mixture of three principal fire-related components:charred material,scorched foliage,and unaltered green canopy.This study estimated the abundance of these physical alterations in two immediate post-fire Mediterranean forest contexts(Portugal and Italy)by applying linear spectral mixture analysis(LSMA)on Sentinel-2 imagery.The tree crowns fire damage was subsequently mapped,integrating fractional abundance information in a random forest(RF)algorithm,comparing the accuracy resulting from the adoption of generic or image spectral libraries as the primary investigative goal.Although image-derived endmembers resulted in more effectiveness in terms of fire-related components abundance quantification(LMSAderived RMSE<0.1),the F-scores always were≥90%whether generic endmembers or image endmembers derived information was employed.The environmental heterogeneity of the two study areas affected the fire severity gradients,with a prevalence of the charred(PT)(45–46%)and green class(IT)(44–53%).Post-fire temporal monitoring was initialized by applying the proposed strategies,and the preliminary results showed a positive recovery trend in forest vegetation from the first year following the fire event,with a reduced charcoal predominance and an increasing proportion of green components.展开更多
文摘On November 14,2016(NZDT),a 7.8 magnitude earthquake struck the northeast coast of the South Island in New Zealand.A tsunami swept onto the coastlines with wave-heights of 2.5 m at Kaikoura.This earthquake is the largest event in the region since a magnitude 7.5 earthquake that occurred 100 km to the northeast in October 1848.The days immediately following a natural disaster are particularly challenging for authorities and aid organisations who need to make decisions relating to deployment and distribution of resources.Rapid Damage Mapping(RDM)is a tool developed by Tonkin+Taylor International Limited(T+TI)whereby integrated disaster mapping information is assembled within the first 24 to 72 hrs of an event.The Committee on Data of the International Council for Science(CODATA)Task Group of Linked Open Data for Global Disaster Risk Research(LODGD)organized ChinaGEOSS portal to access TripleSat and JL-1 satellite images immediately following the devastating Kaikoura earthquake.An internet based Project Orbit portal was set up for use by all response and recovery organisations in New Zealand.While the recent RDM response work was largely reactive in nature,the data set compiled during this work provides a valuable resource,presenting opportunities to apply a more proactive and refined approach to similar RDM work in the future.The recent RDM work provides valuable insight into key vulnerabilities that evolved after the earthquake,and helped to identify more than 10,000 landslips in the area.
文摘The damage map is an important tool for the investigation of the conservation state of a building,especially when the surveyed element is a property with historical preservation interest.Thereby,we consider that the full understanding of the construction techniques is crucial to diagnose anomalies found in the facades of the buildings.It is very important to know the materials used in the construction and the routine of building maintenance.It is also necessary to emphasize the importance of having historical information about interventions and modifications that the building’s structure suffered over the years in order to obtain data and requirements for the complete configuration of the analyzed building.This article results from a master's research in progress and it aims to present the process of the development of a damage map,seeking its implementation in a real case study,the facades of the Carmo’s Church in the city of Olinda.There are three reasons why we chose this church to study.First,this building is inserted in the Historic Centre of the Town of Olinda,which is inscribed on the UNESCO’s World Heritage list since 1982;second it was built in 1588 configuring the oldest church of the Carmelite Order in Brazil and finally the building has been restored and recovered recently in July 2012 and it is observed that,after four years,we observe some pathological manifestations in their facades.
文摘The 2011 Tsunami event in the eastern coastal area of Japan caused a huge amount of damages or devastations on buildings. To this date, several field surveys have been conducted which provide detailed information about inundation areas and building damage characteristics in attacking east coastal areas by this tsunami. In this study, building damage data of Ishinomaki city, with special attention to the plain coast affected area, are classified and analyzed using data surveyed by the Ministry of Lands, Infrastructure and Transportation of Japan (MLIT) for more than 52,000 structures. The classification includes information on six levels of damage, four types of building materials and damages due to tsunami inundation for each building material which are necessary information for an effective hazard mitigation. Notably, damage level percentage distribution of different building materials is plotted for different inundation depth ranges in several sets of figures. This graphic illustration not only shows a better resistant performance of Reinforced Concrete (RC) and steel buildings over wood or other buildings for all inundation depth ranges, but also can explain clearly the inundation-induced damage behavior for each building material as well as the threshold depth for each damage level. Moreover, this research contains an analysis of vulnerable areas due to the coastal topography and the geographical factors. Surveyed data provided by Geospatial information authority of Japan (GSI) that classifies Ishinomaki plain coast area into three classes are compared with the damage map produced using an Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) methodology in ArcGIS 10.2 environment. The influence of key geographical features on tsunami-induced building damage, notably Kitakami river and water canals flooding, is taken into account with respect to the weighting of factors. A good agreement produced building damage map with surveyed GSI data shows the power of a GIS tool based on the AHP approach for tsunami damage assessment. The results of this study are useful to understand the damage behavior of buildings with different structural materials located in coastal areas vulnerable to the tsunami disaster.
基金funded by the European Commission and the Regione Calabria with the POR Calabria FESR FSE 2014-2020source[CUP C39B18000070002]Joao M.N.Silva was funded by the Forest Research Centre,a research unit funded by Fundacao para a Ciência e a Tecnologia IP(FCT),Portugal(UIDB/00239/2020)by the project FireCast–Forecasting fire probability and characteristics for a habitable pyro environment,funded by FCT(PCIF/GRF/0204/2017).
文摘Crown fire damage is a mixture of three principal fire-related components:charred material,scorched foliage,and unaltered green canopy.This study estimated the abundance of these physical alterations in two immediate post-fire Mediterranean forest contexts(Portugal and Italy)by applying linear spectral mixture analysis(LSMA)on Sentinel-2 imagery.The tree crowns fire damage was subsequently mapped,integrating fractional abundance information in a random forest(RF)algorithm,comparing the accuracy resulting from the adoption of generic or image spectral libraries as the primary investigative goal.Although image-derived endmembers resulted in more effectiveness in terms of fire-related components abundance quantification(LMSAderived RMSE<0.1),the F-scores always were≥90%whether generic endmembers or image endmembers derived information was employed.The environmental heterogeneity of the two study areas affected the fire severity gradients,with a prevalence of the charred(PT)(45–46%)and green class(IT)(44–53%).Post-fire temporal monitoring was initialized by applying the proposed strategies,and the preliminary results showed a positive recovery trend in forest vegetation from the first year following the fire event,with a reduced charcoal predominance and an increasing proportion of green components.
