Research on human motion prediction has made significant progress due to its importance in the development of various artificial intelligence applications.However,effectively capturing spatio-temporal features for smo...Research on human motion prediction has made significant progress due to its importance in the development of various artificial intelligence applications.However,effectively capturing spatio-temporal features for smoother and more precise human motion prediction remains a challenge.To address these issues,a robust human motion prediction method via integration of spatial and temporal cues(RISTC)has been proposed.This method captures sufficient spatio-temporal correlation of the observable sequence of human poses by utilizing the spatio-temporal mixed feature extractor(MFE).In multi-layer MFEs,the channel-graph united attention blocks extract the augmented spatial features of the human poses in the channel and spatial dimension.Additionally,multi-scale temporal blocks have been designed to effectively capture complicated and highly dynamic temporal information.Our experiments on the Human3.6M and Carnegie Mellon University motion capture(CMU Mocap)datasets show that the proposed network yields higher prediction accuracy than the state-of-the-art methods.展开更多
Objectives This study aimed to clarify the relationship between the content of proxy decision-making made by families of patients with malignant brain tumors regarding treatment policies and daily care and the cues le...Objectives This study aimed to clarify the relationship between the content of proxy decision-making made by families of patients with malignant brain tumors regarding treatment policies and daily care and the cues leading to those decisions.Methods Semi-structured personal interviews were used to collect data.Seven family members of patients with malignant brain tumors were selected to participate in the study by purposive sampling method from June to August 2022 in the Patient Family Association of Japan.Responses were content analyzed to explore the relationship between the content of decisions regarding“treatment policies”and“daily care”and the cues influencing those decisions.Semi-structured interviews were analyzed by using thematic analysis.Results The contents of proxy decisions regarding“treatment policies”included implementation,interruption,and termination of initial treatments,free medical treatments,use of respirators,and end-of-life sedation and included six cues:treatment policies suggested by the primary physician,information and knowledge about the disease and treatment obtained by the family from limited resources,perceived life threat from symptom worsening,words and reactions from the patient regarding treatment,patient’s personality and way of life inferred from their treatment preferences,family’s thoughts and values hoping for better treatment for the patient.Decisions for“daily care”included meal content and methods,excretion,mobility,maintaining cleanliness,rehabilitation,continuation or resignation from work,treatment settings(outpatient or inpatient),and ways to spend time outside and included seven cues:words and thoughts from the patient about their way of life,patient’s reactions and life history inferred from their preferred way of living,things the patient can do to maintain daily life and roles,awareness of the increasing inability to do things in daily life,family’s underlying thoughts and values about how to spend the remaining time,approval from family members regarding the care setting,advice from medical professionals on living at home.Conclusions For“treatment policies,”guidelines from medical professionals were a key cue,while for“daily care,”the small signs from the patients in their daily lives served as cues for proxy decision-making.This may be due to the lack of information available to families and the limited time available for discussion with the patient.Families of patients with malignant brain tumors repeatedly use multiple cues to make proxy decision-making under high uncertainty.Therefore,nurses supporting proxy decision-making should assess the family’s situation and provide cues that facilitate informed and confident decisions.展开更多
Many prey species rely on publicly available personal and social information regarding local predation threats to assess risks and make contextappropriate behavioral decisions.However,in sexually dimorphic species,mal...Many prey species rely on publicly available personal and social information regarding local predation threats to assess risks and make contextappropriate behavioral decisions.However,in sexually dimorphic species,males and females are expected to differ in the perceived costs and/orbenefts associated with predator avoidance decisions.Recent studies suggest that male Trinidadian guppies(Poecilia reticulata)show reducedor absent responses to acute personal information cues,placing them at greater risk of predation relative to females.Our goal here was totest the hypothesis that adult(reproductively active)male guppies rely on social information to limit potential costs associated with their lack ofresponse to risky personal cues.Adult male guppies were exposed to personal chemosensory cues(either conspecifc alarm cues(AC),a novelodor,or a water control)in the presence of a shoal of three females inside a holding container that allowed the transmission of visual but notchemical cues.At the same time,we exposed females to either risk from AC or no risk,resulting in the display of a range of female behavior,from calm to alarmed,available as social information for males.Alarmed females caused male fright activity to increase and male interest infemales to decrease,regardless of the personal cue treatment.These results indicate that male guppies rely more on female information regarding predation risk than their own personal information,probably to balance trade-offs between reproduction and predator avoidance.展开更多
BACKGROUND Pain in the back or pelvis or fear of back pain may affect the timing or cocontraction of the core muscles.In both static and dynamic movements,the Sahrmann core stability test provides an assessment of cor...BACKGROUND Pain in the back or pelvis or fear of back pain may affect the timing or cocontraction of the core muscles.In both static and dynamic movements,the Sahrmann core stability test provides an assessment of core muscle activation and a person's ability to stabilize the lumbopelvic complex.Preparatory cues and images can be used to increase the activation of these muscles.To attain optimal movement patterns,it will be necessary to determine what cueing will give the most effective results for core stability.AIM To investigate the effects of external and internal cues on core muscle activation during the Sahrmann five-level core stability test.METHODS Total 68 participants(21.83±3.47 years)were randomly allocated to an external(n=35)or internal cue group(n=33).Participants performed the Sahrmann fivelevel core stability test without a cue as baseline and the five-level stability exercises with an internal or external cue.External cue group received a pressure biofeedback unit(PBU),and the internal cue group received an audio cue.A Delsys Trigno^(TM)surface electromyography unit was used for muscle activation from the rectus abdominis,external oblique,and transverse abdominis/internal oblique muscles.RESULTS Linear mixed effects model analysis showed that cueing had a significant effect on core muscle activation(P=0.001);however,there was no significant difference between cue types(internal or external)(P=0.130).CONCLUSION Both external and internal cueing have significant effects on core muscle activation during the Sahrmann five-level core stability test and the PBU does not create higher muscle activation than internal cueing.展开更多
Selection of a suitable habitat by animals before settlement is critical for their survival and reproduction.In silk-spinning arthropods like spider mites,denser webs offer protection from predation and serve as a dis...Selection of a suitable habitat by animals before settlement is critical for their survival and reproduction.In silk-spinning arthropods like spider mites,denser webs offer protection from predation and serve as a dispersal mode.Settling in habitats with the presence of conspecifics and silk webs can benefit the habitat-searching females.Silk and conspecifics usually coexist,but their distinct effects on female colonization have received little attention.In this study,we used a haplodiploid spider mite,Tetranychus ludeni Zacher(Acari:Tetranychidae),to examine the impact of conspecific cues,including cues from ovipositing conspecifics and silk,on habitat selection and subsequent reproductive performance of females.Results show that females significantly preferred habitats with cues from neighboring conspecifics and silk and neighboring conspecifics induced additive effect to that of silk on habitat selection.Conspecific cues did not boost female reproduction but facilitated females laying larger eggs that were more likely to be fertilized and to develop into daughters.When given a choice between silk-covered and clean habitats,females preferred silk-covered habitats,laid a similar number of eggs with similar size,but produced more daughters,suggesting that T.ludeni females can adjust the size threshold for fertilization in response to the current social environment.Knowledge of this study improves our understanding of spider mite habitat selection and post-settlement reproductive performance behaviors.展开更多
Mechanisms of predator detection and the influence of the presence of nonlethal predators on antipredator defense behavior and metamorphic traits were studied in the Indian tree frog, Polypedates maculatus. Exposure o...Mechanisms of predator detection and the influence of the presence of nonlethal predators on antipredator defense behavior and metamorphic traits were studied in the Indian tree frog, Polypedates maculatus. Exposure of P. maculatus tadpoles to chemical cues of caged predator（crabs, Barytelphusa spp.） fed with either conspecific or heterogeneric tadpoles, or were starved elicited defense behavior（by avoiding predator zone） in them. Such a behavior was not evident when exposed to predators housed in a glass beaker（visual cues）. Both early（Gosner stage 27–28） and later（Gosner stage 35–36） stage tadpoles when exposed to caged predators（fed with conspecific tadpoles）, prey tadpoles spent less time swimming and remained motionless for longer periods. Yet, the time spent by prey in feeding was unaffected. Further, the predator avoidance behavior exhibited by them was of the same intensity regardless of whether the caged predators were fed or starved implying the influence of predator＇s kairomones. Tadpoles reared with caged predator reached the metamorphic climax stage（MC stage; Gosner stage 42） earlier than those reared without a predator. Size at emergence（Gosner stage 46） was comparable in both the groups. The findings suggest that P. maculatus tadpoles assess predation risk chiefly by sensing kairomones of the predator in eliciting antipredator defense behaviors. Accelerated development and early metamorphosis without any compromise of the size at emergence may be due to their unaltered feeding activity.展开更多
The use of multisensory cues to locate mates can increase an organism＇s success by acting as a back-up plan when one system fails, by providing additional information to the receiver, and by increasing their ability ...The use of multisensory cues to locate mates can increase an organism＇s success by acting as a back-up plan when one system fails, by providing additional information to the receiver, and by increasing their ability to detect mates using senses that have different ranges in a variable aquatic environment. In this contribution we review the sensory cues that male horseshoe crabs Lirnulus polyphemus are known to use when locating mates and then provide new data that shed light on this subject. Dur- ing the breeding season, females migrate into shore during high tides to spawn. Males attach to females as they approach the beach or are attracted to pairs already spawning. Vision is well established as an important cue in attracting males. Although chemoreception is well known in other marine arthropods, and horseshoe crabs have the anatomy available, there are few studies on chemical cues in this species. Experiments are presented here that provide evidence for chemical cue use. We show that the attraction, and retention, of attached and satellite males to actively spawning females and mating pairs involves multimodal cues展开更多
Nerve guidance channels for peripheral nerve injury： Over the past decade, nerve guidance channels （NGCs） have emerged as a promising technology for regenerating gap injuries in peripheral nerves. Nerve gap injurie...Nerve guidance channels for peripheral nerve injury： Over the past decade, nerve guidance channels （NGCs） have emerged as a promising technology for regenerating gap injuries in peripheral nerves. Nerve gap injuries resulting from neurodegeneration and trauma, such as car accidents and battlefield wounds, affect hun- dreds of thousands of people annually. Motivated by suboptimal results obtained with the current gold standard of autologous grafting （i.e., autografts）, various commercially available NGCs composed of synthetic and biomaterials are now alternatively available （Jia et al., 2014; Jones et al., 2016）.展开更多
With the increasing presence of robots in our daily life,there is a strong need and demand for the strategies to acquire a high quality interaction between robots and users by enabling robots to understand users’mood...With the increasing presence of robots in our daily life,there is a strong need and demand for the strategies to acquire a high quality interaction between robots and users by enabling robots to understand users’mood,intention,and other aspects.During human-human interaction,personality traits have an important influence on human behavior,decision,mood,and many others.Therefore,we propose an efficient computational framework to endow the robot with the capability of understanding the user’s personality traits based on the user’s nonverbal communication cues represented by three visual features including the head motion,gaze,and body motion energy,and three vocal features including voice pitch,voice energy,and mel-frequency cepstral coefficient(MFCC).We used the Pepper robot in this study as a communication robot to interact with each participant by asking questions,and meanwhile,the robot extracts the nonverbal features from each participant’s habitual behavior using its on-board sensors.On the other hand,each participant’s personality traits are evaluated with a questionnaire.We then train the ridge regression and linear support vector machine(SVM)classifiers using the nonverbal features and personality trait labels from a questionnaire and evaluate the performance of the classifiers.We have verified the validity of the proposed models that showed promising binary classification performance on recognizing each of the Big Five personality traits of the participants based on individual differences in nonverbal communication cues.展开更多
Adult horseshoe crabs Limulus polyphemus have long served as models for the study of vision in marine arthropods. Yet, little is known about the ability of early life history stages to detect and respond to visual cue...Adult horseshoe crabs Limulus polyphemus have long served as models for the study of vision in marine arthropods. Yet, little is known about the ability of early life history stages to detect and respond to visual cues. We examined the visually directed movements of larvae and first stage juveniles to horizons containing dark visual targets of different sizes. The study tested the hypotheses that （1） larval and juvenile crabs can detect and respond to visual targets and （2） the direction of orientation varies with the presence of chemical cues associated with settlement habitats. Orientation of larval and juvenile crabs to rectangles subtending angles from 30--330~ was tested in a circular arena containing water that either lacked estuarine chemical cues （offshore water） or contained odors from aquatic vegetation or known predators. In the absence of chemical odors, larvae oriented toward and juveniles moved away from dark horizons subtending angles 〉 60~. When placed in water containing chemical odors from potential nursery habitats, including the seagrasses Halodule wrightii and Syringodium filiforme, crabs reversed their direction of orientation relative to their responses in offshore water. Odors from two known predators, the mummichug Fundulus grandis and blue crab Callinectes sapidus, had no affect on the orientation of larvae. Yet, juveniles responded to both odors by moving toward the visual target. Results support the hypothesis that the visual orientation of larval and juvenile horseshoe crabs changes upon exposure to habitat and predator cues and that the direction of the response undergoes an ontogenetic shift following metamorphosis展开更多
The objective of this pilot study was to compare two different methods of educating prenatal women regarding breast-feeding. Comparisons were made between traditional and innovative methods to determine which was more...The objective of this pilot study was to compare two different methods of educating prenatal women regarding breast-feeding. Comparisons were made between traditional and innovative methods to determine which was more effective in increasing breastfeeding duration. Over a 32 month period, 197 prenatal women were assigned to either a control (C, n = 139) or an experimental (E, n = 51) group. The C group received standard breastfeeding education, while the E group received standard education in addition to information about infant hunger cues. Cox Regression and Kap-lan- Meier analysis were performed. Estimated mean number of weeks for C and E groups to continue breastfeeding was 14.3 + 17.4 weeks and 18.5 + 17.1 weeks, respectively. At 26 weeks, duration of breastfeeding approached significance (chi square = 2.907, df = 1, p = 0.088), indicating probability of continuing to breastfeed was about 28% better for those in E group when compared to C group. Duration of breastfeeding may increase when prenatal women are taught to identify infant behavior such as hunger cues.展开更多
In nature hummingbirds face floral resources whose availability, quality and quantity can vary spatially and temporally. Thus, they must constantly make foraging decisions about which patches, plants and flowers to vi...In nature hummingbirds face floral resources whose availability, quality and quantity can vary spatially and temporally. Thus, they must constantly make foraging decisions about which patches, plants and flowers to visit, partly as a function of the nectar reward. The uncertainty of these decisions would possibly be reduced if an individual could remember locations or use visual cues to avoid revisiting recently depleted flowers. In the present study, we carried out field experiments with white-eared hummingbirds Hylocharis leucotis, to evaluate their use of locations or visual cues when foraging on natural flowers Penstemon roseus. We evaluated the use of spatial memory by observing birds while they were foraging between two plants and within a single plant. Our results showed that hummingbirds prefer to use location when foraging in two plants, but they also use visual cues to efficiently locate unvisited rewarded flowers when they feed on a single plant. However, in absence of visual cues, in both experiments birds mainly used the location of previously visited flowers to make subsequent visits. Our data suggest that hummingbirds are capable of learning and employing this flexibility depending on the faced environmental conditions and the information acquired in previous visits [Current Zoology 57 （4）： 468-476, 2011].展开更多
Predation is a pervasive selection pressure,shaping morphological,physiological,and behavioral phenotypes of prey species.Recent studies have begun to examine how the effects of individual experience with predation ri...Predation is a pervasive selection pressure,shaping morphological,physiological,and behavioral phenotypes of prey species.Recent studies have begun to examine how the effects of individual experience with predation risk shapes the use of publicly available risk assessment cues.Here,we investigated the effects of prior predation risk experience on disturbance cue production and use by Trinidadian guppies Poecilia reticulata under laboratory conditions.In our first experiment,we demonstrate that the response of guppies from a high predation population(Lopinot River)was dependent upon the source of disturbance cue senders(high vs.low predation populations).However,guppies collected from a low predation site(Upper Aripo River)exhibited similar responses to disturbance cues,regardless of the sender population.In our second experiment,we used laboratory strain guppies exposed to high versus low background risk conditions.Our results show an analogous response patterns as shown for our first experiment.Guppies exposed to high background risk conditions exhibited stronger responses to the disturbance cues collected from senders exposed to high(vs.low)risk conditions and guppies exposed to low risk conditions were not influenced by sender experience.Combined,our results suggest that experience with background predation risk significantly impacts both the production of and response to disturbance cues in guppies.展开更多
Cell reprograming technologies have broad applications in cell therapy,disease modeling and drug screening.Direct reprogramming is the process of converting from one cell type into a very distantly related cell type.I...Cell reprograming technologies have broad applications in cell therapy,disease modeling and drug screening.Direct reprogramming is the process of converting from one cell type into a very distantly related cell type.In this direct conversion process,cells do not proceed through a pluripotent stage,which can be time-consuming and challenging due to spontaneous differentiation.This method also offers the advantage of circumventing the teratoma potential that is associated with using iPSCs.Previous works have demonstrated that with the use of genetic manipulation,fibroblasts can be directly converted into other cell types,including neurons,cardiomyocytes,blood cell progenitors,and hepatocytes.It is well known that the microenvironment can directs cell fate,and in turn cells interact with or remodel their niches.Accumulative evidence suggests that biophysical factors such as the microtopography and mechanical property of cell adhesive substrates regulate a variety of cellular functions such as migration,proliferation and differentiation,which in turn can modulate wound healing,tissue remodeling and tumor growth,but there are limited number of studies on the roles of biophysical cues in cell reprogramming[1].Passive topographical cues offer a simple and effective method to improve reprogramming efficiency without the need for biochemical manipulations.Our previous study has demonstrated that somatic cells cultured on the parallel microgrooves,which can replace the effects of small-molecule epigenetic modifiers and significantly improve the iPSCs reprogramming efficiency.The mechanism relies on the mechanomodulation of the cells’epigenetic state,specifically,an increase of histone H3 acetylation and H3K4 methylation[2].Additionally,in cardiomyocytes reprogramming study,culturing the fibroblasts on microgrooved substrate enhances the expression of cardiomyocyte genes by day 2 and improves the yield of partially reprogrammed cells at day 10.By combining microgrooved substrate with an optimized culture protocol,the conversion from fibroblasts to cardiomyocytes is increased through genetic changes and structural organization of sarcomeres[3].Besides biomaterial topography,recent studies have demonstrated the effects of matrix stiffness on cell reprogramming.For example,a decrease of substrate stiffness can improve the iPSCs reprogramming efficiency,while an intermediate stiffness can significantly enhance the efficiency of neuronal reprogramming [4].Further analysis suggests that intracellular biomechanical changes play an important role in reprogramming process.Cells interact with the biophysical factors in the microenvironment through an'inside-out'and'outside-in'feedback loop,which is mediated by focal adhesions and cytoskeleton [5].Therefore,we investigated the role of the intracellular mechanical structure in cell reprogramming.We showed,for the first time,that the mechanical property of cells was modulated during the early phase of reprogramming as determined by atomic force microscopy(AFM)and high-throughput quantitative deformability cytometry(q-DC).We observed that cell stiffness increased by day 1 during reprogramming process,which was followed by a pronounced decrease within a few days.Examination of actin cytoskeleton showed that actin assembled into a network with a cage-like structure around the nucleus by day 1,but this structure along with the majority of the cytoskeleton gradually disappeared,coinciding with the changes in intracellular mechanical property.Furthermore,inhibition of actin contractility by using small molecules significantly altered the reprogramming efficiency.These findings provide new insights into the mechanisms of how biophysical cues modulate cell fate.In any given physiological microenvironment,cells may experience various of biophysical inputs,which,as we show,may affect cell phenotype changes.展开更多
Several methods have been developed to design and analyze moire magnifier, but these methods are all lack of quantitative consideration on the depth of moire imaging. In this paper, a new design method for moire magni...Several methods have been developed to design and analyze moire magnifier, but these methods are all lack of quantitative consideration on the depth of moire imaging. In this paper, a new design method for moire magnifier based on depth cues from disparity is proposed. By using of the proposed method, the period magnification, the rotation angle of moire pattern can also be calculated, and the moire depth can be analyzed, too. According to the design and analysis results using MATLAB, the period of arrays and the cross angle are the important influence factors as the moire pattern above or below the microlens array. Moreover, with our 3 D design method, we can design different moire magnifier with different size, direction angle and depth of moire pattern as required.展开更多
In nature, animals are exposed to a broad range of threats imposed by predators, which may strongly influence the ecology of prey species directly or indirectly by affecting their behavior via fear of predation. Here,...In nature, animals are exposed to a broad range of threats imposed by predators, which may strongly influence the ecology of prey species directly or indirectly by affecting their behavior via fear of predation. Here, we studied wood mice Apodemus sylvaticus behavioral and physiological responses to simulated predation risk. Risk avoidance was analyzed by live trapping with control traps and traps treated with feces of common genet Genetta genetta （direct cue of risk） under new moon nights and following by simulated full moon conditions （indirect cue）. The time devoted to foraging behavior and capture time were analyzed by video recording mice activity around traps. Food intake was calculated based on the amount of bait remaining in each trap. Fecal cortico- sterone metabolites （FCMs） were measured by enzyme-immunoassay as indicators of physio- logical stress responses. Fewer wood mice were captured during full moon, yet only non-breeding adult males clearly avoided common genet odor. Mice were captured sooner at night during the simulated full moon conditions and later in predator-treated traps. Foraging activity was lower when individuals faced predator＇s feces, but neither food intake nor FCM levels were affected by predation risk cues. Direct and indirect cues of predation risk selectively affected wood mice behavior, although behavioral responses seem to be modulated by different costs-benefit balances related to the individual＇s perception of risk. The lack of physiological responses to predation risk cues suggests that wood mice did not perceive them as reliable stressors or the response was too small or transient to be measured by FCM.展开更多
Abstract Many rodents exhibit inducible defenses when exposed to chemical cues from mammalian predators. These responses may include delays in sexual maturation, smaller adult body size and decreases in litter size an...Abstract Many rodents exhibit inducible defenses when exposed to chemical cues from mammalian predators. These responses may include delays in sexual maturation, smaller adult body size and decreases in litter size and pup weight. We exposed the hybrid juvenile offspring of field-caught and lab-descended house mice Mus musculus to the chemical cues of mouse-fed or chick-fed kingsnakes, Lampropeltis getula, for 20 days after weaning, to examine the effects of ophidian predator cues on prey development. We hypothesized that these cues would elicit inducible defenses such as alteration of growth rates, and/or the timing of reproductive development in mice. Once mature, the reproductive effort of the mice might also be impacted by producing smaller litter sizes or lighter pups or not reproducing at all. We found no effect of kingsnake cues on any of the measures. These findings support the hypothesis that inducible defenses may have evolved as a strategy to deal with specific predators.展开更多
Face forgery detection is drawing ever-increasing attention in the academic community owing to security concerns.Despite the considerable progress in existing methods,we note that:Previous works overlooked finegrain f...Face forgery detection is drawing ever-increasing attention in the academic community owing to security concerns.Despite the considerable progress in existing methods,we note that:Previous works overlooked finegrain forgery cues with high transferability.Such cues positively impact the model’s accuracy and generalizability.Moreover,single-modality often causes overfitting of the model,and Red-Green-Blue(RGB)modal-only is not conducive to extracting the more detailed forgery traces.We propose a novel framework for fine-grain forgery cues mining with fusion modality to cope with these issues.First,we propose two functional modules to reveal and locate the deeper forged features.Our method locates deeper forgery cues through a dual-modality progressive fusion module and a noise adaptive enhancement module,which can excavate the association between dualmodal space and channels and enhance the learning of subtle noise features.A sensitive patch branch is introduced on this foundation to enhance the mining of subtle forgery traces under fusion modality.The experimental results demonstrate that our proposed framework can desirably explore the differences between authentic and forged images with supervised learning.Comprehensive evaluations of several mainstream datasets show that our method outperforms the state-of-the-art detection methods with remarkable detection ability and generalizability.展开更多
The current study investigated whether domestic dogs encode local and/or global cues in spatial working memory. Seven dogs were trained to use a source of allocentric information (local and/or global cues) to locate a...The current study investigated whether domestic dogs encode local and/or global cues in spatial working memory. Seven dogs were trained to use a source of allocentric information (local and/or global cues) to locate an attractive object they saw move and disappear behind one of the three opaque boxes arrayed in front of them. To do so, after the disappearance of the target object and out of the dogs’ knowledge, all sources of allocentric information were simultaneously shifted to a new spatial position and the dogs were forced to follow a U-shaped pathway leading to the hiding box. Out of the seven dogs that were trained in the detour problem, only three dogs learned to use the cues that were moved from trial to trial. On tests, local (boxes and experimenter) and/or global cues (walls of the room) were systematically and drastically shifted to a new position in the testing chamber. Although they easily succeeded the control trials, the three dogs failed to use a specific source of allocentric information when local and global cues were put in conflict. In discussion, we explore several hypotheses to explain why dogs have difficulties to use allocentric cues to locate a hidden object in a detour problem and why they do not differentiate the local and global cues in this particular experimental setting.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2018YFB1305200)the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(No.LGG21F030011)。
文摘Research on human motion prediction has made significant progress due to its importance in the development of various artificial intelligence applications.However,effectively capturing spatio-temporal features for smoother and more precise human motion prediction remains a challenge.To address these issues,a robust human motion prediction method via integration of spatial and temporal cues(RISTC)has been proposed.This method captures sufficient spatio-temporal correlation of the observable sequence of human poses by utilizing the spatio-temporal mixed feature extractor(MFE).In multi-layer MFEs,the channel-graph united attention blocks extract the augmented spatial features of the human poses in the channel and spatial dimension.Additionally,multi-scale temporal blocks have been designed to effectively capture complicated and highly dynamic temporal information.Our experiments on the Human3.6M and Carnegie Mellon University motion capture(CMU Mocap)datasets show that the proposed network yields higher prediction accuracy than the state-of-the-art methods.
文摘Objectives This study aimed to clarify the relationship between the content of proxy decision-making made by families of patients with malignant brain tumors regarding treatment policies and daily care and the cues leading to those decisions.Methods Semi-structured personal interviews were used to collect data.Seven family members of patients with malignant brain tumors were selected to participate in the study by purposive sampling method from June to August 2022 in the Patient Family Association of Japan.Responses were content analyzed to explore the relationship between the content of decisions regarding“treatment policies”and“daily care”and the cues influencing those decisions.Semi-structured interviews were analyzed by using thematic analysis.Results The contents of proxy decisions regarding“treatment policies”included implementation,interruption,and termination of initial treatments,free medical treatments,use of respirators,and end-of-life sedation and included six cues:treatment policies suggested by the primary physician,information and knowledge about the disease and treatment obtained by the family from limited resources,perceived life threat from symptom worsening,words and reactions from the patient regarding treatment,patient’s personality and way of life inferred from their treatment preferences,family’s thoughts and values hoping for better treatment for the patient.Decisions for“daily care”included meal content and methods,excretion,mobility,maintaining cleanliness,rehabilitation,continuation or resignation from work,treatment settings(outpatient or inpatient),and ways to spend time outside and included seven cues:words and thoughts from the patient about their way of life,patient’s reactions and life history inferred from their preferred way of living,things the patient can do to maintain daily life and roles,awareness of the increasing inability to do things in daily life,family’s underlying thoughts and values about how to spend the remaining time,approval from family members regarding the care setting,advice from medical professionals on living at home.Conclusions For“treatment policies,”guidelines from medical professionals were a key cue,while for“daily care,”the small signs from the patients in their daily lives served as cues for proxy decision-making.This may be due to the lack of information available to families and the limited time available for discussion with the patient.Families of patients with malignant brain tumors repeatedly use multiple cues to make proxy decision-making under high uncertainty.Therefore,nurses supporting proxy decision-making should assess the family’s situation and provide cues that facilitate informed and confident decisions.
基金supported by Concordia University and funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada(Discovery Grant to G.E.B.,and an E.W.R.SteacieMemorial Fellowship to M.C.O.F.).
文摘Many prey species rely on publicly available personal and social information regarding local predation threats to assess risks and make contextappropriate behavioral decisions.However,in sexually dimorphic species,males and females are expected to differ in the perceived costs and/orbenefts associated with predator avoidance decisions.Recent studies suggest that male Trinidadian guppies(Poecilia reticulata)show reducedor absent responses to acute personal information cues,placing them at greater risk of predation relative to females.Our goal here was totest the hypothesis that adult(reproductively active)male guppies rely on social information to limit potential costs associated with their lack ofresponse to risky personal cues.Adult male guppies were exposed to personal chemosensory cues(either conspecifc alarm cues(AC),a novelodor,or a water control)in the presence of a shoal of three females inside a holding container that allowed the transmission of visual but notchemical cues.At the same time,we exposed females to either risk from AC or no risk,resulting in the display of a range of female behavior,from calm to alarmed,available as social information for males.Alarmed females caused male fright activity to increase and male interest infemales to decrease,regardless of the personal cue treatment.These results indicate that male guppies rely more on female information regarding predation risk than their own personal information,probably to balance trade-offs between reproduction and predator avoidance.
文摘BACKGROUND Pain in the back or pelvis or fear of back pain may affect the timing or cocontraction of the core muscles.In both static and dynamic movements,the Sahrmann core stability test provides an assessment of core muscle activation and a person's ability to stabilize the lumbopelvic complex.Preparatory cues and images can be used to increase the activation of these muscles.To attain optimal movement patterns,it will be necessary to determine what cueing will give the most effective results for core stability.AIM To investigate the effects of external and internal cues on core muscle activation during the Sahrmann five-level core stability test.METHODS Total 68 participants(21.83±3.47 years)were randomly allocated to an external(n=35)or internal cue group(n=33).Participants performed the Sahrmann fivelevel core stability test without a cue as baseline and the five-level stability exercises with an internal or external cue.External cue group received a pressure biofeedback unit(PBU),and the internal cue group received an audio cue.A Delsys Trigno^(TM)surface electromyography unit was used for muscle activation from the rectus abdominis,external oblique,and transverse abdominis/internal oblique muscles.RESULTS Linear mixed effects model analysis showed that cueing had a significant effect on core muscle activation(P=0.001);however,there was no significant difference between cue types(internal or external)(P=0.130).CONCLUSION Both external and internal cueing have significant effects on core muscle activation during the Sahrmann five-level core stability test and the PBU does not create higher muscle activation than internal cueing.
基金jointly funded by Accelerating Higher Education Expansion and Development Project(AHEAD)launched by the Sri Lankan Government under the funds of the World BankMassey University,New Zealand.
文摘Selection of a suitable habitat by animals before settlement is critical for their survival and reproduction.In silk-spinning arthropods like spider mites,denser webs offer protection from predation and serve as a dispersal mode.Settling in habitats with the presence of conspecifics and silk webs can benefit the habitat-searching females.Silk and conspecifics usually coexist,but their distinct effects on female colonization have received little attention.In this study,we used a haplodiploid spider mite,Tetranychus ludeni Zacher(Acari:Tetranychidae),to examine the impact of conspecific cues,including cues from ovipositing conspecifics and silk,on habitat selection and subsequent reproductive performance of females.Results show that females significantly preferred habitats with cues from neighboring conspecifics and silk and neighboring conspecifics induced additive effect to that of silk on habitat selection.Conspecific cues did not boost female reproduction but facilitated females laying larger eggs that were more likely to be fertilized and to develop into daughters.When given a choice between silk-covered and clean habitats,females preferred silk-covered habitats,laid a similar number of eggs with similar size,but produced more daughters,suggesting that T.ludeni females can adjust the size threshold for fertilization in response to the current social environment.Knowledge of this study improves our understanding of spider mite habitat selection and post-settlement reproductive performance behaviors.
文摘Mechanisms of predator detection and the influence of the presence of nonlethal predators on antipredator defense behavior and metamorphic traits were studied in the Indian tree frog, Polypedates maculatus. Exposure of P. maculatus tadpoles to chemical cues of caged predator（crabs, Barytelphusa spp.） fed with either conspecific or heterogeneric tadpoles, or were starved elicited defense behavior（by avoiding predator zone） in them. Such a behavior was not evident when exposed to predators housed in a glass beaker（visual cues）. Both early（Gosner stage 27–28） and later（Gosner stage 35–36） stage tadpoles when exposed to caged predators（fed with conspecific tadpoles）, prey tadpoles spent less time swimming and remained motionless for longer periods. Yet, the time spent by prey in feeding was unaffected. Further, the predator avoidance behavior exhibited by them was of the same intensity regardless of whether the caged predators were fed or starved implying the influence of predator＇s kairomones. Tadpoles reared with caged predator reached the metamorphic climax stage（MC stage; Gosner stage 42） earlier than those reared without a predator. Size at emergence（Gosner stage 46） was comparable in both the groups. The findings suggest that P. maculatus tadpoles assess predation risk chiefly by sensing kairomones of the predator in eliciting antipredator defense behaviors. Accelerated development and early metamorphosis without any compromise of the size at emergence may be due to their unaltered feeding activity.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation IOB-0641750
文摘The use of multisensory cues to locate mates can increase an organism＇s success by acting as a back-up plan when one system fails, by providing additional information to the receiver, and by increasing their ability to detect mates using senses that have different ranges in a variable aquatic environment. In this contribution we review the sensory cues that male horseshoe crabs Lirnulus polyphemus are known to use when locating mates and then provide new data that shed light on this subject. Dur- ing the breeding season, females migrate into shore during high tides to spawn. Males attach to females as they approach the beach or are attracted to pairs already spawning. Vision is well established as an important cue in attracting males. Although chemoreception is well known in other marine arthropods, and horseshoe crabs have the anatomy available, there are few studies on chemical cues in this species. Experiments are presented here that provide evidence for chemical cue use. We show that the attraction, and retention, of attached and satellite males to actively spawning females and mating pairs involves multimodal cues
基金supported by the Maryland Stem Cell Research Fund(2013-MSCRFE-146-00)(to XJ)in part by the National Institute of Health(R01HL118084)(to XJ)
文摘Nerve guidance channels for peripheral nerve injury： Over the past decade, nerve guidance channels （NGCs） have emerged as a promising technology for regenerating gap injuries in peripheral nerves. Nerve gap injuries resulting from neurodegeneration and trauma, such as car accidents and battlefield wounds, affect hun- dreds of thousands of people annually. Motivated by suboptimal results obtained with the current gold standard of autologous grafting （i.e., autografts）, various commercially available NGCs composed of synthetic and biomaterials are now alternatively available （Jia et al., 2014; Jones et al., 2016）.
基金supported by the EU-Japan coordinated R&D project on“Culture Aware Robots and Environmental Sensor Systems for Elderly Support,”commissioned by the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications of Japan and EC Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme(737858)financial supports from the Air Force Office of Scientific Research(AFOSR-AOARD/FA2386-19-1-4015)。
文摘With the increasing presence of robots in our daily life,there is a strong need and demand for the strategies to acquire a high quality interaction between robots and users by enabling robots to understand users’mood,intention,and other aspects.During human-human interaction,personality traits have an important influence on human behavior,decision,mood,and many others.Therefore,we propose an efficient computational framework to endow the robot with the capability of understanding the user’s personality traits based on the user’s nonverbal communication cues represented by three visual features including the head motion,gaze,and body motion energy,and three vocal features including voice pitch,voice energy,and mel-frequency cepstral coefficient(MFCC).We used the Pepper robot in this study as a communication robot to interact with each participant by asking questions,and meanwhile,the robot extracts the nonverbal features from each participant’s habitual behavior using its on-board sensors.On the other hand,each participant’s personality traits are evaluated with a questionnaire.We then train the ridge regression and linear support vector machine(SVM)classifiers using the nonverbal features and personality trait labels from a questionnaire and evaluate the performance of the classifiers.We have verified the validity of the proposed models that showed promising binary classification performance on recognizing each of the Big Five personality traits of the participants based on individual differences in nonverbal communication cues.
基金supported by a grant from the National Park Service (PS180060016)supported by a Graduate Teaching Fellowship (GK-12) from the National Science Foundation (Florida Tech INSTEP Program) under grant Nos.DGE 0440529 and 0638702
文摘Adult horseshoe crabs Limulus polyphemus have long served as models for the study of vision in marine arthropods. Yet, little is known about the ability of early life history stages to detect and respond to visual cues. We examined the visually directed movements of larvae and first stage juveniles to horizons containing dark visual targets of different sizes. The study tested the hypotheses that （1） larval and juvenile crabs can detect and respond to visual targets and （2） the direction of orientation varies with the presence of chemical cues associated with settlement habitats. Orientation of larval and juvenile crabs to rectangles subtending angles from 30--330~ was tested in a circular arena containing water that either lacked estuarine chemical cues （offshore water） or contained odors from aquatic vegetation or known predators. In the absence of chemical odors, larvae oriented toward and juveniles moved away from dark horizons subtending angles 〉 60~. When placed in water containing chemical odors from potential nursery habitats, including the seagrasses Halodule wrightii and Syringodium filiforme, crabs reversed their direction of orientation relative to their responses in offshore water. Odors from two known predators, the mummichug Fundulus grandis and blue crab Callinectes sapidus, had no affect on the orientation of larvae. Yet, juveniles responded to both odors by moving toward the visual target. Results support the hypothesis that the visual orientation of larval and juvenile horseshoe crabs changes upon exposure to habitat and predator cues and that the direction of the response undergoes an ontogenetic shift following metamorphosis
文摘The objective of this pilot study was to compare two different methods of educating prenatal women regarding breast-feeding. Comparisons were made between traditional and innovative methods to determine which was more effective in increasing breastfeeding duration. Over a 32 month period, 197 prenatal women were assigned to either a control (C, n = 139) or an experimental (E, n = 51) group. The C group received standard breastfeeding education, while the E group received standard education in addition to information about infant hunger cues. Cox Regression and Kap-lan- Meier analysis were performed. Estimated mean number of weeks for C and E groups to continue breastfeeding was 14.3 + 17.4 weeks and 18.5 + 17.1 weeks, respectively. At 26 weeks, duration of breastfeeding approached significance (chi square = 2.907, df = 1, p = 0.088), indicating probability of continuing to breastfeed was about 28% better for those in E group when compared to C group. Duration of breastfeeding may increase when prenatal women are taught to identify infant behavior such as hunger cues.
文摘In nature hummingbirds face floral resources whose availability, quality and quantity can vary spatially and temporally. Thus, they must constantly make foraging decisions about which patches, plants and flowers to visit, partly as a function of the nectar reward. The uncertainty of these decisions would possibly be reduced if an individual could remember locations or use visual cues to avoid revisiting recently depleted flowers. In the present study, we carried out field experiments with white-eared hummingbirds Hylocharis leucotis, to evaluate their use of locations or visual cues when foraging on natural flowers Penstemon roseus. We evaluated the use of spatial memory by observing birds while they were foraging between two plants and within a single plant. Our results showed that hummingbirds prefer to use location when foraging in two plants, but they also use visual cues to efficiently locate unvisited rewarded flowers when they feed on a single plant. However, in absence of visual cues, in both experiments birds mainly used the location of previously visited flowers to make subsequent visits. Our data suggest that hummingbirds are capable of learning and employing this flexibility depending on the faced environmental conditions and the information acquired in previous visits [Current Zoology 57 （4）： 468-476, 2011].
基金Concordia University and the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada to G.E.B.
文摘Predation is a pervasive selection pressure,shaping morphological,physiological,and behavioral phenotypes of prey species.Recent studies have begun to examine how the effects of individual experience with predation risk shapes the use of publicly available risk assessment cues.Here,we investigated the effects of prior predation risk experience on disturbance cue production and use by Trinidadian guppies Poecilia reticulata under laboratory conditions.In our first experiment,we demonstrate that the response of guppies from a high predation population(Lopinot River)was dependent upon the source of disturbance cue senders(high vs.low predation populations).However,guppies collected from a low predation site(Upper Aripo River)exhibited similar responses to disturbance cues,regardless of the sender population.In our second experiment,we used laboratory strain guppies exposed to high versus low background risk conditions.Our results show an analogous response patterns as shown for our first experiment.Guppies exposed to high background risk conditions exhibited stronger responses to the disturbance cues collected from senders exposed to high(vs.low)risk conditions and guppies exposed to low risk conditions were not influenced by sender experience.Combined,our results suggest that experience with background predation risk significantly impacts both the production of and response to disturbance cues in guppies.
基金supported in part by a grant from the National Institute of Health ( HL121450)UCLA Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research Innovation Award
文摘Cell reprograming technologies have broad applications in cell therapy,disease modeling and drug screening.Direct reprogramming is the process of converting from one cell type into a very distantly related cell type.In this direct conversion process,cells do not proceed through a pluripotent stage,which can be time-consuming and challenging due to spontaneous differentiation.This method also offers the advantage of circumventing the teratoma potential that is associated with using iPSCs.Previous works have demonstrated that with the use of genetic manipulation,fibroblasts can be directly converted into other cell types,including neurons,cardiomyocytes,blood cell progenitors,and hepatocytes.It is well known that the microenvironment can directs cell fate,and in turn cells interact with or remodel their niches.Accumulative evidence suggests that biophysical factors such as the microtopography and mechanical property of cell adhesive substrates regulate a variety of cellular functions such as migration,proliferation and differentiation,which in turn can modulate wound healing,tissue remodeling and tumor growth,but there are limited number of studies on the roles of biophysical cues in cell reprogramming[1].Passive topographical cues offer a simple and effective method to improve reprogramming efficiency without the need for biochemical manipulations.Our previous study has demonstrated that somatic cells cultured on the parallel microgrooves,which can replace the effects of small-molecule epigenetic modifiers and significantly improve the iPSCs reprogramming efficiency.The mechanism relies on the mechanomodulation of the cells’epigenetic state,specifically,an increase of histone H3 acetylation and H3K4 methylation[2].Additionally,in cardiomyocytes reprogramming study,culturing the fibroblasts on microgrooved substrate enhances the expression of cardiomyocyte genes by day 2 and improves the yield of partially reprogrammed cells at day 10.By combining microgrooved substrate with an optimized culture protocol,the conversion from fibroblasts to cardiomyocytes is increased through genetic changes and structural organization of sarcomeres[3].Besides biomaterial topography,recent studies have demonstrated the effects of matrix stiffness on cell reprogramming.For example,a decrease of substrate stiffness can improve the iPSCs reprogramming efficiency,while an intermediate stiffness can significantly enhance the efficiency of neuronal reprogramming [4].Further analysis suggests that intracellular biomechanical changes play an important role in reprogramming process.Cells interact with the biophysical factors in the microenvironment through an'inside-out'and'outside-in'feedback loop,which is mediated by focal adhesions and cytoskeleton [5].Therefore,we investigated the role of the intracellular mechanical structure in cell reprogramming.We showed,for the first time,that the mechanical property of cells was modulated during the early phase of reprogramming as determined by atomic force microscopy(AFM)and high-throughput quantitative deformability cytometry(q-DC).We observed that cell stiffness increased by day 1 during reprogramming process,which was followed by a pronounced decrease within a few days.Examination of actin cytoskeleton showed that actin assembled into a network with a cage-like structure around the nucleus by day 1,but this structure along with the majority of the cytoskeleton gradually disappeared,coinciding with the changes in intracellular mechanical property.Furthermore,inhibition of actin contractility by using small molecules significantly altered the reprogramming efficiency.These findings provide new insights into the mechanisms of how biophysical cues modulate cell fate.In any given physiological microenvironment,cells may experience various of biophysical inputs,which,as we show,may affect cell phenotype changes.
基金supported by the National Key Basic Research Program of China(No.2016YFA0400902)
文摘Several methods have been developed to design and analyze moire magnifier, but these methods are all lack of quantitative consideration on the depth of moire imaging. In this paper, a new design method for moire magnifier based on depth cues from disparity is proposed. By using of the proposed method, the period magnification, the rotation angle of moire pattern can also be calculated, and the moire depth can be analyzed, too. According to the design and analysis results using MATLAB, the period of arrays and the cross angle are the important influence factors as the moire pattern above or below the microlens array. Moreover, with our 3 D design method, we can design different moire magnifier with different size, direction angle and depth of moire pattern as required.
文摘In nature, animals are exposed to a broad range of threats imposed by predators, which may strongly influence the ecology of prey species directly or indirectly by affecting their behavior via fear of predation. Here, we studied wood mice Apodemus sylvaticus behavioral and physiological responses to simulated predation risk. Risk avoidance was analyzed by live trapping with control traps and traps treated with feces of common genet Genetta genetta （direct cue of risk） under new moon nights and following by simulated full moon conditions （indirect cue）. The time devoted to foraging behavior and capture time were analyzed by video recording mice activity around traps. Food intake was calculated based on the amount of bait remaining in each trap. Fecal cortico- sterone metabolites （FCMs） were measured by enzyme-immunoassay as indicators of physio- logical stress responses. Fewer wood mice were captured during full moon, yet only non-breeding adult males clearly avoided common genet odor. Mice were captured sooner at night during the simulated full moon conditions and later in predator-treated traps. Foraging activity was lower when individuals faced predator＇s feces, but neither food intake nor FCM levels were affected by predation risk cues. Direct and indirect cues of predation risk selectively affected wood mice behavior, although behavioral responses seem to be modulated by different costs-benefit balances related to the individual＇s perception of risk. The lack of physiological responses to predation risk cues suggests that wood mice did not perceive them as reliable stressors or the response was too small or transient to be measured by FCM.
文摘Abstract Many rodents exhibit inducible defenses when exposed to chemical cues from mammalian predators. These responses may include delays in sexual maturation, smaller adult body size and decreases in litter size and pup weight. We exposed the hybrid juvenile offspring of field-caught and lab-descended house mice Mus musculus to the chemical cues of mouse-fed or chick-fed kingsnakes, Lampropeltis getula, for 20 days after weaning, to examine the effects of ophidian predator cues on prey development. We hypothesized that these cues would elicit inducible defenses such as alteration of growth rates, and/or the timing of reproductive development in mice. Once mature, the reproductive effort of the mice might also be impacted by producing smaller litter sizes or lighter pups or not reproducing at all. We found no effect of kingsnake cues on any of the measures. These findings support the hypothesis that inducible defenses may have evolved as a strategy to deal with specific predators.
基金This study is supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of PPSUC under Grant 2022JKF02009.
文摘Face forgery detection is drawing ever-increasing attention in the academic community owing to security concerns.Despite the considerable progress in existing methods,we note that:Previous works overlooked finegrain forgery cues with high transferability.Such cues positively impact the model’s accuracy and generalizability.Moreover,single-modality often causes overfitting of the model,and Red-Green-Blue(RGB)modal-only is not conducive to extracting the more detailed forgery traces.We propose a novel framework for fine-grain forgery cues mining with fusion modality to cope with these issues.First,we propose two functional modules to reveal and locate the deeper forged features.Our method locates deeper forgery cues through a dual-modality progressive fusion module and a noise adaptive enhancement module,which can excavate the association between dualmodal space and channels and enhance the learning of subtle noise features.A sensitive patch branch is introduced on this foundation to enhance the mining of subtle forgery traces under fusion modality.The experimental results demonstrate that our proposed framework can desirably explore the differences between authentic and forged images with supervised learning.Comprehensive evaluations of several mainstream datasets show that our method outperforms the state-of-the-art detection methods with remarkable detection ability and generalizability.
文摘The current study investigated whether domestic dogs encode local and/or global cues in spatial working memory. Seven dogs were trained to use a source of allocentric information (local and/or global cues) to locate an attractive object they saw move and disappear behind one of the three opaque boxes arrayed in front of them. To do so, after the disappearance of the target object and out of the dogs’ knowledge, all sources of allocentric information were simultaneously shifted to a new spatial position and the dogs were forced to follow a U-shaped pathway leading to the hiding box. Out of the seven dogs that were trained in the detour problem, only three dogs learned to use the cues that were moved from trial to trial. On tests, local (boxes and experimenter) and/or global cues (walls of the room) were systematically and drastically shifted to a new position in the testing chamber. Although they easily succeeded the control trials, the three dogs failed to use a specific source of allocentric information when local and global cues were put in conflict. In discussion, we explore several hypotheses to explain why dogs have difficulties to use allocentric cues to locate a hidden object in a detour problem and why they do not differentiate the local and global cues in this particular experimental setting.
