The Fourth Industrial Revolution has endowed the concept of state sovereignty with new era-specific connotations,leading to the emergence of the theory of data sovereignty.While countries refine their domestic legisla...The Fourth Industrial Revolution has endowed the concept of state sovereignty with new era-specific connotations,leading to the emergence of the theory of data sovereignty.While countries refine their domestic legislation to establish their data sovereignty,they are also actively engaging in the negotiation of cross-border data flow rules within international trade agreements to construct data sovereignty.During these negotiations,countries express differing regulatory claims,with some focusing on safeguarding sovereignty and protecting human rights,some prioritizing economic promotion and security assurance,and others targeting traditional and innovative digital trade barriers.These varied approaches reflect the tension between three pairs of values:collectivism and individualism,freedom and security,and tradition and innovation.Based on their distinct value pursuits,three representative models of data sovereignty construction have emerged globally.At the current juncture,when international rules for digital trade are still in their nascent stages,China should timely establish its data sovereignty rules,actively participate in global data sovereignty competition,and balance its sovereignty interests with other interests.Specifically,China should explore the scope of system-acceptable digital trade barriers through free trade zones;integrate domestic and international legal frameworks to ensure the alignment of China’s data governance legislation with its obligations under international trade agreements;and use the development of the“Digital Silk Road”as a starting point to prioritize the formation of digital trade rules with countries participating in the Belt and Road Initiative,promoting the Chinese solutions internationally.展开更多
Digital forensics is the science of identifying, extracting, analyzing and presenting the digital evidence that has been stored in the digital devices. Various digital tools and techniques are being used to achieve th...Digital forensics is the science of identifying, extracting, analyzing and presenting the digital evidence that has been stored in the digital devices. Various digital tools and techniques are being used to achieve this. Our paper explains forensic analysis steps in the storage media, hidden data analysis in the file system, network forensic methods and cyber crime data mining. This paper proposes a new tool which is the combination of digital forensic investigation and crime data mining. The proposed system is designed for finding motive, pattern of cyber attacks and counts of attacks types happened during a period. Hence the proposed tool enables the system administrators to minimize the system vulnerability.展开更多
Cross-border data transmission in the biomedical area is on the rise,which brings potential risks and management challenges to data security,biosafety,and national security.Focusing on cross-border data security asses...Cross-border data transmission in the biomedical area is on the rise,which brings potential risks and management challenges to data security,biosafety,and national security.Focusing on cross-border data security assessment and risk management,many countries have successively issued relevant laws,regulations,and assessment guidelines.This study aims to provide an index system model and management application reference for the risk assessment of the cross-border data movement.From the perspective of a single organization,the relevant risk assessment standards of several countries are integrated to guide the identification and determination of risk factors.Then,the risk assessment index system of cross-border data flow is constructed.A case study of risk assessment in 358 biomedical organizations is carried out,and the suggestions for data management are offered.This study is condusive to improving security monitoring and the early warning of the cross-border data flow,thereby realizing the safe and orderly global flow of biomedical data.展开更多
The digital development rights in developing countries are based on establishing a new international economic order and ensuring equal participation in the digital globalization process to achieve people's well-ro...The digital development rights in developing countries are based on establishing a new international economic order and ensuring equal participation in the digital globalization process to achieve people's well-rounded development in the digital society.The relationship between cross-border data flows and the realization of digital development rights in developing countries is quite complex.Currently,developing countries seek to safeguard their existing digital interests through unilateral regulation to protect data sovereignty and multilateral regulation for cross-border data cooperation.However,developing countries still have to face internal conflicts between national digital development rights and individual and corporate digital development rights during the process of realizing digital development rights.They also encounter external contradictions such as developed countries interfering with developing countries'data sovereignty,developed countries squeezing the policy space of developing countries through dominant rules,and developing countries having conflicts between domestic and international rules.This article argues that balancing openness and security on digital trade platforms is the optimal solution for developing countries to realize their digital development rights.The establishment of WTO digital trade rules should inherently reflect the fundamental demands of developing countries in cross-border data flows.At the same time,given China's dual role as a digital powerhouse and a developing country,it should actively promote the realization of digital development rights in developing countries.展开更多
Under the background of national development strategy in the new era,cross-border e-commerce with the help of Internet platfbnn can realize the interconnection between producers and consumers,and gradually expand the ...Under the background of national development strategy in the new era,cross-border e-commerce with the help of Internet platfbnn can realize the interconnection between producers and consumers,and gradually expand the influence of international trade.Based on big data technology,this paper builds an industry chain with cross-border e-commerce members'participation,and analyzes the specific application of big data in the product support,internal operation,external marketing,logistics service and service evaluation of cross-border e-commerce industry chain.The purpose is to effectively promote the healthy development of cross-border e-commerce and improve China's trade and economic level.展开更多
According to the requirement of computer forensic and network forensic, a novel forensic computing model is presented, which exploits XML/OEM/RM data model, Data fusion technology, forensic knowledgebase, inference me...According to the requirement of computer forensic and network forensic, a novel forensic computing model is presented, which exploits XML/OEM/RM data model, Data fusion technology, forensic knowledgebase, inference mechanism of expert system and evidence mining engine. This model takes advantage of flexility and openness, so it can be widely used in mining evidence.展开更多
The power system frequency fluctuations could be captured by digital recordings and extracted to compare with a reference database for forensic timestamp verification.It is known as the Electric Network Frequency(ENF)...The power system frequency fluctuations could be captured by digital recordings and extracted to compare with a reference database for forensic timestamp verification.It is known as the Electric Network Frequency(ENF)criterion,enabled by the properties of random fluctuations and intra-grid consistency.In essence,this is a task of matching a short random sequence within a long reference,whose accuracy is mainly concerned with whether this match could be uniquely correct.In this paper,we comprehensively analyze the factors affecting the reliability of ENF matching,including the length of test recording,length of reference,temporal resolution,and Signal-to-Noise Ratio(SNR).For synthetic analysis,we incorporate the first-order AutoRegressive(AR)ENF model and propose an efficient Time-Frequency Domain noisy ENF synthesis method.Then,the reliability analysis schemes for both synthetic and real-world data are respectively proposed.Through a comprehensive study,we quantitatively reveal that while the SNR is an important external factor to determine whether timestamp verification is viable,the length of test recording is the most important inherent factor,followed by the length of reference.However,the temporal resolution has little impact on performance.Finally,a practical workflow of the ENF-based audio timestamp verification system is proposed,incorporating the discovered results.展开更多
In this paper, we study the problem of employ ensemble learning for computer forensic. We propose a Lazy Local Learning based bagging （L3B） approach, where base learners are trained from a small instance subset surr...In this paper, we study the problem of employ ensemble learning for computer forensic. We propose a Lazy Local Learning based bagging （L3B） approach, where base learners are trained from a small instance subset surrounding each test instance. More specifically, given a test instance x, L3B first discovers x＇s k nearest neighbours, and then applies progressive sampling to the selected neighbours to train a set of base classifiers, by using a given very weak （VW） learner. At the last stage, x is labeled as the most frequently voted class of all base classifiers. Finally, we apply the proposed L3B to computer forensic.展开更多
Over the last decades, email has been the major carrier for transporting spam and malicious contents over the network. Email is also the primary source of numerous criminal activities on the Internet. Computer Forensi...Over the last decades, email has been the major carrier for transporting spam and malicious contents over the network. Email is also the primary source of numerous criminal activities on the Internet. Computer Forensics is a systematic process to retain and analyze saved emails for the purpose of legal proceedings and other civil matters. Email analysis is challenging due to not only various fields that can be forged by hackers or malicious users, but also the flexibility of composing, editing, deleting of emails using offline (e.g., MS Outlook) or online (e.g., Web mail) email applications. Towards this direction, a number of open source forensics tools have been widely used by the practitioners. However, these tools have been developed in an isolated manner rather than a collaborative approach. Given that email forensic tool users need to understand to what extent a tool would be useful for his/her circumstances and conducting forensic analysis accordingly. In this paper, we examine a set of common features to compare and contrast five popular open source email forensic tools. The study finds that all email forensic tools are not similar, offer diverse types of facility. By combining analysis tools, it may be possible to gain detailed information in the area of email forensic.展开更多
Advances in technology require upgrades in the law. One such area involves data brokers, which have thus far gone unregulated. Data brokers use artificial intelligence to aggregate information into data profiles about...Advances in technology require upgrades in the law. One such area involves data brokers, which have thus far gone unregulated. Data brokers use artificial intelligence to aggregate information into data profiles about individual Americans derived from consumer use of the internet and connected devices. Data profiles are then sold for profit. Government investigators use a legal loophole to purchase this data instead of obtaining a search warrant, which the Fourth Amendment would otherwise require. Consumers have lacked a reasonable means to fight or correct the information data brokers collect. Americans may not even be aware of the risks of data aggregation, which upends the test of reasonable expectations used in a search warrant analysis. Data aggregation should be controlled and regulated, which is the direction some privacy laws take. Legislatures must step forward to safeguard against shadowy data-profiling practices, whether abroad or at home. In the meantime, courts can modify their search warrant analysis by including data privacy principles.展开更多
基金This paper is a phased result of the“Research on the Issue of China’s Data Export System”(24SFB3035)a research project of the Ministry of Justice of China on the construction of the rule of law and the study of legal theories at the ministerial level in 2024.
文摘The Fourth Industrial Revolution has endowed the concept of state sovereignty with new era-specific connotations,leading to the emergence of the theory of data sovereignty.While countries refine their domestic legislation to establish their data sovereignty,they are also actively engaging in the negotiation of cross-border data flow rules within international trade agreements to construct data sovereignty.During these negotiations,countries express differing regulatory claims,with some focusing on safeguarding sovereignty and protecting human rights,some prioritizing economic promotion and security assurance,and others targeting traditional and innovative digital trade barriers.These varied approaches reflect the tension between three pairs of values:collectivism and individualism,freedom and security,and tradition and innovation.Based on their distinct value pursuits,three representative models of data sovereignty construction have emerged globally.At the current juncture,when international rules for digital trade are still in their nascent stages,China should timely establish its data sovereignty rules,actively participate in global data sovereignty competition,and balance its sovereignty interests with other interests.Specifically,China should explore the scope of system-acceptable digital trade barriers through free trade zones;integrate domestic and international legal frameworks to ensure the alignment of China’s data governance legislation with its obligations under international trade agreements;and use the development of the“Digital Silk Road”as a starting point to prioritize the formation of digital trade rules with countries participating in the Belt and Road Initiative,promoting the Chinese solutions internationally.
文摘Digital forensics is the science of identifying, extracting, analyzing and presenting the digital evidence that has been stored in the digital devices. Various digital tools and techniques are being used to achieve this. Our paper explains forensic analysis steps in the storage media, hidden data analysis in the file system, network forensic methods and cyber crime data mining. This paper proposes a new tool which is the combination of digital forensic investigation and crime data mining. The proposed system is designed for finding motive, pattern of cyber attacks and counts of attacks types happened during a period. Hence the proposed tool enables the system administrators to minimize the system vulnerability.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.:71901169)the Shaanxi Province Innovative Talents Promotion Plan-Youth Science and Technology Nova Project(Grant No.:2022KJXX-50).
文摘Cross-border data transmission in the biomedical area is on the rise,which brings potential risks and management challenges to data security,biosafety,and national security.Focusing on cross-border data security assessment and risk management,many countries have successively issued relevant laws,regulations,and assessment guidelines.This study aims to provide an index system model and management application reference for the risk assessment of the cross-border data movement.From the perspective of a single organization,the relevant risk assessment standards of several countries are integrated to guide the identification and determination of risk factors.Then,the risk assessment index system of cross-border data flow is constructed.A case study of risk assessment in 358 biomedical organizations is carried out,and the suggestions for data management are offered.This study is condusive to improving security monitoring and the early warning of the cross-border data flow,thereby realizing the safe and orderly global flow of biomedical data.
基金a preliminary result of the Chinese Government Scholarship High-level Graduate Program sponsored by China Scholarship Council(Program No.CSC202206310052)。
文摘The digital development rights in developing countries are based on establishing a new international economic order and ensuring equal participation in the digital globalization process to achieve people's well-rounded development in the digital society.The relationship between cross-border data flows and the realization of digital development rights in developing countries is quite complex.Currently,developing countries seek to safeguard their existing digital interests through unilateral regulation to protect data sovereignty and multilateral regulation for cross-border data cooperation.However,developing countries still have to face internal conflicts between national digital development rights and individual and corporate digital development rights during the process of realizing digital development rights.They also encounter external contradictions such as developed countries interfering with developing countries'data sovereignty,developed countries squeezing the policy space of developing countries through dominant rules,and developing countries having conflicts between domestic and international rules.This article argues that balancing openness and security on digital trade platforms is the optimal solution for developing countries to realize their digital development rights.The establishment of WTO digital trade rules should inherently reflect the fundamental demands of developing countries in cross-border data flows.At the same time,given China's dual role as a digital powerhouse and a developing country,it should actively promote the realization of digital development rights in developing countries.
文摘Under the background of national development strategy in the new era,cross-border e-commerce with the help of Internet platfbnn can realize the interconnection between producers and consumers,and gradually expand the influence of international trade.Based on big data technology,this paper builds an industry chain with cross-border e-commerce members'participation,and analyzes the specific application of big data in the product support,internal operation,external marketing,logistics service and service evaluation of cross-border e-commerce industry chain.The purpose is to effectively promote the healthy development of cross-border e-commerce and improve China's trade and economic level.
基金Supported by the Scientific and TechnologicalBureau of the Ministry of Public Security of P.R.China ,the Projectof the Network Supervising Bureau(2005yycxhbst117) the Project ofthe 15th Overall Plan of Education Department of Hubei Province(2004d349) the Project of the 15th Overall Plan of Social ScienceFund of Hubei Province([2005]073)
文摘According to the requirement of computer forensic and network forensic, a novel forensic computing model is presented, which exploits XML/OEM/RM data model, Data fusion technology, forensic knowledgebase, inference mechanism of expert system and evidence mining engine. This model takes advantage of flexility and openness, so it can be widely used in mining evidence.
基金funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.62272347,62072343,and 61802284)National Key Research Development Program of China(No.2019QY(Y)0206).
文摘The power system frequency fluctuations could be captured by digital recordings and extracted to compare with a reference database for forensic timestamp verification.It is known as the Electric Network Frequency(ENF)criterion,enabled by the properties of random fluctuations and intra-grid consistency.In essence,this is a task of matching a short random sequence within a long reference,whose accuracy is mainly concerned with whether this match could be uniquely correct.In this paper,we comprehensively analyze the factors affecting the reliability of ENF matching,including the length of test recording,length of reference,temporal resolution,and Signal-to-Noise Ratio(SNR).For synthetic analysis,we incorporate the first-order AutoRegressive(AR)ENF model and propose an efficient Time-Frequency Domain noisy ENF synthesis method.Then,the reliability analysis schemes for both synthetic and real-world data are respectively proposed.Through a comprehensive study,we quantitatively reveal that while the SNR is an important external factor to determine whether timestamp verification is viable,the length of test recording is the most important inherent factor,followed by the length of reference.However,the temporal resolution has little impact on performance.Finally,a practical workflow of the ENF-based audio timestamp verification system is proposed,incorporating the discovered results.
基金the National High Technology Research and Development Program(863) of China(No.2007AA01Z456)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.60703030)
文摘In this paper, we study the problem of employ ensemble learning for computer forensic. We propose a Lazy Local Learning based bagging （L3B） approach, where base learners are trained from a small instance subset surrounding each test instance. More specifically, given a test instance x, L3B first discovers x＇s k nearest neighbours, and then applies progressive sampling to the selected neighbours to train a set of base classifiers, by using a given very weak （VW） learner. At the last stage, x is labeled as the most frequently voted class of all base classifiers. Finally, we apply the proposed L3B to computer forensic.
文摘Over the last decades, email has been the major carrier for transporting spam and malicious contents over the network. Email is also the primary source of numerous criminal activities on the Internet. Computer Forensics is a systematic process to retain and analyze saved emails for the purpose of legal proceedings and other civil matters. Email analysis is challenging due to not only various fields that can be forged by hackers or malicious users, but also the flexibility of composing, editing, deleting of emails using offline (e.g., MS Outlook) or online (e.g., Web mail) email applications. Towards this direction, a number of open source forensics tools have been widely used by the practitioners. However, these tools have been developed in an isolated manner rather than a collaborative approach. Given that email forensic tool users need to understand to what extent a tool would be useful for his/her circumstances and conducting forensic analysis accordingly. In this paper, we examine a set of common features to compare and contrast five popular open source email forensic tools. The study finds that all email forensic tools are not similar, offer diverse types of facility. By combining analysis tools, it may be possible to gain detailed information in the area of email forensic.
文摘Advances in technology require upgrades in the law. One such area involves data brokers, which have thus far gone unregulated. Data brokers use artificial intelligence to aggregate information into data profiles about individual Americans derived from consumer use of the internet and connected devices. Data profiles are then sold for profit. Government investigators use a legal loophole to purchase this data instead of obtaining a search warrant, which the Fourth Amendment would otherwise require. Consumers have lacked a reasonable means to fight or correct the information data brokers collect. Americans may not even be aware of the risks of data aggregation, which upends the test of reasonable expectations used in a search warrant analysis. Data aggregation should be controlled and regulated, which is the direction some privacy laws take. Legislatures must step forward to safeguard against shadowy data-profiling practices, whether abroad or at home. In the meantime, courts can modify their search warrant analysis by including data privacy principles.
