Objective： The aim of the present study was to investigate Chinese nurses＇ perception of risk factors for phlebitis. Methods： A convenience sample of hospital nurses was recruited in Beijing, China. Data were colle...Objective： The aim of the present study was to investigate Chinese nurses＇ perception of risk factors for phlebitis. Methods： A convenience sample of hospital nurses was recruited in Beijing, China. Data were collected using a demographic information questionnaire and a questionnaire measuring nurses＇ perception of risk factors for infusion phlebitis. Results： It was found that knowledge of risk factors for infusion phlebitis was incomplete, even among experienced nurses in the study participants. A high rate of incorrect answers to questions about the [oH of fluid （89.9%）, gauze or polyurethane catheter dressings （79.1%）, and steel needles for drug infusion （76.3%） was observed. Conclusions： These findings suggest that nurses should be trained about the risk factors for infusion phlebitis.展开更多
Diarrhea remains a major cause of mortality in children under 5 years of age in Sub-Saharan countries in Africa. Risk factors for diarrhea vary by context and have important implications for developing appropriate str...Diarrhea remains a major cause of mortality in children under 5 years of age in Sub-Saharan countries in Africa. Risk factors for diarrhea vary by context and have important implications for developing appropriate strategies to reduce the burden of the disease. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of diarrhea and associated risk factors among children un-der 5 years of age in Kersa district, located in Eastern Ethiopia. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 1456 randomly selected households with at least one child under 5 years of age. A questionnaire and an observational check list were used for col-lecting information on socio-economic charac-teristics, environmental hygiene and behavioral practices, and occurrence of diarrhea among children under 5 years of age. Logistic regres-sion was used to calculate the adjusted odds ratio of 95% confidence interval. The two-week prevalence of diarrhea among children under 5 years of age was 22.5% (95% CI: 20.3-24.6). Improper refuse disposal practices (OR = 2.22, 95% CI: 1.20-4.03), lack of hand washing facilities (OR = 1.92, 95%CI: 1.29-2.86), living in rural area (OR = 1.81, 95% CI: 1.12-3.31), the presence of two or more siblings in a household (OR = 1.74, 95% CI: 1.33-2.28), and age of the child (OR= 2.25, 95% CI;1.5-3.36) were the major risk factors for diarrhea. This study demonstrated that diarrhea morbidity was relatively high among children under 5 years of age residing in Eastern Ethiopia. Efforts to reduce childhood diarrhea should focus on improving household sanitation, personal hygiene, and child birth spacing.展开更多
Using digital laser dynamic caustics experimental system and conducting simulation experiment researched the influence rule of blasting excavation of a new roadway on neighboring existed different cross-section roadwa...Using digital laser dynamic caustics experimental system and conducting simulation experiment researched the influence rule of blasting excavation of a new roadway on neighboring existed different cross-section roadways. The experimental results show that the influence of blast load on adjacent roadway has a good relationship with the cross-section of roadway. The expansion distance of precrack existed in circular, arch-wall, rectangular roadway is respectively 1.76, 1.61 and 0 cm under blast load.At the same time, the direct-blast side of rectangular roadway has more obvious damage compared with circular and arch-wall roadway. It explains that plane reflects more stress wave than arc, so that it exerts more tensile failure in the direct-blast side, which leads to less stress wave diffracting to the precrack in the back-blast side. When the precrack extends, higher value dynamic stress intensity factor in circular roadway works longer than that of arch-wall roadway. Indirectly, it explains that plane's weakening function on stress wave is significantly stronger than arc. Stress wave brings about self-evident influence on the upper and bottom endpoints of the rectangular roadway, and it respectively extends 1.03, 2.06 cm along the line link direction of the center of the blasthole and the upper and bottom endpoints on the right wall.展开更多
In this review, we highlight some recent methodological and theoretical develop- ments in estimation and testing of large panel data models with cross-sectional dependence. The paper begins with a discussion of issues...In this review, we highlight some recent methodological and theoretical develop- ments in estimation and testing of large panel data models with cross-sectional dependence. The paper begins with a discussion of issues of cross-sectional dependence, and introduces the concepts of weak and strong cross-sectional dependence. Then, the main attention is primarily paid to spatial and factor approaches for modeling cross-sectional dependence for both linear and nonlinear （nonparametric and semiparametric） panel data models. Finally, we conclude with some speculations on future research directions.展开更多
We estimate the electromagnetic form factor of the transverse part of cross section σTand provide a correction for the electromagnetic form factor of the longitudinal component of cross section σLfor the charged pio...We estimate the electromagnetic form factor of the transverse part of cross section σTand provide a correction for the electromagnetic form factor of the longitudinal component of cross section σLfor the charged pion within the frame work of hadronic operator. To achieve this, we consider a slightly deformed curve deviating from a straight line and construct a set of differential equations by comparing them to the equation determining charged pion wave function in a straight line case. By solving these equations, we employ the Fourier transform of these wave functions.展开更多
Introduction HIV serostatus disclosure has become an entry criterion for prevention of sexual partners spread, so we aimed to examine the prevalence of disclosure and associated factors among people living with HIV / ...Introduction HIV serostatus disclosure has become an entry criterion for prevention of sexual partners spread, so we aimed to examine the prevalence of disclosure and associated factors among people living with HIV / AIDS( PLWHA) in Liuzhou City,Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region,southern China. Methods The PLWHA with marital or regular sexual relationship were eligible for our study,and a self-designed questionnaire was assigned to all the conveniently sampled participants. Determinants of disclosure were analyzed using chi-square test and binary Logistic regression. Results A total of 425 PLWHA were included in the present study. Two hundred and forty-five( 57. 6%) disclosed their HIV-positive status to their spouses / regular sexual partners,while 180( 42. 4%) did not. Among the 245 informed spouses / regular sexual partners,236( 96. 3%) had received the HIV testing and the positive rate was 50. 4%. While among the non-in-formed spouses / regular sexual partners,63( 35. 0%) had received the HIV testing and the positive rate was 3. 2%. Binary Logistic regression analysis indicated that age,area,monthly income,HIV / AIDS related knowledge and antiretroviral therapy( ART) were independently associated with HIV serostatus disclosure. Conclusions The disclosure rate was low in this study. As to its influencing factors,it is necessary to provide comprehensive disclosure consulting among PLWHA living in urban,the elderly or high monthly income and emphasize the propaganda on HIV / AIDS related knowledge,expand coverage for antiretroviral therapy, so as to provide scientific reference for promoting HIV disclosure and reducing the HIV incidence of spouses / regular sexual partners among PLWHA.展开更多
目的研究40岁及以上农村人群冠心病与认知障碍的相关性。方法2014年10月—2015年3月,选取西安市鄠邑区2个自然村所有40岁及以上的常住村民作为研究对象,收集人口学信息、生活习惯、既往病史、家族史等,完成体格检查及血液生化检查。采...目的研究40岁及以上农村人群冠心病与认知障碍的相关性。方法2014年10月—2015年3月,选取西安市鄠邑区2个自然村所有40岁及以上的常住村民作为研究对象,收集人口学信息、生活习惯、既往病史、家族史等,完成体格检查及血液生化检查。采用简易精神状态量表(Mini-Mental State Examination,MMSE)评估总体认知功能,MMSE评分低于分界值(文盲≤17分;小学≤20分;初中及以上文化程度≤24分)定义为认知障碍。冠心病组和非冠心病组认知障碍的患病率组间比较应用卡方检验;多因素Logistic回归分析冠心病与认知障碍之间的关系。结果共纳入研究对象1833人,其中男性735人(40.1%),冠心病57人(3.1%),符合认知障碍标准234人(13.3%)。单因素分析显示,冠心病组认知功能障碍患病率高于非冠心病组(24.6%vs.12.9%,P=0.016)。未校正混杂因素的二元Logistic分析结果显示,冠心病与认知障碍正相关(OR=2.199,95%CI:1.185~4.084,P=0.013)。校正性别、年龄、受教育年限、高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常、卒中病史、身体质量指数等混杂因素后,冠心病未显著增加认知障碍风险。(OR=1.265,95%CI:0.656~2.441,P=0.483)。分层分析中,糖尿病患者中冠心病和认知障碍显著相关(OR=4.191,95%CI:1.464~12.000,P=0.008)。校正混杂因素后,冠心病合并糖尿病组认知障碍患病率显著增加(OR=4.712,95%CI:1.651~13.449,P=0.004)。结论本研究未确定冠心病和认知障碍的直接关联,但是冠心病合并糖尿病与认知障碍患病风险增加显著相关,应开展更大样本的前瞻性研究以进一步确认两者之间的关联。展开更多
文摘Objective： The aim of the present study was to investigate Chinese nurses＇ perception of risk factors for phlebitis. Methods： A convenience sample of hospital nurses was recruited in Beijing, China. Data were collected using a demographic information questionnaire and a questionnaire measuring nurses＇ perception of risk factors for infusion phlebitis. Results： It was found that knowledge of risk factors for infusion phlebitis was incomplete, even among experienced nurses in the study participants. A high rate of incorrect answers to questions about the [oH of fluid （89.9%）, gauze or polyurethane catheter dressings （79.1%）, and steel needles for drug infusion （76.3%） was observed. Conclusions： These findings suggest that nurses should be trained about the risk factors for infusion phlebitis.
文摘Diarrhea remains a major cause of mortality in children under 5 years of age in Sub-Saharan countries in Africa. Risk factors for diarrhea vary by context and have important implications for developing appropriate strategies to reduce the burden of the disease. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of diarrhea and associated risk factors among children un-der 5 years of age in Kersa district, located in Eastern Ethiopia. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 1456 randomly selected households with at least one child under 5 years of age. A questionnaire and an observational check list were used for col-lecting information on socio-economic charac-teristics, environmental hygiene and behavioral practices, and occurrence of diarrhea among children under 5 years of age. Logistic regres-sion was used to calculate the adjusted odds ratio of 95% confidence interval. The two-week prevalence of diarrhea among children under 5 years of age was 22.5% (95% CI: 20.3-24.6). Improper refuse disposal practices (OR = 2.22, 95% CI: 1.20-4.03), lack of hand washing facilities (OR = 1.92, 95%CI: 1.29-2.86), living in rural area (OR = 1.81, 95% CI: 1.12-3.31), the presence of two or more siblings in a household (OR = 1.74, 95% CI: 1.33-2.28), and age of the child (OR= 2.25, 95% CI;1.5-3.36) were the major risk factors for diarrhea. This study demonstrated that diarrhea morbidity was relatively high among children under 5 years of age residing in Eastern Ethiopia. Efforts to reduce childhood diarrhea should focus on improving household sanitation, personal hygiene, and child birth spacing.
基金provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51274204 and 51134025)National Key Basic Research Program (No. 2010CB732002)The Ministry of Education Program for New Century Excellent Talents to Support Project of China (No. NCET-12-0965)
文摘Using digital laser dynamic caustics experimental system and conducting simulation experiment researched the influence rule of blasting excavation of a new roadway on neighboring existed different cross-section roadways. The experimental results show that the influence of blast load on adjacent roadway has a good relationship with the cross-section of roadway. The expansion distance of precrack existed in circular, arch-wall, rectangular roadway is respectively 1.76, 1.61 and 0 cm under blast load.At the same time, the direct-blast side of rectangular roadway has more obvious damage compared with circular and arch-wall roadway. It explains that plane reflects more stress wave than arc, so that it exerts more tensile failure in the direct-blast side, which leads to less stress wave diffracting to the precrack in the back-blast side. When the precrack extends, higher value dynamic stress intensity factor in circular roadway works longer than that of arch-wall roadway. Indirectly, it explains that plane's weakening function on stress wave is significantly stronger than arc. Stress wave brings about self-evident influence on the upper and bottom endpoints of the rectangular roadway, and it respectively extends 1.03, 2.06 cm along the line link direction of the center of the blasthole and the upper and bottom endpoints on the right wall.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(71131008(Key Project)and 71271179)
文摘In this review, we highlight some recent methodological and theoretical develop- ments in estimation and testing of large panel data models with cross-sectional dependence. The paper begins with a discussion of issues of cross-sectional dependence, and introduces the concepts of weak and strong cross-sectional dependence. Then, the main attention is primarily paid to spatial and factor approaches for modeling cross-sectional dependence for both linear and nonlinear （nonparametric and semiparametric） panel data models. Finally, we conclude with some speculations on future research directions.
文摘We estimate the electromagnetic form factor of the transverse part of cross section σTand provide a correction for the electromagnetic form factor of the longitudinal component of cross section σLfor the charged pion within the frame work of hadronic operator. To achieve this, we consider a slightly deformed curve deviating from a straight line and construct a set of differential equations by comparing them to the equation determining charged pion wave function in a straight line case. By solving these equations, we employ the Fourier transform of these wave functions.
基金funded by Global Fund for AIDS Project in China(CSO-2012-project 21)project and supported by Liuzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention,Guangxi Longtan hospital,The People's Hospital of Liuzhou city,Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region
文摘Introduction HIV serostatus disclosure has become an entry criterion for prevention of sexual partners spread, so we aimed to examine the prevalence of disclosure and associated factors among people living with HIV / AIDS( PLWHA) in Liuzhou City,Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region,southern China. Methods The PLWHA with marital or regular sexual relationship were eligible for our study,and a self-designed questionnaire was assigned to all the conveniently sampled participants. Determinants of disclosure were analyzed using chi-square test and binary Logistic regression. Results A total of 425 PLWHA were included in the present study. Two hundred and forty-five( 57. 6%) disclosed their HIV-positive status to their spouses / regular sexual partners,while 180( 42. 4%) did not. Among the 245 informed spouses / regular sexual partners,236( 96. 3%) had received the HIV testing and the positive rate was 50. 4%. While among the non-in-formed spouses / regular sexual partners,63( 35. 0%) had received the HIV testing and the positive rate was 3. 2%. Binary Logistic regression analysis indicated that age,area,monthly income,HIV / AIDS related knowledge and antiretroviral therapy( ART) were independently associated with HIV serostatus disclosure. Conclusions The disclosure rate was low in this study. As to its influencing factors,it is necessary to provide comprehensive disclosure consulting among PLWHA living in urban,the elderly or high monthly income and emphasize the propaganda on HIV / AIDS related knowledge,expand coverage for antiretroviral therapy, so as to provide scientific reference for promoting HIV disclosure and reducing the HIV incidence of spouses / regular sexual partners among PLWHA.
文摘目的研究40岁及以上农村人群冠心病与认知障碍的相关性。方法2014年10月—2015年3月,选取西安市鄠邑区2个自然村所有40岁及以上的常住村民作为研究对象,收集人口学信息、生活习惯、既往病史、家族史等,完成体格检查及血液生化检查。采用简易精神状态量表(Mini-Mental State Examination,MMSE)评估总体认知功能,MMSE评分低于分界值(文盲≤17分;小学≤20分;初中及以上文化程度≤24分)定义为认知障碍。冠心病组和非冠心病组认知障碍的患病率组间比较应用卡方检验;多因素Logistic回归分析冠心病与认知障碍之间的关系。结果共纳入研究对象1833人,其中男性735人(40.1%),冠心病57人(3.1%),符合认知障碍标准234人(13.3%)。单因素分析显示,冠心病组认知功能障碍患病率高于非冠心病组(24.6%vs.12.9%,P=0.016)。未校正混杂因素的二元Logistic分析结果显示,冠心病与认知障碍正相关(OR=2.199,95%CI:1.185~4.084,P=0.013)。校正性别、年龄、受教育年限、高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常、卒中病史、身体质量指数等混杂因素后,冠心病未显著增加认知障碍风险。(OR=1.265,95%CI:0.656~2.441,P=0.483)。分层分析中,糖尿病患者中冠心病和认知障碍显著相关(OR=4.191,95%CI:1.464~12.000,P=0.008)。校正混杂因素后,冠心病合并糖尿病组认知障碍患病率显著增加(OR=4.712,95%CI:1.651~13.449,P=0.004)。结论本研究未确定冠心病和认知障碍的直接关联,但是冠心病合并糖尿病与认知障碍患病风险增加显著相关,应开展更大样本的前瞻性研究以进一步确认两者之间的关联。
