A full-scale oxidation ditch process for treating sewage was simulated with the ASM2d model and optimized for minimal cost with acceptable performance in terms of ammonium and phosphorus removal. A unified index was i...A full-scale oxidation ditch process for treating sewage was simulated with the ASM2d model and optimized for minimal cost with acceptable performance in terms of ammonium and phosphorus removal. A unified index was introduced by integrating operational costs （aeration energy and sludge production） with effluent violations for performance evaluation. Scenario analysis showed that, in comparison with the baseline （all of the 9 aerators activated）, the strategy of activating 5 aerators could save aeration energy significantly with an ammonium violation below 10%. Sludge discharge scenario analysis showed that a sludge discharge flow of 250- 300 ma/day （solid retention time （SRT）, 13-15 days） was appropriate for the enhancement of phosphorus removal without excessive sludge production. The proposed optimal control strategy was： activating 5 rotating disks operated with a mode of ＂111100100＂ （ ＂1＂ represents activation and ＂0＂ represents inactivation） for aeration and sludge discharge flow of 200 m3/day （SRT, 19 days）. Compared with the baseline, this strategy could achieve ammonium violation below 10% and TP violation below 30% with substantial reduction of aeration energy cost （46%） and minimal increment of sludge production （〈 2%）. This study provides a useful approach for the optimization of process operation and control.展开更多
Proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) has garnered significant attention as apivotal technology for converting surplus electricity into hydrogen for long-term storage, as well asfor providing high-purity...Proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) has garnered significant attention as apivotal technology for converting surplus electricity into hydrogen for long-term storage, as well asfor providing high-purity hydrogen for aerospace and high-end manufacturing applications. Withthe ongoing commercialization of PEMWE, advancing iridium-based oxygen evolution reaction(OER) catalysts remains imperative to reconcile stringent requirements for high activity, extendedlongevity, and minimized noble metal loading. The review provides a systematic analysis of theintegrated design of iridium-based catalysts in PEMWE, starting from the fundamentals of OER,including the operation environment of OER catalysts, catalytic performance evaluation withinPEMWE, as well as catalytic and dissolution mechanisms. Subsequently, the catalyst classificationand preparation/characterization techniques are summarized with the focus on the dynamic structure-property relationship. Guided by these understandings, an overview of the design strategiesfor performance enhancement is presented. Specifically, we construct a mathematical frameworkfor cost-performance optimization to offer quantitative guidance for catalyst design. Finally, futureperspectives are proposed, aiming to establish a theoretical framework for rational catalyst design.展开更多
The high demand for critical minerals such as lithium,copper,nickel,and cobalt,required for lithium-ion batteries,has raised questions regarding the feasibility of maintaining a steady and affordable supply of raw mat...The high demand for critical minerals such as lithium,copper,nickel,and cobalt,required for lithium-ion batteries,has raised questions regarding the feasibility of maintaining a steady and affordable supply of raw materials for their production.In the last years,researchers have shifted their attention toward organic materials,which are potentially more widely available,affordable,and sustainable due to the ubiquitous presence of the constituent organic elements.The n-type materials have a redox mechanism analogous to that of lithium-ion cathodes and anodes,hence they are suitable for a meaningful comparison with the state-of-the-art technology.While many reviews have evaluated the properties of organic materials at the material or electrode level,herein,the properties of n-type organic materials are assessed in a complex system,such as a full battery,to evaluate the feasibility and performance of these materials in commercial-scale battery systems.The most relevant cathode materials for organic batteries are reviewed,and a detailed cost and performance analysis of n-type material-based battery packs using the BatPaC 5.0 software is presented.The analysis considers the influence of electrode design choices,such as the conductive carbon content,active material mass loading,and electrode density,on energy density and cost.The potential of n-type organic materials as a low-cost and sustainable solution for energy storage applications is highlighted,while emphasizing the need for further advancements of organic materials for energy storage applications.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.20921140094)the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No.KZCX2-YW-JC407)
文摘A full-scale oxidation ditch process for treating sewage was simulated with the ASM2d model and optimized for minimal cost with acceptable performance in terms of ammonium and phosphorus removal. A unified index was introduced by integrating operational costs （aeration energy and sludge production） with effluent violations for performance evaluation. Scenario analysis showed that, in comparison with the baseline （all of the 9 aerators activated）, the strategy of activating 5 aerators could save aeration energy significantly with an ammonium violation below 10%. Sludge discharge scenario analysis showed that a sludge discharge flow of 250- 300 ma/day （solid retention time （SRT）, 13-15 days） was appropriate for the enhancement of phosphorus removal without excessive sludge production. The proposed optimal control strategy was： activating 5 rotating disks operated with a mode of ＂111100100＂ （ ＂1＂ represents activation and ＂0＂ represents inactivation） for aeration and sludge discharge flow of 200 m3/day （SRT, 19 days）. Compared with the baseline, this strategy could achieve ammonium violation below 10% and TP violation below 30% with substantial reduction of aeration energy cost （46%） and minimal increment of sludge production （〈 2%）. This study provides a useful approach for the optimization of process operation and control.
文摘Proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) has garnered significant attention as apivotal technology for converting surplus electricity into hydrogen for long-term storage, as well asfor providing high-purity hydrogen for aerospace and high-end manufacturing applications. Withthe ongoing commercialization of PEMWE, advancing iridium-based oxygen evolution reaction(OER) catalysts remains imperative to reconcile stringent requirements for high activity, extendedlongevity, and minimized noble metal loading. The review provides a systematic analysis of theintegrated design of iridium-based catalysts in PEMWE, starting from the fundamentals of OER,including the operation environment of OER catalysts, catalytic performance evaluation withinPEMWE, as well as catalytic and dissolution mechanisms. Subsequently, the catalyst classificationand preparation/characterization techniques are summarized with the focus on the dynamic structure-property relationship. Guided by these understandings, an overview of the design strategiesfor performance enhancement is presented. Specifically, we construct a mathematical frameworkfor cost-performance optimization to offer quantitative guidance for catalyst design. Finally, futureperspectives are proposed, aiming to establish a theoretical framework for rational catalyst design.
基金Helmholtz-GemeinschaftEuropean Commission,Grant/Award Number:860403Hong Kong Quantum AI Lab Limited,AIR@InnoHK。
文摘The high demand for critical minerals such as lithium,copper,nickel,and cobalt,required for lithium-ion batteries,has raised questions regarding the feasibility of maintaining a steady and affordable supply of raw materials for their production.In the last years,researchers have shifted their attention toward organic materials,which are potentially more widely available,affordable,and sustainable due to the ubiquitous presence of the constituent organic elements.The n-type materials have a redox mechanism analogous to that of lithium-ion cathodes and anodes,hence they are suitable for a meaningful comparison with the state-of-the-art technology.While many reviews have evaluated the properties of organic materials at the material or electrode level,herein,the properties of n-type organic materials are assessed in a complex system,such as a full battery,to evaluate the feasibility and performance of these materials in commercial-scale battery systems.The most relevant cathode materials for organic batteries are reviewed,and a detailed cost and performance analysis of n-type material-based battery packs using the BatPaC 5.0 software is presented.The analysis considers the influence of electrode design choices,such as the conductive carbon content,active material mass loading,and electrode density,on energy density and cost.The potential of n-type organic materials as a low-cost and sustainable solution for energy storage applications is highlighted,while emphasizing the need for further advancements of organic materials for energy storage applications.
