The culture wars that simmer within any nation may have been escalating recently;but regardless of their national settings or milieus,many of these wars are informed by two opposing paradigms of culture.This paper ana...The culture wars that simmer within any nation may have been escalating recently;but regardless of their national settings or milieus,many of these wars are informed by two opposing paradigms of culture.This paper analyzes two of these leading paradigms,designated here as Regressivism and Progressivism.Other theorists have long chronicled the differing strengths and weaknesses of these paradigms,taking the former as expressing more conservative,traditional,and nationalistic values,and the latter as expressing more liberal,pluralistic,and cosmopolitan values.Going beyond these perennial distinctions,I argue that Progressivism is more benign and beneficial than the former-by meeting basic human needs better and supporting more effective adaptation to changing exigencies.I also argue that Progressivism does not express merely subjective or relativistic preferences and values,but objectively preferable and quantifiable ones,that benefit not only our personal lives more but also our global village and communal lives more.展开更多
The Lost Generation is actually a group of American writers who were rebelling against what America had become by the 1900s.The Lost generation tendency and Lost generation writers are of great importance to the Ameri...The Lost Generation is actually a group of American writers who were rebelling against what America had become by the 1900s.The Lost generation tendency and Lost generation writers are of great importance to the American and world literature.This article serves as a brief introduction to the Lost generation and its significant writers.展开更多
The spatial distribution pattern of organisms is a basic issue in understanding the mechanisms of community assembly. Although the spatial distributions of animals and plants have been well studied,those of microorgan...The spatial distribution pattern of organisms is a basic issue in understanding the mechanisms of community assembly. Although the spatial distributions of animals and plants have been well studied,those of microorganisms are still being debated. In this study, we used a fi sh gut microecosystem to detect the spatial pattern of microbes, because it can provide a relatively unifi ed and stable environment. Results suggest that the turnover of intestinal bacterial assemblages showed a weak but highly signifi cant negative correlation between similarity and distances in the microbial community, in respect of both grass carp intestinal loci distances and the geographical distance between fi sh sampling sites. Our results also suggest that intestinal bacterial assemblages responded to differences within the external environment and within different parts of the fi sh themselves. These results show that some, or possibly all, microbes are restricted in their distribution and that environmental factors are also important infl uences on the structure of intestinal bacterial assemblages. The fi sh gut microecosystem is useful in promoting study of the spatial distribution patterns of microorganisms.展开更多
The Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point(GSSP)for the base of the Guzhangian Stage(Cambrian Series 3)is defined at the base of a limestone(calcisiltite)layer 121.3 m above the base of the Huaqiao Formation in ...The Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point(GSSP)for the base of the Guzhangian Stage(Cambrian Series 3)is defined at the base of a limestone(calcisiltite)layer 121.3 m above the base of the Huaqiao Formation in the Louyixi section along the Youshui River(Fengtan Reservoir),about 4 km northwest of Luoyixi(4 km southeast of Wangcun),in northwestern Hunan,China.The GSSP is exposed in a road cut at a position of 28°43.20'N and 109°57.88'E.The GSSP level contains the lowest occurrence of the cosmopolitan agnostoid trilobite Lejopyge laevigata(base of the L.laevigata Zone).Secondary global markers near the base of the stage include the appearance of either L.calva or L.armata just below the base of the stage,the appearance of conodonts associated with the base of the Laiwugnathus laiwuensis Zone,and the transgressive phase of a small eustatic event.Faunal turnovers close to the base of the Guzhangian Stage are recognized as near the base of the Boomerangian Stage in Australia,the base of the Aldanaspis Zone(polymerid trilobites)in Siberia,and the base of the Paradoxides forchhammeri Zone in western Avalonia.The horizon corresponding to the first appearance of L.laevigata is near the peak of a rather long negativeδ13C excursion of up to 0.58‰.展开更多
Due to its construction of an image of modern Chinese philosopher who comments and reflects on what he has seen in England in comparison to China,Oliver Goldsmith’s The Citizen of the World(1760)has contradictorily b...Due to its construction of an image of modern Chinese philosopher who comments and reflects on what he has seen in England in comparison to China,Oliver Goldsmith’s The Citizen of the World(1760)has contradictorily been interpreted in two ways:One considers it as an orientalist discourse denigrating Chinese culture,while the other takes is as an utopian fabrication idealizing Chinese culture.Seeking“difference”between English and Chinese cultures is the underlying logic of these two types of interpretations.On the contrary,rooting on the“sameness”between them,this essay offers a new understanding about The Citizen of the World through a close textual analysis.The aim is to demonstrate how The Citizen of the World makes use of the image of Chinese philosopher to represent English cosmopolitanism featured with“polite”and“universal”and how the principle of equality operates through English cosmopolitanism.展开更多
作为世界上销量最大的年轻女性杂志,《COSMOPOLITAN》(中文刊名:《时尚·COSMO》以其乐观的风格、对年轻职业女性的关注和坦诚面对当代社会两性关系而独树一帜。创刊于1886年的《COSMOPOLITAN》,其初衷是一本面向“上层阶级家庭”...作为世界上销量最大的年轻女性杂志,《COSMOPOLITAN》(中文刊名:《时尚·COSMO》以其乐观的风格、对年轻职业女性的关注和坦诚面对当代社会两性关系而独树一帜。创刊于1886年的《COSMOPOLITAN》,其初衷是一本面向“上层阶级家庭”的杂志,以报道当代社会时尚潮流为主旨。从20世纪60年代开始,在时任主编、富有传奇色彩的女强人 Helen Curley Brown 的倡导下,《COSMOPOLITAN》率先向女性读者提出“勇敢面对生活,大胆追求生活目标,在生活的各个层面做到尽善尽美”这个在当时看来惊世骇俗的理念,现在,它已经成为大多数职业妇女的生活写照。今天,《COSMOPOLITAN》已不仅仅是一本杂志,在全世界热心读者的心目中,她已经成为一种生活方式,被越来越多的人所喜爱。目前,《COSMOPOLITAN》展开更多
This paper investigates the experiences of UK undergraduate students who have undertaken a one year paid internship abroad within the hotel sector by using a phenomenological approach.Semi-structured interviews were c...This paper investigates the experiences of UK undergraduate students who have undertaken a one year paid internship abroad within the hotel sector by using a phenomenological approach.Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 25 final year undergraduate students.The findings shed light on the alignment of key elements of the constructs of positive psychological capital and cosmopolitan human capital,along with strong self-belief in employability as a consequence of the experience.A theoretical model of international experience and positive psych-social development is postulated and contributes to improved practice in internship and employability mentoring and policy decision-making with respect to current internationalisation and employability agendas in the UK’s higher education system.展开更多
Constitutional Patriotism is a new form of identity. It addresses the national component of identity formations in order to transform them in light of universal human rights principles. In this article, I seek to stre...Constitutional Patriotism is a new form of identity. It addresses the national component of identity formations in order to transform them in light of universal human rights principles. In this article, I seek to strengthen this theory left underdeveloped by Habermas. To do so, I use the idea of moral development which Habermas borrowed from Kohlberg. I argue that Constitutional Patriotism is the missing link in Habermas＇s reading of Kohlberg. I complement Kohlberg＇s reading of moral consciousness with the psychoanalytic idea of individuation. Communication, language, and autonomy all fall into their places in this interdisciplinary puzzle of Constitutional Patriotism spanning over the cultural terrain. This article takes part of the broader project of Constitutional Patriotism here only focusing on the notion of the selfhood.展开更多
Global distributive justice is directly connected to the increased inequality in the world. This inequality, which includes the huge inequality of education opportunities, is usually understood as unjust. There are tw...Global distributive justice is directly connected to the increased inequality in the world. This inequality, which includes the huge inequality of education opportunities, is usually understood as unjust. There are two main approaches to this problem： cosmopolitan and statist. Looking from the cosmopolitan point of view, this kind of injustice is related predominantly with the socio-economic relationships among the individuals on the planet. Just the opposite is the view of the so-called statists, who claim that a more just world is not a world of persons who are equal among themselves, but rather a world of nation states which are able to achieve a more just society within their borders and, consequently, a more just and egalitarian global society as well.展开更多
This article looks at how cosmopolitanism--the notion of universality within a diversity of multi-cultures---has been shaping the discipline of world literature. The article encompasses chiefly three parts. The first ...This article looks at how cosmopolitanism--the notion of universality within a diversity of multi-cultures---has been shaping the discipline of world literature. The article encompasses chiefly three parts. The first part offers an overview of the debates on the discipline widely discussed by literary scholars such as Franco Moretti, David Damrosch and Emily Apter. I take issue with the harmonic co-existence of both local and global elements---and what I define as ＂glocality＂---in literatures to exhibit the inevitable trend of the trans-cultural, supranational and cross-historical interactions among multiple centres and/or various cities especially in the twenty-first century. I thereby argue in the second part using Leung Ping Kwan （1949-2013）＇s ＂Images of Hong Kong＂ （1992） and Louise Ho＇s two poetry pieces written in 1994 to prove how Kantian Cosmopolitan elements have deeply embedded in the poem written in a city where the West frequently interacts with the East. I conclude by stepping in further to argue that only through tolerating and mediating between the region and the globe can world literature as a discipline find its way out without fear for marginalising any of the literary pieces.展开更多
Cosmopolitan democracy model is presented by David Held, beyond idealistic perspectives of left and right ideologies, mainly with a legal view, and found a global impact. As a prominent theorist in the field of democr...Cosmopolitan democracy model is presented by David Held, beyond idealistic perspectives of left and right ideologies, mainly with a legal view, and found a global impact. As a prominent theorist in the field of democracy studies, David Held, by integrating the principle of autonomy in the model of constitutional democracy with the principle of participation in the model of participatory democracy, introduces a novel composition named ＂cosmopolitan democracy＂ that is a conception of democratic legal relations. Held is the first man who seeks to investigate democracy separated from the ideological models in relation to general human rights and identifies main areas of power in human life. He considers totally seven sets of rights necessarily enabling people to enjoy a free and equal participation in setting their communities. These rights include： right to health, welfare rights, cultural rights, civil rights, economic rights, political rights, and the right to enjoy a peaceful livelihood. Held＇s ultimate desire is to realize ideals of cosmopolitan democracy model in the global sphere, beyond the lessons of the West and the East. Through rethinking the theoretical and practical frameworks of this theory in today＇s world, the current paper seeks to study its role in reproducing democratic realism so that it would prepare the ground for the global consensus far from the ideal models.展开更多
Globalization has many dimensions that it is interpreted as ＂communicational revolution＂ having incredible effects upon thought, behavior, and identity of today＇s human being. Based on this, the world is a stage fo...Globalization has many dimensions that it is interpreted as ＂communicational revolution＂ having incredible effects upon thought, behavior, and identity of today＇s human being. Based on this, the world is a stage for globalization and identity interactions. In such space, there are always conflicts among identity strata （individual, national, and global） and for conflicts prevention purposes, respect for the ＂other＇s＂ identity is considerable. Although admitting various nations＇ identity is one of the globalization identity notions challenges, but it doesn＇t mean that a dead end in this field. This research is focused on globalization effects and the subject of becoming far from national identity with rising of cosmopolitanism. We want to figure out： ＂What kind of relation is between national identity and cosmopolitanism identity in the globalization era？＂ This work＇s assumption is based on the relation between national identity and globalization identity in the stage of globalization and identity interactions; by admitting and respecting ＂other＇s＂ identity, we are able to prevent conflicts among identity strata. Thus, humans in their vast communications in globalization era for responding purposes, in face to face dialogs, need to implement general values common to all human beings. Through ＂global citizen＂ practices, while there exists differences, we can reach a shared view and become attended to our global responsibility.展开更多
The paper proposes to examine aspects of modernity in Cosmopolitan Alexandria in the first half of the 20th century as they are manifested in Jacqueline Carol＇s Cocktails andCamels （1960 and reprinted in 2008）. Wri...The paper proposes to examine aspects of modernity in Cosmopolitan Alexandria in the first half of the 20th century as they are manifested in Jacqueline Carol＇s Cocktails andCamels （1960 and reprinted in 2008）. Written in English by a Lebanese Egyptian, born and raised in Alexandria, the novel investigates issues of cultural and linguistic identity, gender, the rise of national discourse, and the emergence of independent Egypt after the 1952 Revolution through the eyes of a young woman growing up in Cosmopolitan Alexandria as part of the elite but paying attention to all the political and social changes taking place in the city and the whole country展开更多
The purpose of the present paper is to explore the ways in which John Steinbeck utilizes the ideas of cosmopolitanism and socialism in his masterpiece The Grapes of Wrath(1939)interweaving them into the U.S.reality of...The purpose of the present paper is to explore the ways in which John Steinbeck utilizes the ideas of cosmopolitanism and socialism in his masterpiece The Grapes of Wrath(1939)interweaving them into the U.S.reality of the 1930s.It also deals with the term“global literature”,taking it as a starting point for the analysis of Steinbeck’s novel.Taking the lead of Wai-Chee Dimock,the author views American literature as no longer a sovereign literary domain,but as a blend of literatures that are ever evolving and multiplying,interweaving with other cultures.From this standpoint,the paper discusses The Grapes of Wrath in terms of transnational imagination,placing it into the scope of the“world literature”.It is an attempt to identify the“connective tissues”that make the novel belong to the global literature and investigate how they are represented in the text.展开更多
The Chinese Confucian thought of datong(grand union)provides an Eastern and universal version of cosmopolitanism.The positive core of Chinese nationalism lies in the fact that it internally implements benevolent gover...The Chinese Confucian thought of datong(grand union)provides an Eastern and universal version of cosmopolitanism.The positive core of Chinese nationalism lies in the fact that it internally implements benevolent governance and promotes the coexistence and harmonious development of different ethnic groups while externally applying the kingly Way and moderately incorporating cosmopolitanism.In constructing a connection between nationalism and cosmopolitanism,the Confucian"gradated love"serves as a principle.The Chinese form of mild nationalism can guard against the dictatorial concept and practice of"total unification"within China and oppose emanative conceptions and implementations of"global empire:'展开更多
文摘The culture wars that simmer within any nation may have been escalating recently;but regardless of their national settings or milieus,many of these wars are informed by two opposing paradigms of culture.This paper analyzes two of these leading paradigms,designated here as Regressivism and Progressivism.Other theorists have long chronicled the differing strengths and weaknesses of these paradigms,taking the former as expressing more conservative,traditional,and nationalistic values,and the latter as expressing more liberal,pluralistic,and cosmopolitan values.Going beyond these perennial distinctions,I argue that Progressivism is more benign and beneficial than the former-by meeting basic human needs better and supporting more effective adaptation to changing exigencies.I also argue that Progressivism does not express merely subjective or relativistic preferences and values,but objectively preferable and quantifiable ones,that benefit not only our personal lives more but also our global village and communal lives more.
文摘The Lost Generation is actually a group of American writers who were rebelling against what America had become by the 1900s.The Lost generation tendency and Lost generation writers are of great importance to the American and world literature.This article serves as a brief introduction to the Lost generation and its significant writers.
基金Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program)(No.2009CB118705)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.30970358,31071896)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association,CAS
文摘The spatial distribution pattern of organisms is a basic issue in understanding the mechanisms of community assembly. Although the spatial distributions of animals and plants have been well studied,those of microorganisms are still being debated. In this study, we used a fi sh gut microecosystem to detect the spatial pattern of microbes, because it can provide a relatively unifi ed and stable environment. Results suggest that the turnover of intestinal bacterial assemblages showed a weak but highly signifi cant negative correlation between similarity and distances in the microbial community, in respect of both grass carp intestinal loci distances and the geographical distance between fi sh sampling sites. Our results also suggest that intestinal bacterial assemblages responded to differences within the external environment and within different parts of the fi sh themselves. These results show that some, or possibly all, microbes are restricted in their distribution and that environmental factors are also important infl uences on the structure of intestinal bacterial assemblages. The fi sh gut microecosystem is useful in promoting study of the spatial distribution patterns of microorganisms.
基金supported in part by grants from the Chinese Academy of Sciences(KZCX2-YW-122)the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2006FY120300)+2 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(40332018)to Pengby a grant from the U.S.National Science Foundation(EAR-0106883)to Babcockby a grant from National Natural Science Foundation of China(40672023)to Zuo.
文摘The Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point(GSSP)for the base of the Guzhangian Stage(Cambrian Series 3)is defined at the base of a limestone(calcisiltite)layer 121.3 m above the base of the Huaqiao Formation in the Louyixi section along the Youshui River(Fengtan Reservoir),about 4 km northwest of Luoyixi(4 km southeast of Wangcun),in northwestern Hunan,China.The GSSP is exposed in a road cut at a position of 28°43.20'N and 109°57.88'E.The GSSP level contains the lowest occurrence of the cosmopolitan agnostoid trilobite Lejopyge laevigata(base of the L.laevigata Zone).Secondary global markers near the base of the stage include the appearance of either L.calva or L.armata just below the base of the stage,the appearance of conodonts associated with the base of the Laiwugnathus laiwuensis Zone,and the transgressive phase of a small eustatic event.Faunal turnovers close to the base of the Guzhangian Stage are recognized as near the base of the Boomerangian Stage in Australia,the base of the Aldanaspis Zone(polymerid trilobites)in Siberia,and the base of the Paradoxides forchhammeri Zone in western Avalonia.The horizon corresponding to the first appearance of L.laevigata is near the peak of a rather long negativeδ13C excursion of up to 0.58‰.
文摘Due to its construction of an image of modern Chinese philosopher who comments and reflects on what he has seen in England in comparison to China,Oliver Goldsmith’s The Citizen of the World(1760)has contradictorily been interpreted in two ways:One considers it as an orientalist discourse denigrating Chinese culture,while the other takes is as an utopian fabrication idealizing Chinese culture.Seeking“difference”between English and Chinese cultures is the underlying logic of these two types of interpretations.On the contrary,rooting on the“sameness”between them,this essay offers a new understanding about The Citizen of the World through a close textual analysis.The aim is to demonstrate how The Citizen of the World makes use of the image of Chinese philosopher to represent English cosmopolitanism featured with“polite”and“universal”and how the principle of equality operates through English cosmopolitanism.
文摘作为世界上销量最大的年轻女性杂志,《COSMOPOLITAN》(中文刊名:《时尚·COSMO》以其乐观的风格、对年轻职业女性的关注和坦诚面对当代社会两性关系而独树一帜。创刊于1886年的《COSMOPOLITAN》,其初衷是一本面向“上层阶级家庭”的杂志,以报道当代社会时尚潮流为主旨。从20世纪60年代开始,在时任主编、富有传奇色彩的女强人 Helen Curley Brown 的倡导下,《COSMOPOLITAN》率先向女性读者提出“勇敢面对生活,大胆追求生活目标,在生活的各个层面做到尽善尽美”这个在当时看来惊世骇俗的理念,现在,它已经成为大多数职业妇女的生活写照。今天,《COSMOPOLITAN》已不仅仅是一本杂志,在全世界热心读者的心目中,她已经成为一种生活方式,被越来越多的人所喜爱。目前,《COSMOPOLITAN》
文摘This paper investigates the experiences of UK undergraduate students who have undertaken a one year paid internship abroad within the hotel sector by using a phenomenological approach.Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 25 final year undergraduate students.The findings shed light on the alignment of key elements of the constructs of positive psychological capital and cosmopolitan human capital,along with strong self-belief in employability as a consequence of the experience.A theoretical model of international experience and positive psych-social development is postulated and contributes to improved practice in internship and employability mentoring and policy decision-making with respect to current internationalisation and employability agendas in the UK’s higher education system.
文摘Constitutional Patriotism is a new form of identity. It addresses the national component of identity formations in order to transform them in light of universal human rights principles. In this article, I seek to strengthen this theory left underdeveloped by Habermas. To do so, I use the idea of moral development which Habermas borrowed from Kohlberg. I argue that Constitutional Patriotism is the missing link in Habermas＇s reading of Kohlberg. I complement Kohlberg＇s reading of moral consciousness with the psychoanalytic idea of individuation. Communication, language, and autonomy all fall into their places in this interdisciplinary puzzle of Constitutional Patriotism spanning over the cultural terrain. This article takes part of the broader project of Constitutional Patriotism here only focusing on the notion of the selfhood.
文摘Global distributive justice is directly connected to the increased inequality in the world. This inequality, which includes the huge inequality of education opportunities, is usually understood as unjust. There are two main approaches to this problem： cosmopolitan and statist. Looking from the cosmopolitan point of view, this kind of injustice is related predominantly with the socio-economic relationships among the individuals on the planet. Just the opposite is the view of the so-called statists, who claim that a more just world is not a world of persons who are equal among themselves, but rather a world of nation states which are able to achieve a more just society within their borders and, consequently, a more just and egalitarian global society as well.
文摘This article looks at how cosmopolitanism--the notion of universality within a diversity of multi-cultures---has been shaping the discipline of world literature. The article encompasses chiefly three parts. The first part offers an overview of the debates on the discipline widely discussed by literary scholars such as Franco Moretti, David Damrosch and Emily Apter. I take issue with the harmonic co-existence of both local and global elements---and what I define as ＂glocality＂---in literatures to exhibit the inevitable trend of the trans-cultural, supranational and cross-historical interactions among multiple centres and/or various cities especially in the twenty-first century. I thereby argue in the second part using Leung Ping Kwan （1949-2013）＇s ＂Images of Hong Kong＂ （1992） and Louise Ho＇s two poetry pieces written in 1994 to prove how Kantian Cosmopolitan elements have deeply embedded in the poem written in a city where the West frequently interacts with the East. I conclude by stepping in further to argue that only through tolerating and mediating between the region and the globe can world literature as a discipline find its way out without fear for marginalising any of the literary pieces.
文摘Cosmopolitan democracy model is presented by David Held, beyond idealistic perspectives of left and right ideologies, mainly with a legal view, and found a global impact. As a prominent theorist in the field of democracy studies, David Held, by integrating the principle of autonomy in the model of constitutional democracy with the principle of participation in the model of participatory democracy, introduces a novel composition named ＂cosmopolitan democracy＂ that is a conception of democratic legal relations. Held is the first man who seeks to investigate democracy separated from the ideological models in relation to general human rights and identifies main areas of power in human life. He considers totally seven sets of rights necessarily enabling people to enjoy a free and equal participation in setting their communities. These rights include： right to health, welfare rights, cultural rights, civil rights, economic rights, political rights, and the right to enjoy a peaceful livelihood. Held＇s ultimate desire is to realize ideals of cosmopolitan democracy model in the global sphere, beyond the lessons of the West and the East. Through rethinking the theoretical and practical frameworks of this theory in today＇s world, the current paper seeks to study its role in reproducing democratic realism so that it would prepare the ground for the global consensus far from the ideal models.
文摘Globalization has many dimensions that it is interpreted as ＂communicational revolution＂ having incredible effects upon thought, behavior, and identity of today＇s human being. Based on this, the world is a stage for globalization and identity interactions. In such space, there are always conflicts among identity strata （individual, national, and global） and for conflicts prevention purposes, respect for the ＂other＇s＂ identity is considerable. Although admitting various nations＇ identity is one of the globalization identity notions challenges, but it doesn＇t mean that a dead end in this field. This research is focused on globalization effects and the subject of becoming far from national identity with rising of cosmopolitanism. We want to figure out： ＂What kind of relation is between national identity and cosmopolitanism identity in the globalization era？＂ This work＇s assumption is based on the relation between national identity and globalization identity in the stage of globalization and identity interactions; by admitting and respecting ＂other＇s＂ identity, we are able to prevent conflicts among identity strata. Thus, humans in their vast communications in globalization era for responding purposes, in face to face dialogs, need to implement general values common to all human beings. Through ＂global citizen＂ practices, while there exists differences, we can reach a shared view and become attended to our global responsibility.
文摘The paper proposes to examine aspects of modernity in Cosmopolitan Alexandria in the first half of the 20th century as they are manifested in Jacqueline Carol＇s Cocktails andCamels （1960 and reprinted in 2008）. Written in English by a Lebanese Egyptian, born and raised in Alexandria, the novel investigates issues of cultural and linguistic identity, gender, the rise of national discourse, and the emergence of independent Egypt after the 1952 Revolution through the eyes of a young woman growing up in Cosmopolitan Alexandria as part of the elite but paying attention to all the political and social changes taking place in the city and the whole country
文摘The purpose of the present paper is to explore the ways in which John Steinbeck utilizes the ideas of cosmopolitanism and socialism in his masterpiece The Grapes of Wrath(1939)interweaving them into the U.S.reality of the 1930s.It also deals with the term“global literature”,taking it as a starting point for the analysis of Steinbeck’s novel.Taking the lead of Wai-Chee Dimock,the author views American literature as no longer a sovereign literary domain,but as a blend of literatures that are ever evolving and multiplying,interweaving with other cultures.From this standpoint,the paper discusses The Grapes of Wrath in terms of transnational imagination,placing it into the scope of the“world literature”.It is an attempt to identify the“connective tissues”that make the novel belong to the global literature and investigate how they are represented in the text.
文摘The Chinese Confucian thought of datong(grand union)provides an Eastern and universal version of cosmopolitanism.The positive core of Chinese nationalism lies in the fact that it internally implements benevolent governance and promotes the coexistence and harmonious development of different ethnic groups while externally applying the kingly Way and moderately incorporating cosmopolitanism.In constructing a connection between nationalism and cosmopolitanism,the Confucian"gradated love"serves as a principle.The Chinese form of mild nationalism can guard against the dictatorial concept and practice of"total unification"within China and oppose emanative conceptions and implementations of"global empire:'
