For the last hundred years, the existence and the value of the cosmological constant Λ has been a great enigma. So far, any theoretical model has failed to predict the value of Λ by several orders of magnitude. We h...For the last hundred years, the existence and the value of the cosmological constant Λ has been a great enigma. So far, any theoretical model has failed to predict the value of Λ by several orders of magnitude. We here offer a solution to the cosmological constant problem by extending the Einstein-Friedmann equations by one additional time dimension. Solving these equations, we find that the Universe is flat on a global scale and that the cosmological constant lies between 10<sup>-90</sup> m<sup>-2</sup> and 10<sup>-51</sup> m<sup>-2</sup> which is in range observed by experiments. It also proposes a mean to explain the Planck length and to mitigate the singularity at the Big Bang.展开更多
A theory of（4＋1）-dimensional gravity has been developed on the basis of which equivalent to the theory of general relativity by teleparallel.The fundamental gravitational field variables are the 5-dimensional（5D）...A theory of（4＋1）-dimensional gravity has been developed on the basis of which equivalent to the theory of general relativity by teleparallel.The fundamental gravitational field variables are the 5-dimensional（5D） vector fields（pentad）,defined globally on a manifold M,and gravity is attributed to the torsion.The Lagrangian density is quadratic in the torsion tensor.We then apply the field equations to two different homogenous and isotropic geometric structures which give the same line element,i.e.,FRW in five dimensions.The cosmological parameters are calculated and some cosmological problems are discussed.展开更多
In this article, spacetime is modeled as a quantum mechanical sonic medium consisting of Planck length oscillations at Planck frequency. Planck length-time oscillations give spacetime its physical constants of c, G an...In this article, spacetime is modeled as a quantum mechanical sonic medium consisting of Planck length oscillations at Planck frequency. Planck length-time oscillations give spacetime its physical constants of c, G and ħ. Oscillating spacetime is proposed to be the single universal field that generates and unifies everything in the universe. The 17 fields of quantum field theory are modeled as lower frequency resonances of oscillating spacetime. A model of an electron is proposed to be a rotating soliton wave in this medium. An electron appears to have wave-particle duality even though it is fundamentally a quantized wave. This soliton wave can momentarily be smaller than a proton in a high energy collision or can have a relatively large volume of an atom’s orbital wave function. Finding an electron causes it to undergo a superluminal collapse to a smaller wave size. This gives an electron its particle-like properties when detected. The proposed wave-based electron model is tested and shown to have an electron’s approximate energy, de Broglie wave properties and undetectable volume. Most important, this electron model is shown to also generate an electron’s electrostatic and gravitational forces. The gravitational properties are derived from the nonlinearity of this medium. When an electron’s gravitational and electrostatic forces are modeled as distortions of soliton waves, the equations become very simple, and a clear connection emerges between these forces. For example, the gravitational force between two Planck masses equals the electrostatic force between two Planck charges. Both force magnitudes equal ħc/r2.展开更多
As we now know, there are at least two major difficulties with general rel- ativity （GR）. The first one is related to its incompatibility with quantum mechanics, in the absence of a consistent, widely accepted theor...As we now know, there are at least two major difficulties with general rel- ativity （GR）. The first one is related to its incompatibility with quantum mechanics, in the absence of a consistent, widely accepted theory that combines the two theo- ries. The second problem is related to the requirement of the dark sectors-inflaton, dark matter and dark energy by the energy-stress tensor, which are needed to explain a variety of astronomical and cosmological observations. Research has indicated that the dark sectors themselves do not have any non-gravitational or laboratory evidence. Moreover, the dark energy poses, in addition, a serious confrontation between funda- mental physics and cosmology. Guided by theoretical and observational evidences, we are led to an idea that the source of gravitation and its manifestation in GR should be modified. The result is in striking agreement with not only the theory, but also the ob- servations, without requiring the dark sectors of the standard approach. Additionally, it provides natural explanations to some unexplained puzzles.展开更多
The time evolution of vacuum energy density is investigated in the coherent states of inflationary universe using a linear invariant approach. The linear invariants we derived are represented in terms of annihilation ...The time evolution of vacuum energy density is investigated in the coherent states of inflationary universe using a linear invariant approach. The linear invariants we derived are represented in terms of annihilation operators. On account of the fact that the coherent state is an eigenstate of an annihilation operator, the wave function in the coherent state is easily evaluated by solving the eigenvalue equation of the linear invariants. The expectation value of the vacuum energy density is derived using this wave function. Fluctuations of the scalar field and its conjugate momentum are also investigated. Our theory based on the linear invariant shows that the vacuum energy density of the universe in a coherent state is decreased continuously with time due to nonconservative force acting on the coherent oscillations of the scalar field, which is provided by the expansion of the universe. In effect, our analysis reveals that the vacuum energy density decreases in proportion to t-β where β is 3/2 for radiation-dominated era and 2 for matter-dominated era. In the case where the duration term of radiation-dominated era is short enough to be negligible, the estimation of the relic vacuum energy density agrees well with the current observational data.展开更多
We present how the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy of a growing black hole variant of R_(h)=ct cosmology model can be re-written as a function of the Cosmic Microwave Background(CMB)radiation temperature or Hubble paramete...We present how the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy of a growing black hole variant of R_(h)=ct cosmology model can be re-written as a function of the Cosmic Microwave Background(CMB)radiation temperature or Hubble parameter,rather than the Hubble radius,as first pointed out by Tatum and Seshavatharam[1].We then show how our CMB temperature formulae lead to much higher precision in the estimated entropy of the Hubble radius universe,since the CMB temperature can be measured with great precision.We also briefly discuss how the Schwarzschild metric can be re-written as a function of the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy,and how the entropy of the universe can be directly linked to recent estimates of the number of quantum operations in the universe since its beginning.展开更多
文摘For the last hundred years, the existence and the value of the cosmological constant Λ has been a great enigma. So far, any theoretical model has failed to predict the value of Λ by several orders of magnitude. We here offer a solution to the cosmological constant problem by extending the Einstein-Friedmann equations by one additional time dimension. Solving these equations, we find that the Universe is flat on a global scale and that the cosmological constant lies between 10<sup>-90</sup> m<sup>-2</sup> and 10<sup>-51</sup> m<sup>-2</sup> which is in range observed by experiments. It also proposes a mean to explain the Planck length and to mitigate the singularity at the Big Bang.
文摘A theory of（4＋1）-dimensional gravity has been developed on the basis of which equivalent to the theory of general relativity by teleparallel.The fundamental gravitational field variables are the 5-dimensional（5D） vector fields（pentad）,defined globally on a manifold M,and gravity is attributed to the torsion.The Lagrangian density is quadratic in the torsion tensor.We then apply the field equations to two different homogenous and isotropic geometric structures which give the same line element,i.e.,FRW in five dimensions.The cosmological parameters are calculated and some cosmological problems are discussed.
文摘In this article, spacetime is modeled as a quantum mechanical sonic medium consisting of Planck length oscillations at Planck frequency. Planck length-time oscillations give spacetime its physical constants of c, G and ħ. Oscillating spacetime is proposed to be the single universal field that generates and unifies everything in the universe. The 17 fields of quantum field theory are modeled as lower frequency resonances of oscillating spacetime. A model of an electron is proposed to be a rotating soliton wave in this medium. An electron appears to have wave-particle duality even though it is fundamentally a quantized wave. This soliton wave can momentarily be smaller than a proton in a high energy collision or can have a relatively large volume of an atom’s orbital wave function. Finding an electron causes it to undergo a superluminal collapse to a smaller wave size. This gives an electron its particle-like properties when detected. The proposed wave-based electron model is tested and shown to have an electron’s approximate energy, de Broglie wave properties and undetectable volume. Most important, this electron model is shown to also generate an electron’s electrostatic and gravitational forces. The gravitational properties are derived from the nonlinearity of this medium. When an electron’s gravitational and electrostatic forces are modeled as distortions of soliton waves, the equations become very simple, and a clear connection emerges between these forces. For example, the gravitational force between two Planck masses equals the electrostatic force between two Planck charges. Both force magnitudes equal ħc/r2.
基金Expanded version(with new findings added) of the essay (arXiv:1206.2795) awarded ‘Honorable Mention’ of the year 2012 by the Gravity Research Foundation
文摘As we now know, there are at least two major difficulties with general rel- ativity （GR）. The first one is related to its incompatibility with quantum mechanics, in the absence of a consistent, widely accepted theory that combines the two theo- ries. The second problem is related to the requirement of the dark sectors-inflaton, dark matter and dark energy by the energy-stress tensor, which are needed to explain a variety of astronomical and cosmological observations. Research has indicated that the dark sectors themselves do not have any non-gravitational or laboratory evidence. Moreover, the dark energy poses, in addition, a serious confrontation between funda- mental physics and cosmology. Guided by theoretical and observational evidences, we are led to an idea that the source of gravitation and its manifestation in GR should be modified. The result is in striking agreement with not only the theory, but also the ob- servations, without requiring the dark sectors of the standard approach. Additionally, it provides natural explanations to some unexplained puzzles.
基金Supported by the Basic Science Research Program through National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (2010-0016914)
文摘The time evolution of vacuum energy density is investigated in the coherent states of inflationary universe using a linear invariant approach. The linear invariants we derived are represented in terms of annihilation operators. On account of the fact that the coherent state is an eigenstate of an annihilation operator, the wave function in the coherent state is easily evaluated by solving the eigenvalue equation of the linear invariants. The expectation value of the vacuum energy density is derived using this wave function. Fluctuations of the scalar field and its conjugate momentum are also investigated. Our theory based on the linear invariant shows that the vacuum energy density of the universe in a coherent state is decreased continuously with time due to nonconservative force acting on the coherent oscillations of the scalar field, which is provided by the expansion of the universe. In effect, our analysis reveals that the vacuum energy density decreases in proportion to t-β where β is 3/2 for radiation-dominated era and 2 for matter-dominated era. In the case where the duration term of radiation-dominated era is short enough to be negligible, the estimation of the relic vacuum energy density agrees well with the current observational data.
文摘We present how the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy of a growing black hole variant of R_(h)=ct cosmology model can be re-written as a function of the Cosmic Microwave Background(CMB)radiation temperature or Hubble parameter,rather than the Hubble radius,as first pointed out by Tatum and Seshavatharam[1].We then show how our CMB temperature formulae lead to much higher precision in the estimated entropy of the Hubble radius universe,since the CMB temperature can be measured with great precision.We also briefly discuss how the Schwarzschild metric can be re-written as a function of the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy,and how the entropy of the universe can be directly linked to recent estimates of the number of quantum operations in the universe since its beginning.
