The problem of corruption represents one of the biggest and most dangerous social,legal and security challenges of today,which is especially present in countries that are going through the transition process.We are ta...The problem of corruption represents one of the biggest and most dangerous social,legal and security challenges of today,which is especially present in countries that are going through the transition process.We are talking about countries that until recently were organized according to the principles of communism and socialism,and then,after global changes,transitioned to a capitalist arrangement,which also caused numerous accompanying problems and difficulties.Corruption is certainly one of those problems.The countries of Southeast Europe have struggled,and are still struggling,with the dangerous problem of corruption.Hardly acceptable changes and resistance to them still allow corruption to be maintained and persist,despite serious efforts to eradicate it,or at least put it within reasonable limits.展开更多
The Sound and the Fury is the novel which Faulkner spent the most effort and is the writer's favourite book. The title of this book is taken from Shakespeare's tragedy Macbeth, implying the multiple themes of ...The Sound and the Fury is the novel which Faulkner spent the most effort and is the writer's favourite book. The title of this book is taken from Shakespeare's tragedy Macbeth, implying the multiple themes of the novel. One theme is to discuss the corruption and collapse of the old southern traditional values through the description of the Compson family's corruption and the decline of southern plantation economy. In the novel, Faulkner seeks the way out for American south during the transformation period though the figures he created, but no one is successful in getting out of the bad influence of the Old South.展开更多
Corruption is increasingly becoming a global phenomenon virtually affecting every part of the world. The effects have been very devastating particularly in the developing nations, by which to a large extent public ser...Corruption is increasingly becoming a global phenomenon virtually affecting every part of the world. The effects have been very devastating particularly in the developing nations, by which to a large extent public service functions thrive in an environment heavily characterized by corruption. This paper reviews the relevant and related literature on corruption and then proposes a classification of the type of corruption based on the review.展开更多
Corruption is defined as abuse of entrusted power for private gain.~①Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index 2014 shows that among 175 countries/territories in the world,"not one single country g...Corruption is defined as abuse of entrusted power for private gain.~①Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index 2014 shows that among 175 countries/territories in the world,"not one single country gets a perfect score and more than two-thirds score below50,on a scale from 0(highly corrupt)to 100(very clean)".~②The sectors most seriously affected by corruption include public procurement,construction and estate,energy,pharmaceutical and health care,transportation,etc.展开更多
It needs the foundation of system and the guarantee of organizational system for anti-corruption,but it is more necessary to build and form an effective anti-corruption mechanism,so that the anti-corruption can be rea...It needs the foundation of system and the guarantee of organizational system for anti-corruption,but it is more necessary to build and form an effective anti-corruption mechanism,so that the anti-corruption can be really put into practice. Anti-corruption mechanism refers to a organic operation system of the interaction,interconnection and constraint between the constituent elements( parts) and elements of national anti-corruption,and as a system,anti-corruption mechanism should have the characteristics of system aticness,comprehensiveness,transparency,legalization,public participation,scientific dynam ic,and internationalism. The construction of deepening anti-corruption mechanism is the need for reconstructing the ruling legitimacy of the party and the governm ent. Adhering to the principle of treating both root causes and symptoms is necessary in the construction of anti-corruption m echanism,com bating and punishing corruption is an important part of anti-corruption,and the prevention and control of corruption is the basic project of anti-corruption. Therefore,the construction of prevention and control mechanism in the anti-corruption mechanism has a more far-reaching significance.展开更多
In the new period,corruption in China's rural areas is becoming increasingly prominent. There is frequent occurrence of violation of laws and disciplines,such as the use of power for personal gain,and corruption a...In the new period,corruption in China's rural areas is becoming increasingly prominent. There is frequent occurrence of violation of laws and disciplines,such as the use of power for personal gain,and corruption and bribery. Main causes for the corruption in China's rural areas include imperfect rural supervision mechanism,imperfect financial system,and low crime cost. How to deal with the increasingly serious corruption situation is a topic faced at present and in the future. It is required to continue to reinforce the democratic supervision and education of village cadres,improve the comprehensive quality of villagers,and increase the crackdown and punishment of corrupt practices,so as to guarantee healthy operation of rural authorities.展开更多
In a materialistic social context,resorting to corruption to achieve one’s self is a behavioral scheme by members of organizations.The strong positive valence accorded to this phenomenon makes it necessary to wonder ...In a materialistic social context,resorting to corruption to achieve one’s self is a behavioral scheme by members of organizations.The strong positive valence accorded to this phenomenon makes it necessary to wonder about how to bring the corrupters to become aware of the criminal character of corruption?Based on a study carried out with 500 Cameroonian civil servants,it is a matter,after having detected the level of awareness of the criminal nature of corruption,of detecting the factors behind this state of affairs and developing a strategy aimed at triggering the guilt of staff in the face of acts of corruption.展开更多
Corruption which means the use of public power for private interests is one of the most important problems either in less developed and developing countries or developed countries. Especially in less developed and dev...Corruption which means the use of public power for private interests is one of the most important problems either in less developed and developing countries or developed countries. Especially in less developed and developing countries, corruption is a serious obstacle in front of economic development. Corruption is raised from deficiency in democracy, deficient judgement, unfair elections and dependent media sector includes bribery, embezzlement, forgery, fraud, favouritism, nepotism and illegal beneficial use of public authority. The aim of the paper is to determine the causal relationship between corruption and basic macro-economic indicators. For this purpose, in this study, the basic mic indications such as import, export, budget deficit, manufacturer price index are taken into account as variables to examine their relation with corruption. By getting use of the data obtained from CPI index, the relation between the variables is examined using the T-Test. Furthermore, to determine the causality among all the variables, correllation analysis is applied to present causal relations between the corruption and macro-economic variables. The findings concluded that there is a significant correlation among corruption, manufacturer price index and export-import. However, there is no significant correlation with budget deficit.展开更多
In China,institutional factors for the land corruption include:(i)implementation of land policy lacking proper security mechanism;(ii)weak supervision system;(iii)vacancy in supervision due to dual land management sys...In China,institutional factors for the land corruption include:(i)implementation of land policy lacking proper security mechanism;(ii)weak supervision system;(iii)vacancy in supervision due to dual land management system;(iv)corruption of land finance resulted from system of tax allocation;(v)imperfect land management system;(vi)poor coordination between central and local government in land policy;(vii)unreasonable land allocation system;(viii)vacancy in unified procedure and standard of land transfer.In view of these factors,this paper came up with pertinent countermeasures:(i)improving land operation mechanism and establishing sunshine land market;(ii)improving corresponding supervision mechanism and verification system;(iii)taking advantage of the audit system.展开更多
FIGHTING against corruption according to the law is a hallmark of China’s anti-corruption campaign since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China(CPC),convened in 2012;and creating a sound,law-based...FIGHTING against corruption according to the law is a hallmark of China’s anti-corruption campaign since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China(CPC),convened in 2012;and creating a sound,law-based supervisory system is a key focus and task of China’s efforts to establish a system of socialist rule of law with Chinese characteristics and comprehensively advance law-based governance.In 2018,both the government and the CPC stepped up the formulation of laws and Party regulations for the fight against corruption.展开更多
In recent years,the land corruption in China is very serious. The amount of corruption cases is high,the links involved are various,harbor cases and fraud cases are many,the corruption subjects are mainly concentrated...In recent years,the land corruption in China is very serious. The amount of corruption cases is high,the links involved are various,harbor cases and fraud cases are many,the corruption subjects are mainly concentrated in government officials with high administrative level.The causes for land corruption include objective corruption opportunities and subjective corruption motivations. Only when information on land transfer is made public and accepted by the public,can it play a role in preventing land corruption.展开更多
Globalization creates investment opportunities for enterprises worldwide. FDI is one of the traditional options to expand into international markets. According to Dunning＇s ownership, location, and internationalizati...Globalization creates investment opportunities for enterprises worldwide. FDI is one of the traditional options to expand into international markets. According to Dunning＇s ownership, location, and internationalization paradigm FDI location is driven by the search for markets, resources, efficiency, and strategic assets. Corruption can be considered as a significant factor of the attractiveness of a location and can affect also other OLI conditions. Most of the theoretical literature as well as case study and microeconomic evidence support the notion that corruption negatively impacts inward FDI flows and growth. However the macroeconomic evidence is not so unambiguous Some macro-studies do not detect any significant negative relationship between corruption and FDI. The aim of the paper is to analyze the relationship mechanism between corruption and FDI and to evaluate the impact of the host country corruption on inward FDI flows. The results of the empiric analysis presented in the paper provide evidence of the significant negative impact of host country corruption on inward FDI. One of the main benefits from the decrease of corruption level is quantitatively valued as an additional inward flow of the foreign capital in the economy. The econometric analysis is based on panel dataset that includes data for 178 economies during the period of 2004 to 2009. The Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index is used as a proxy for host country corruption level展开更多
Tax payers’level of compliance behaviour is a major concern to government and tax authorities.Constant losses of tax revenue through bribery,corruption,and abuse of power for personal advantage are perceived to have ...Tax payers’level of compliance behaviour is a major concern to government and tax authorities.Constant losses of tax revenue through bribery,corruption,and abuse of power for personal advantage are perceived to have adversely affected nation’s economic growth and infrastructural development.Many researches have been conducted on taxpayers’compliance,but not many considered the effect of Control of Corruption(COC)in their study.This study looked at the probable influence of COC on individual taxpayers’voluntary tax compliance behaviour in South-West,Nigeria.Survey research design was adopted for the study.Population for the study was 5,216,422 individual taxpayers in three selected states.A validated questionnaire was used to collect data from respondents by means of Stratified and random sampling techniques with a sample size of 1,200 and this gives a response rate of 87.6%.The reliability test using Cronbach’s alpha coefficients ranged from 0.79 to 0.86.The study adopts descriptive and inferential statistics to analyze the data at 0.05 level of significance.The study shows that COC positively influenced voluntary tax compliance among individual taxpayers in the study states(Adj.R2=0.063,F(6,1050)=12.68,p=0.000).There was evidence that trust in government,COC,and employment status have significant relationship with voluntary tax compliance behaviour in the study states(β=0.139,t(1044)=6.125,p=0.000,β=0.154,t(1044)=5.025,p=0.000,β=-0.237,t(1044)=-3.562,p=0.00)while gender,age,and educational level do not have significant relationship with voluntary tax compliance(β=0.036,t(1044)=0.664,p=0.664,β=-0.002,t(1044)=-0.080,p=0.936,β=0.035,t(1044)=1.081,p=0.280),respectively.The study concluded that control of corruption influenced individual voluntary tax compliance.Government should put better stiff strategies in controlling corruption on tax matters,overhaul the internal control mechanism,establish state anti-graft agencies,and put stiff punishment for any fraudulent activity on tax revenue generation while zero tolerance to corruption should be seen and practice.展开更多
This paper analyzed the types and causes of corruption of village cadres in rural land management in China. On the basis of current corruption situation,it came up with recommendations including improving the financia...This paper analyzed the types and causes of corruption of village cadres in rural land management in China. On the basis of current corruption situation,it came up with recommendations including improving the financial system at the village level,establishing land information network,and reforming functions of village committees in the land management,in order to prevent corruption of village cadres in the land management and establish and improve the clean government mechanism for village cadres.展开更多
Corruption has had severe negative consequences on the economic growth and development of nations all over the world especially on developing countries. It has various implications for both the developed and developin...Corruption has had severe negative consequences on the economic growth and development of nations all over the world especially on developing countries. It has various implications for both the developed and developing economies. Corruption hampers development and thus raises the level of poverty in any economy that finds itself entrenched in corrupt practices. Corruption creates uncertainty and risk in the growth and development potential of any country. This paper presents a review of corruption as it relates to the economic development of Nigeria. By using a theoretical method of analysis, the study reveals that corruption is Nigeria＇s biggest challenge. It is clear to every citizen that the level of corruption in the country is high because it is found in every sector of the society. In public or private sector, corrupt practices are easily observable. Corruption has been a deterrent to economic development in Nigeria. The findings show that corruption has a significant negative effect on economic growth and development. The paper examines historical connection between the law and the economy and discusses the theoretical and conceptual issues in corruption and economic development and the role of lawyers in the economy. The paper also seeks to provoke debate on the role of law in the anti-corruption crusade, strengthening the rule of law and promoting economic development. It also identifies and discusses the impact and effects of corruption on economic development in Nigeria, while proffering policy recommendations that should underpin the road to Nigeria becoming the ＂next surprise＂, on indices such as transparency, accountability, and the application of the rule of law, in dealing with corruption leading to improved consumer price index （CPI） ranking, induce investment, and foster economic growth and development.展开更多
文摘The problem of corruption represents one of the biggest and most dangerous social,legal and security challenges of today,which is especially present in countries that are going through the transition process.We are talking about countries that until recently were organized according to the principles of communism and socialism,and then,after global changes,transitioned to a capitalist arrangement,which also caused numerous accompanying problems and difficulties.Corruption is certainly one of those problems.The countries of Southeast Europe have struggled,and are still struggling,with the dangerous problem of corruption.Hardly acceptable changes and resistance to them still allow corruption to be maintained and persist,despite serious efforts to eradicate it,or at least put it within reasonable limits.
文摘The Sound and the Fury is the novel which Faulkner spent the most effort and is the writer's favourite book. The title of this book is taken from Shakespeare's tragedy Macbeth, implying the multiple themes of the novel. One theme is to discuss the corruption and collapse of the old southern traditional values through the description of the Compson family's corruption and the decline of southern plantation economy. In the novel, Faulkner seeks the way out for American south during the transformation period though the figures he created, but no one is successful in getting out of the bad influence of the Old South.
文摘Corruption is increasingly becoming a global phenomenon virtually affecting every part of the world. The effects have been very devastating particularly in the developing nations, by which to a large extent public service functions thrive in an environment heavily characterized by corruption. This paper reviews the relevant and related literature on corruption and then proposes a classification of the type of corruption based on the review.
文摘Corruption is defined as abuse of entrusted power for private gain.~①Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index 2014 shows that among 175 countries/territories in the world,"not one single country gets a perfect score and more than two-thirds score below50,on a scale from 0(highly corrupt)to 100(very clean)".~②The sectors most seriously affected by corruption include public procurement,construction and estate,energy,pharmaceutical and health care,transportation,etc.
文摘It needs the foundation of system and the guarantee of organizational system for anti-corruption,but it is more necessary to build and form an effective anti-corruption mechanism,so that the anti-corruption can be really put into practice. Anti-corruption mechanism refers to a organic operation system of the interaction,interconnection and constraint between the constituent elements( parts) and elements of national anti-corruption,and as a system,anti-corruption mechanism should have the characteristics of system aticness,comprehensiveness,transparency,legalization,public participation,scientific dynam ic,and internationalism. The construction of deepening anti-corruption mechanism is the need for reconstructing the ruling legitimacy of the party and the governm ent. Adhering to the principle of treating both root causes and symptoms is necessary in the construction of anti-corruption m echanism,com bating and punishing corruption is an important part of anti-corruption,and the prevention and control of corruption is the basic project of anti-corruption. Therefore,the construction of prevention and control mechanism in the anti-corruption mechanism has a more far-reaching significance.
文摘In the new period,corruption in China's rural areas is becoming increasingly prominent. There is frequent occurrence of violation of laws and disciplines,such as the use of power for personal gain,and corruption and bribery. Main causes for the corruption in China's rural areas include imperfect rural supervision mechanism,imperfect financial system,and low crime cost. How to deal with the increasingly serious corruption situation is a topic faced at present and in the future. It is required to continue to reinforce the democratic supervision and education of village cadres,improve the comprehensive quality of villagers,and increase the crackdown and punishment of corrupt practices,so as to guarantee healthy operation of rural authorities.
文摘In a materialistic social context,resorting to corruption to achieve one’s self is a behavioral scheme by members of organizations.The strong positive valence accorded to this phenomenon makes it necessary to wonder about how to bring the corrupters to become aware of the criminal character of corruption?Based on a study carried out with 500 Cameroonian civil servants,it is a matter,after having detected the level of awareness of the criminal nature of corruption,of detecting the factors behind this state of affairs and developing a strategy aimed at triggering the guilt of staff in the face of acts of corruption.
文摘Corruption which means the use of public power for private interests is one of the most important problems either in less developed and developing countries or developed countries. Especially in less developed and developing countries, corruption is a serious obstacle in front of economic development. Corruption is raised from deficiency in democracy, deficient judgement, unfair elections and dependent media sector includes bribery, embezzlement, forgery, fraud, favouritism, nepotism and illegal beneficial use of public authority. The aim of the paper is to determine the causal relationship between corruption and basic macro-economic indicators. For this purpose, in this study, the basic mic indications such as import, export, budget deficit, manufacturer price index are taken into account as variables to examine their relation with corruption. By getting use of the data obtained from CPI index, the relation between the variables is examined using the T-Test. Furthermore, to determine the causality among all the variables, correllation analysis is applied to present causal relations between the corruption and macro-economic variables. The findings concluded that there is a significant correlation among corruption, manufacturer price index and export-import. However, there is no significant correlation with budget deficit.
文摘In China,institutional factors for the land corruption include:(i)implementation of land policy lacking proper security mechanism;(ii)weak supervision system;(iii)vacancy in supervision due to dual land management system;(iv)corruption of land finance resulted from system of tax allocation;(v)imperfect land management system;(vi)poor coordination between central and local government in land policy;(vii)unreasonable land allocation system;(viii)vacancy in unified procedure and standard of land transfer.In view of these factors,this paper came up with pertinent countermeasures:(i)improving land operation mechanism and establishing sunshine land market;(ii)improving corresponding supervision mechanism and verification system;(iii)taking advantage of the audit system.
文摘FIGHTING against corruption according to the law is a hallmark of China’s anti-corruption campaign since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China(CPC),convened in 2012;and creating a sound,law-based supervisory system is a key focus and task of China’s efforts to establish a system of socialist rule of law with Chinese characteristics and comprehensively advance law-based governance.In 2018,both the government and the CPC stepped up the formulation of laws and Party regulations for the fight against corruption.
文摘In recent years,the land corruption in China is very serious. The amount of corruption cases is high,the links involved are various,harbor cases and fraud cases are many,the corruption subjects are mainly concentrated in government officials with high administrative level.The causes for land corruption include objective corruption opportunities and subjective corruption motivations. Only when information on land transfer is made public and accepted by the public,can it play a role in preventing land corruption.
文摘Globalization creates investment opportunities for enterprises worldwide. FDI is one of the traditional options to expand into international markets. According to Dunning＇s ownership, location, and internationalization paradigm FDI location is driven by the search for markets, resources, efficiency, and strategic assets. Corruption can be considered as a significant factor of the attractiveness of a location and can affect also other OLI conditions. Most of the theoretical literature as well as case study and microeconomic evidence support the notion that corruption negatively impacts inward FDI flows and growth. However the macroeconomic evidence is not so unambiguous Some macro-studies do not detect any significant negative relationship between corruption and FDI. The aim of the paper is to analyze the relationship mechanism between corruption and FDI and to evaluate the impact of the host country corruption on inward FDI flows. The results of the empiric analysis presented in the paper provide evidence of the significant negative impact of host country corruption on inward FDI. One of the main benefits from the decrease of corruption level is quantitatively valued as an additional inward flow of the foreign capital in the economy. The econometric analysis is based on panel dataset that includes data for 178 economies during the period of 2004 to 2009. The Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index is used as a proxy for host country corruption level
文摘Tax payers’level of compliance behaviour is a major concern to government and tax authorities.Constant losses of tax revenue through bribery,corruption,and abuse of power for personal advantage are perceived to have adversely affected nation’s economic growth and infrastructural development.Many researches have been conducted on taxpayers’compliance,but not many considered the effect of Control of Corruption(COC)in their study.This study looked at the probable influence of COC on individual taxpayers’voluntary tax compliance behaviour in South-West,Nigeria.Survey research design was adopted for the study.Population for the study was 5,216,422 individual taxpayers in three selected states.A validated questionnaire was used to collect data from respondents by means of Stratified and random sampling techniques with a sample size of 1,200 and this gives a response rate of 87.6%.The reliability test using Cronbach’s alpha coefficients ranged from 0.79 to 0.86.The study adopts descriptive and inferential statistics to analyze the data at 0.05 level of significance.The study shows that COC positively influenced voluntary tax compliance among individual taxpayers in the study states(Adj.R2=0.063,F(6,1050)=12.68,p=0.000).There was evidence that trust in government,COC,and employment status have significant relationship with voluntary tax compliance behaviour in the study states(β=0.139,t(1044)=6.125,p=0.000,β=0.154,t(1044)=5.025,p=0.000,β=-0.237,t(1044)=-3.562,p=0.00)while gender,age,and educational level do not have significant relationship with voluntary tax compliance(β=0.036,t(1044)=0.664,p=0.664,β=-0.002,t(1044)=-0.080,p=0.936,β=0.035,t(1044)=1.081,p=0.280),respectively.The study concluded that control of corruption influenced individual voluntary tax compliance.Government should put better stiff strategies in controlling corruption on tax matters,overhaul the internal control mechanism,establish state anti-graft agencies,and put stiff punishment for any fraudulent activity on tax revenue generation while zero tolerance to corruption should be seen and practice.
文摘This paper analyzed the types and causes of corruption of village cadres in rural land management in China. On the basis of current corruption situation,it came up with recommendations including improving the financial system at the village level,establishing land information network,and reforming functions of village committees in the land management,in order to prevent corruption of village cadres in the land management and establish and improve the clean government mechanism for village cadres.
文摘Corruption has had severe negative consequences on the economic growth and development of nations all over the world especially on developing countries. It has various implications for both the developed and developing economies. Corruption hampers development and thus raises the level of poverty in any economy that finds itself entrenched in corrupt practices. Corruption creates uncertainty and risk in the growth and development potential of any country. This paper presents a review of corruption as it relates to the economic development of Nigeria. By using a theoretical method of analysis, the study reveals that corruption is Nigeria＇s biggest challenge. It is clear to every citizen that the level of corruption in the country is high because it is found in every sector of the society. In public or private sector, corrupt practices are easily observable. Corruption has been a deterrent to economic development in Nigeria. The findings show that corruption has a significant negative effect on economic growth and development. The paper examines historical connection between the law and the economy and discusses the theoretical and conceptual issues in corruption and economic development and the role of lawyers in the economy. The paper also seeks to provoke debate on the role of law in the anti-corruption crusade, strengthening the rule of law and promoting economic development. It also identifies and discusses the impact and effects of corruption on economic development in Nigeria, while proffering policy recommendations that should underpin the road to Nigeria becoming the ＂next surprise＂, on indices such as transparency, accountability, and the application of the rule of law, in dealing with corruption leading to improved consumer price index （CPI） ranking, induce investment, and foster economic growth and development.
