Genotype is generally determined by the co-expression of diverse genes and multiple regulatory pathways in plants. Gene co-expression analysis combining with physiological trait data provides very important informatio...Genotype is generally determined by the co-expression of diverse genes and multiple regulatory pathways in plants. Gene co-expression analysis combining with physiological trait data provides very important information about the gene function and regulatory mechanism. L-Ascorbic acid （AsA）, which is an essential nutrient component for human health and plant metabolism, plays key roles in diverse biological processes such as cell cycle, cell expansion, stress resistance, hormone synthesis, and signaling. Here, we applied a weighted gene correlation network analysis approach based on gene expression values and AsA content data in ripening tomato （Solanum lycopersicum L.） fruit with different AsA content levels, which leads to identification of AsA relevant modules and vital genes in AsA regulatory pathways. Twenty- four modules were compartmentalized according to gene expression profiling. Among these modules, one negatively related module containing genes involved in redox processes and one positively related module enriched with genes involved in AsA biosynthetic and recycling pathways were further analyzed. The present work herein indicates that redox pathways as well as hormone-signal pathways are closely correlated with AsA accumulation in ripening tomato fruit, and allowed us to prioritize candidate genes for follow-up studies to dissect this interplay at the biochemical and molecular level.展开更多
Defensin,an essential component of plant development,is indispensable in pathogen resistance.However,the molecular function of defensins under pathological conditions of Cytospora canker has not been characterized in ...Defensin,an essential component of plant development,is indispensable in pathogen resistance.However,the molecular function of defensins under pathological conditions of Cytospora canker has not been characterized in apple plants.The present study exhibits a detailed overview of the phylogeny and structure of 29 defensins(MdDEF)in apple.Expression analysis revealed that MdDEF genes were spatiotemporally diverse across apple tissues.Five MdDEF genes were found to be significantly up-regulated following a challenge with Cytospora mali.The transgenic overexpression of five defensin genes in apple calli enhanced resistance to C.mali.Among them,MdDEF30 was strongly induced and conferred the highest resistance level in vivo.Meanwhile,antifungal activity assays in vitro demonstrated that a recombinant protein produced from MdDEF30could inhibit the growth of C.mali.Notably,MdDEF30 promoted the accumulation of reactive oxygen species(ROS)and activated defense-related genes such as PR4,PR10,CML13,and MPK3.Co-expression regulatory network analysis showed that MdWRKY75 may regulate the expression of MdDEF30.Further yeast onehybrid(Y1H),luciferase,and chromatin Immunoprecipitation quantitative polymerase chain reaction(ChIPqPCR)assays verified that MdWRKY75 could directly bind to the promoter of MdDEF30.Importantly,pathogen inoculation assays confirmed that MdWRKY75 positively regulates resistance by transcriptionally activating MdDEF30.Overall,these results demonstrated that MdDEF30 promotes resistance to C.mali in apple plants and that MdWRKY75 regulates MdDEF30 expression during the induction of resistance,thereby clarifying biochemical mechanisms of resistance to C.mali in apple trees.展开更多
BACKGROUND Voltage-gated sodium channels(VGSCs,or Navs)are highly expressed in various tumors and play a critical role in tumor metastasis and invasion.AIM To identify Nav1.6-associated cancer genes through bioinforma...BACKGROUND Voltage-gated sodium channels(VGSCs,or Navs)are highly expressed in various tumors and play a critical role in tumor metastasis and invasion.AIM To identify Nav1.6-associated cancer genes through bioinformatics analysis and experimental validation,with the goal of determining the role of Nav1.6 in colorectal cancer(CRC)metastasis.METHODS The Cancer Genome Atlas(TCGA)and Gene Expression Omnibus(GEO)data were analyzed using weighted correlation network analysis(WGCNA)and Venn analysis to identify Nav1.6-associated genes in CRC.siRNA,real-time PCR,and western blotting were employed to validate the Nav1.6-associated cancer genes and signaling pathways identified in CRC.Cell counting kit-8 and Transwell migration assays were used to assess the proliferation and migration of CRC cells.RESULTS The analysis of TCGA and GEO datasets,along with WGCNA,identified 575 differentially expressed genes associated with SCN8A(Nav1.6)in CRC,which were particularly enriched in MAPK signaling pathways.Tissue microarray analysis of surgical samples revealed elevated Nav1.6 levels in CRC tissues,which were predominantly in the cytoplasm and nucleus rather than in the membrane.Cytoplasmic Nav1.6 expression increased with T stage increases,consistent with the TCGA findings.SCN8A knockdown in colon tumor cells significantly reduced cell proliferation and invasion and downregulated key proteins in the RAF-MAPK pathway.CONCLUSION These findings suggest that Nav1.6 promotes CRC cell proliferation and invasion which is related to the MAPK signaling pathway.展开更多
Stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD) is the fifth most prevalent cancer and the third leading cause of cancer-related death in the world and is more common in Asia than in most Western countries. There is an urgent need to i...Stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD) is the fifth most prevalent cancer and the third leading cause of cancer-related death in the world and is more common in Asia than in most Western countries. There is an urgent need to identify potential novel oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, and biomarkers for STAD. 6652 differentially expressed genes were identified between STAD and normal samples based on the transcriptome data analysis of the TCGA and GEO databases. 13 key modules were identified in STAD by WGCNA analysis. 293 potential STAD associated genes were identified from intersection by Venn Diagram. The 293 intersected genes were enriched in cell cortex and infection by GO and KEGG analysis. 10 hub genes were identified from PPI and Cytoscape analyses of the intersected genes. KLF4/CGN low and SHH/LIF high expression were associated with short overall survival of Asian STAD patients. Bioinformatics analysis revealed potential novel tumor suppressors (KLF4/CGN), oncogenes (SHH/LIF) and biomarkers for diagnosis, therapy and prognosis of STAD, specifically for Asian patients.展开更多
Drought,as major abiotic stress,primarily restricts the production of oat(Avena sativa)around the world.With the aim of elucidating oat leaves’early response to drought stress,this study focused on examining the cont...Drought,as major abiotic stress,primarily restricts the production of oat(Avena sativa)around the world.With the aim of elucidating oat leaves’early response to drought stress,this study focused on examining the contents of malondialdehyde(MDA),soluble sugar(SS),and proline(Pro)and the transcriptome of oat leaves under 0,12,24,36,and 48 h of drought treatment,revealing that the content of MDA increased with drought duration,whereas the contents of SS and Pro reached their maximum at 24 h of treatment,with a total between 0 h of treatment and the other groups.Differentially expressed genes(DEGs)presented significant enrichment in the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway,flavonoid biosynthetic pathway,galactose metabolism,and glutathione metabolism.The biological changes caused by drought stress resulted in the obvious activation of antioxidase genes.The sugar and flavonoid biosynthetic genes were studied based on the detailed temporal patterns of expression of four major metabolic pathways.Additionally,14 candidate hub genes,such as the genes that encoded galactinol synthase,serine/threonineprotein kinase,and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase,were identified by virtue of weighted gene co-expression network analysis.Differential transcription factor(TF)analysis showed that NAM,ATAF1/2,CUC2(NAC),Heat Shock(HS),Trihelix,TEOSINTE BRANCHED1/CYCLOIDEA/PCF(TCP),and other 11 TF families were closely related to drought stress.These findings help us understand the early responses of oat to drought stress from new perspectives and can guide further research.展开更多
Maize is an essential source of nutrition for humans and animals and is rich in various metabolites that determine its quality.Different maize varieties show significant differences in metabolite content.Two kinds of ...Maize is an essential source of nutrition for humans and animals and is rich in various metabolites that determine its quality.Different maize varieties show significant differences in metabolite content.Two kinds of waxy maize parental materials,S181 and 49B,created by the Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences,are widely grown in China.S181 shows higher starch and sugar contents than 49B.This study generated metabolic profiles to assess the differences between the two varieties.A total of 674 metabolites that were significantly differentially expressed between the two varieties were identified by gas chromatography and untargeted metabolomics technology.These metabolites were associated with 21 categories,including antioxidant metabolites.Moreover,6415 differentially expressed genes(DEGs)were identified by RNA-seq.Interestingly,these DEGs comprised starch and sugar synthesis pathway genes and 72 different transcription factor families.Among these,six families that were reported to play an essential role in plant antioxidant action accounted for 39.2%of the transcription factor families.Using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)classification,the DEGs were mainly involved in amino acid biosynthesis,glycolysis/glucose metabolism,and the synthetic and metabolic pathways of antioxidant active substances.Furthermore,the correlation analysis of transcriptome and metabolomics identified five key transcription factors(ZmbHLH172,ZmNAC44,ZmNAC-like18,ZmS1FA2,ZmERF172),one ubiquitin ligase gene(ZmE25A)and one sucrose synthase gene(ZmSS1).They likely contribute to the quality traits of waxy corn through involvement in the metabolic regulatory network of antioxidant substances.Thus,our results provide new insights into maize quality-related antioxidant metabolite networks and have potential applications for waxy corn breeding.展开更多
Objective To screen the differentially expressed proteins(DEPs)in human bronchial epithelial cells(HBE)treated with atmospheric fine particulate matter(PM2.5).Methods HBE cells were treated with PM2.5 samples from She...Objective To screen the differentially expressed proteins(DEPs)in human bronchial epithelial cells(HBE)treated with atmospheric fine particulate matter(PM2.5).Methods HBE cells were treated with PM2.5 samples from Shenzhen and Taiyuan for 24 h.To detect overall protein expression,the Q Exactive mass spectrometer was used.Gene ontology(GO),Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes(KEGG),and Perseus software were used to screen DEPs.Results Overall,67 DEPs were screened in the Shenzhen sample-treated group,of which 46 were upregulated and 21 were downregulated.In total,252 DEPs were screened in the Taiyuan sampletreated group,of which 134 were upregulated and 118 were downregulated.KEGG analysis demonstrated that DEPs were mainly enriched in ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis and HIF-1 signal pathways in Shenzhen PM2.5 samples-treated group.The GO analysis demonstrated that Shenzhen sample-induced DEPs were mainly involved in the biological process for absorption of various metal ions and cell components.The Taiyuan PM2.5-induced DEPs were mainly involved in biological processes of protein aggregation regulation and molecular function of oxidase activity.Additionally,three important DEPs,including ANXA2,DIABLO,and AIMP1,were screened.Conclusion Our findings provide a valuable basis for further evaluation of PM2.5-associated carcinogenesis.展开更多
Parkinson' s disease(PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting movement,with no treatments currently available to halt or slow its progression.Therefore,the development of new anti-PD drugs is urge...Parkinson' s disease(PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting movement,with no treatments currently available to halt or slow its progression.Therefore,the development of new anti-PD drugs is urgently needed.As a kind of medicine and food homologous plant,Cistanches Herba has a promising future for the treatment of PD.In this study,a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine(MPTP)-induced PD mouse model was used to detect Cistanches Herba' s anti-PD effects via histopathology and molecular biology.Simultaneously,the effect of Cistanches Herba on the "gut microbiota-barrier axis" was assessed through gut microbiota and intestinal barrier function in mice.Finally,transcriptomics analysis was conducted to further verify the results.As a result,37 differential metabolites and 16 microbial genera were screened and tentatively identified.Thirty-two metabolites and sixteen microbial genera were simultaneously altered with opposing trends in variation after MPTP and Cistanches Herba treatments.We built a framework for predicting targets and hostmicrobe interaction mechanisms,as well as identifying alternative treatment for PD,which should be validated further for clinical application.In conclusion,Cistanches Herba exerts a protective effect against the development of PD by manipulating the structural feature of intestinal flora to influence the host metabolites.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31271959)National Basic Research Program (2011CB100604) of China
文摘Genotype is generally determined by the co-expression of diverse genes and multiple regulatory pathways in plants. Gene co-expression analysis combining with physiological trait data provides very important information about the gene function and regulatory mechanism. L-Ascorbic acid （AsA）, which is an essential nutrient component for human health and plant metabolism, plays key roles in diverse biological processes such as cell cycle, cell expansion, stress resistance, hormone synthesis, and signaling. Here, we applied a weighted gene correlation network analysis approach based on gene expression values and AsA content data in ripening tomato （Solanum lycopersicum L.） fruit with different AsA content levels, which leads to identification of AsA relevant modules and vital genes in AsA regulatory pathways. Twenty- four modules were compartmentalized according to gene expression profiling. Among these modules, one negatively related module containing genes involved in redox processes and one positively related module enriched with genes involved in AsA biosynthetic and recycling pathways were further analyzed. The present work herein indicates that redox pathways as well as hormone-signal pathways are closely correlated with AsA accumulation in ripening tomato fruit, and allowed us to prioritize candidate genes for follow-up studies to dissect this interplay at the biochemical and molecular level.
基金funded by the National Key R&D Program of China(2023YFD1401401)the China Agriculture Research System(CARS27)。
文摘Defensin,an essential component of plant development,is indispensable in pathogen resistance.However,the molecular function of defensins under pathological conditions of Cytospora canker has not been characterized in apple plants.The present study exhibits a detailed overview of the phylogeny and structure of 29 defensins(MdDEF)in apple.Expression analysis revealed that MdDEF genes were spatiotemporally diverse across apple tissues.Five MdDEF genes were found to be significantly up-regulated following a challenge with Cytospora mali.The transgenic overexpression of five defensin genes in apple calli enhanced resistance to C.mali.Among them,MdDEF30 was strongly induced and conferred the highest resistance level in vivo.Meanwhile,antifungal activity assays in vitro demonstrated that a recombinant protein produced from MdDEF30could inhibit the growth of C.mali.Notably,MdDEF30 promoted the accumulation of reactive oxygen species(ROS)and activated defense-related genes such as PR4,PR10,CML13,and MPK3.Co-expression regulatory network analysis showed that MdWRKY75 may regulate the expression of MdDEF30.Further yeast onehybrid(Y1H),luciferase,and chromatin Immunoprecipitation quantitative polymerase chain reaction(ChIPqPCR)assays verified that MdWRKY75 could directly bind to the promoter of MdDEF30.Importantly,pathogen inoculation assays confirmed that MdWRKY75 positively regulates resistance by transcriptionally activating MdDEF30.Overall,these results demonstrated that MdDEF30 promotes resistance to C.mali in apple plants and that MdWRKY75 regulates MdDEF30 expression during the induction of resistance,thereby clarifying biochemical mechanisms of resistance to C.mali in apple trees.
基金Supported by Science and Technology Project of Quzhou of China,No.2021Y011Beijing Science and Technology Innovation Medical Development Foundation,No.KC2021-JX-0186-81.
文摘BACKGROUND Voltage-gated sodium channels(VGSCs,or Navs)are highly expressed in various tumors and play a critical role in tumor metastasis and invasion.AIM To identify Nav1.6-associated cancer genes through bioinformatics analysis and experimental validation,with the goal of determining the role of Nav1.6 in colorectal cancer(CRC)metastasis.METHODS The Cancer Genome Atlas(TCGA)and Gene Expression Omnibus(GEO)data were analyzed using weighted correlation network analysis(WGCNA)and Venn analysis to identify Nav1.6-associated genes in CRC.siRNA,real-time PCR,and western blotting were employed to validate the Nav1.6-associated cancer genes and signaling pathways identified in CRC.Cell counting kit-8 and Transwell migration assays were used to assess the proliferation and migration of CRC cells.RESULTS The analysis of TCGA and GEO datasets,along with WGCNA,identified 575 differentially expressed genes associated with SCN8A(Nav1.6)in CRC,which were particularly enriched in MAPK signaling pathways.Tissue microarray analysis of surgical samples revealed elevated Nav1.6 levels in CRC tissues,which were predominantly in the cytoplasm and nucleus rather than in the membrane.Cytoplasmic Nav1.6 expression increased with T stage increases,consistent with the TCGA findings.SCN8A knockdown in colon tumor cells significantly reduced cell proliferation and invasion and downregulated key proteins in the RAF-MAPK pathway.CONCLUSION These findings suggest that Nav1.6 promotes CRC cell proliferation and invasion which is related to the MAPK signaling pathway.
文摘Stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD) is the fifth most prevalent cancer and the third leading cause of cancer-related death in the world and is more common in Asia than in most Western countries. There is an urgent need to identify potential novel oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, and biomarkers for STAD. 6652 differentially expressed genes were identified between STAD and normal samples based on the transcriptome data analysis of the TCGA and GEO databases. 13 key modules were identified in STAD by WGCNA analysis. 293 potential STAD associated genes were identified from intersection by Venn Diagram. The 293 intersected genes were enriched in cell cortex and infection by GO and KEGG analysis. 10 hub genes were identified from PPI and Cytoscape analyses of the intersected genes. KLF4/CGN low and SHH/LIF high expression were associated with short overall survival of Asian STAD patients. Bioinformatics analysis revealed potential novel tumor suppressors (KLF4/CGN), oncogenes (SHH/LIF) and biomarkers for diagnosis, therapy and prognosis of STAD, specifically for Asian patients.
基金conducted with the funds from the Oat Whole Industry Chain Technology Innovation Teamthe National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2018YFE0107900)+2 种基金the National Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System(No.CARS-07)the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Oat Engineering Laboratory Capacity Building Project(No.BR221023)the Inner Mongolia University Oat Engineering Research Center,the Oat Engineering Laboratory of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,and the Inner Mongolia Agricultural University Coarse-grain Industry Collaborative Innovation Center,China.
文摘Drought,as major abiotic stress,primarily restricts the production of oat(Avena sativa)around the world.With the aim of elucidating oat leaves’early response to drought stress,this study focused on examining the contents of malondialdehyde(MDA),soluble sugar(SS),and proline(Pro)and the transcriptome of oat leaves under 0,12,24,36,and 48 h of drought treatment,revealing that the content of MDA increased with drought duration,whereas the contents of SS and Pro reached their maximum at 24 h of treatment,with a total between 0 h of treatment and the other groups.Differentially expressed genes(DEGs)presented significant enrichment in the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway,flavonoid biosynthetic pathway,galactose metabolism,and glutathione metabolism.The biological changes caused by drought stress resulted in the obvious activation of antioxidase genes.The sugar and flavonoid biosynthetic genes were studied based on the detailed temporal patterns of expression of four major metabolic pathways.Additionally,14 candidate hub genes,such as the genes that encoded galactinol synthase,serine/threonineprotein kinase,and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase,were identified by virtue of weighted gene co-expression network analysis.Differential transcription factor(TF)analysis showed that NAM,ATAF1/2,CUC2(NAC),Heat Shock(HS),Trihelix,TEOSINTE BRANCHED1/CYCLOIDEA/PCF(TCP),and other 11 TF families were closely related to drought stress.These findings help us understand the early responses of oat to drought stress from new perspectives and can guide further research.
基金supported by the General Program of Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing(cstc2019jcyj msxmx0468)Chongqing Talents Program—Basic Research and Frontier Exploration(cstc2021ycjh bgzxm0152)+1 种基金Chongqing Agricultural Development Fund Project—Resource Plant New Variety Breeding and Application(NKY-2020AB015)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2022CDJXY-004),China.
文摘Maize is an essential source of nutrition for humans and animals and is rich in various metabolites that determine its quality.Different maize varieties show significant differences in metabolite content.Two kinds of waxy maize parental materials,S181 and 49B,created by the Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences,are widely grown in China.S181 shows higher starch and sugar contents than 49B.This study generated metabolic profiles to assess the differences between the two varieties.A total of 674 metabolites that were significantly differentially expressed between the two varieties were identified by gas chromatography and untargeted metabolomics technology.These metabolites were associated with 21 categories,including antioxidant metabolites.Moreover,6415 differentially expressed genes(DEGs)were identified by RNA-seq.Interestingly,these DEGs comprised starch and sugar synthesis pathway genes and 72 different transcription factor families.Among these,six families that were reported to play an essential role in plant antioxidant action accounted for 39.2%of the transcription factor families.Using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)classification,the DEGs were mainly involved in amino acid biosynthesis,glycolysis/glucose metabolism,and the synthetic and metabolic pathways of antioxidant active substances.Furthermore,the correlation analysis of transcriptome and metabolomics identified five key transcription factors(ZmbHLH172,ZmNAC44,ZmNAC-like18,ZmS1FA2,ZmERF172),one ubiquitin ligase gene(ZmE25A)and one sucrose synthase gene(ZmSS1).They likely contribute to the quality traits of waxy corn through involvement in the metabolic regulatory network of antioxidant substances.Thus,our results provide new insights into maize quality-related antioxidant metabolite networks and have potential applications for waxy corn breeding.
基金Supported by the basic research programs of Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Committee to XU Xin Yun[JCYJ20170413101713324]Shenzhen Key Medical Discipline Construction Fund[SZXK067].
文摘Objective To screen the differentially expressed proteins(DEPs)in human bronchial epithelial cells(HBE)treated with atmospheric fine particulate matter(PM2.5).Methods HBE cells were treated with PM2.5 samples from Shenzhen and Taiyuan for 24 h.To detect overall protein expression,the Q Exactive mass spectrometer was used.Gene ontology(GO),Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes(KEGG),and Perseus software were used to screen DEPs.Results Overall,67 DEPs were screened in the Shenzhen sample-treated group,of which 46 were upregulated and 21 were downregulated.In total,252 DEPs were screened in the Taiyuan sampletreated group,of which 134 were upregulated and 118 were downregulated.KEGG analysis demonstrated that DEPs were mainly enriched in ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis and HIF-1 signal pathways in Shenzhen PM2.5 samples-treated group.The GO analysis demonstrated that Shenzhen sample-induced DEPs were mainly involved in the biological process for absorption of various metal ions and cell components.The Taiyuan PM2.5-induced DEPs were mainly involved in biological processes of protein aggregation regulation and molecular function of oxidase activity.Additionally,three important DEPs,including ANXA2,DIABLO,and AIMP1,were screened.Conclusion Our findings provide a valuable basis for further evaluation of PM2.5-associated carcinogenesis.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82204375,81903657,82003933)the Science and Technology Development Planning Project of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Jiangsu Province of China (QN202417,QN202103)+9 种基金Supporting Projects of Youth Science Foundation of National Natural Science Foundation of China (XPT82204375)333High-level Talent Development Project in Jiangsu Province ((2024)3-2394)Supporting Projects of Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (PT20240402)Research Project of Jiangsu Association of Chinese Medicine (CYTF2024021)Jiangsu Science and Technology Association Young Science and Technology Talents Lifting Project(JSTJ-2024-343)Natural Science Foundation of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine (XZR2021046)the Nanjing Youth Talent Training Plan of TCM (ZYQ20006)NATCM's Project of High-level Construction of Key TCM DisciplinesNanjing University of Chinese Medicine Foundation Youth Project (NZY903657)the Research Project of Jiangsu Commission of Health (Z2023057)。
文摘Parkinson' s disease(PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting movement,with no treatments currently available to halt or slow its progression.Therefore,the development of new anti-PD drugs is urgently needed.As a kind of medicine and food homologous plant,Cistanches Herba has a promising future for the treatment of PD.In this study,a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine(MPTP)-induced PD mouse model was used to detect Cistanches Herba' s anti-PD effects via histopathology and molecular biology.Simultaneously,the effect of Cistanches Herba on the "gut microbiota-barrier axis" was assessed through gut microbiota and intestinal barrier function in mice.Finally,transcriptomics analysis was conducted to further verify the results.As a result,37 differential metabolites and 16 microbial genera were screened and tentatively identified.Thirty-two metabolites and sixteen microbial genera were simultaneously altered with opposing trends in variation after MPTP and Cistanches Herba treatments.We built a framework for predicting targets and hostmicrobe interaction mechanisms,as well as identifying alternative treatment for PD,which should be validated further for clinical application.In conclusion,Cistanches Herba exerts a protective effect against the development of PD by manipulating the structural feature of intestinal flora to influence the host metabolites.
