Flood events and their impact on crops are extremely significant scientific research issues; however, flood monitoring is an exceedingly complicated process. Flood damages on crops are directly related to yield change...Flood events and their impact on crops are extremely significant scientific research issues; however, flood monitoring is an exceedingly complicated process. Flood damages on crops are directly related to yield change, which requires accurate assessment to quantify the damages. Various remote sensing products and indices have been used in the past for this purpose. This paper utilizes the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer （MODIS） weekly normalized difference vegetation index （NDVI） product to detect and further quantify flood damages on corn within the major corn producing states in the Midwest region of the US. County-level analyses were performed by taking weighted average of all pure corn pixels （〉90%） masked by the United States Department of Agriculture （USDA） Cropland Data Layer （CDL）. The NDVI-based time-series difference between flood years and normal year （median of years 2000-2014） was used to detect flood occur- rences. To further measure the impact of the flood on corn yield, regression analysis between change in NDVI and change in corn yield as independent and dependent variables respectively was performed for 30 different flooding events within growing seasons of the corn. With the R2 value of 0.85, the model indicates statistically significant linear relation between the NDVI and corn yield. Testing the predictability of the model with 10 new cases, the average relative error of the model was only 4.47%. Furthermore, small error （4.8%） of leave-one-out cross validation （LOOCV） along with smaller statistical error indicators （root mean square error （RMSE）, mean absolute error （MAE）, and mean bias error （MBE））, further validated the accuracy of the model. Utilizing the linear regression approach, change in NDVI during the growing season of corn appeared to be a good indicator to quantify the yield loss due to flood. Additionally, with the 250 m MODIS-based NDVI, these yield losses can be estimated up to field level.展开更多
To explore the effects of farming methods,straw returning and their interaction on corn yield and nitrogen utilization,the experiment was conducted for two consecutive years from 2016 to 2017 at the Xiangyang Experime...To explore the effects of farming methods,straw returning and their interaction on corn yield and nitrogen utilization,the experiment was conducted for two consecutive years from 2016 to 2017 at the Xiangyang Experimental Base of Northeast Agricultural University in Heilongjiang Province of China.The method of combining farming with straw returning was used and six treatments as rotary tillage(R)+no straw returning(K),rotary tillage(R)+straw returning(S),tillage(T)+no straw returning(K),tillage(T)+straw returning(S),tillage(T)+subsoiling(D)+no straw returning(K)and tillage(T)+subsoiling(D)+straw returning(S)were set to study the effects of different tillage methods and straw returning on corn yield and nitrogen accumulation and utilization.The corn yield,nitrogen accumulation,nitrogen transport,grain weight and dry matter accumulation of tillage(T)+subsoiling(D)and tillage(T)were significantly higher than those of rotary tillage(R)treatment.Meanwhile,the corn yield,nitrogen accumulation and dry matter accumulation of TD treatment were significantly higher than those of T treatment;the corn yield,dry matter accumulation,kernel weight,nitrogen dry matter production efficiency and nitrogen grain production efficiency of S treatment were significantly higher than those of K treatment.Among the treatments,the yield,nitrogen accumulation and utilization efficiency of TDS,TS and TDK were the highest.The yield,nitrogen accumulation and nitrogen transport of TDS were significantly higher than those of TS.In 2016,TDS production increased by 7.30%and 8.20%compared with TS;and TDS nitrogen accumulation increased by 6.78%and 9.50%compared with TS,while the yield and nitrogen grain production efficiency were significantly higher than those of TDK.Therefore,under the conditions of this experiment,on the basis of straw returning,tillage+subsoiling was the suitable farming method.展开更多
Early crop yield forecasting is important for food safety as well as large-scale food related planning. The phenology-adjusted spectral indices derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer （MODIS） data...Early crop yield forecasting is important for food safety as well as large-scale food related planning. The phenology-adjusted spectral indices derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer （MODIS） data were used to develop liner regression models with the county-level corn yield data in Northeast China. We also compared the different spectral indices in predicting yield. The results showed that, using Enhanced Vegetation Index （EVI）, Normalized Difference Water Index （NDWI） and Land Surface Water Index （LSWI）, the best time to predict corn yields was 55-60 days after green-up date. LSWI showed the strongest correlation （R2=0.568）, followed by EVI （R2=0.497） and NDWI （R2=0.495）. The peak correlation between Wide Dynamic Range Vegetation Index （WDRVI） and yield was detected 85 days after green-up date （RZ=0.506）. The correlation was generally low for Normalized Difference Vegetation Index （NDVI） （R2=0.385） and no obvious peak correlation existed for NDVI. The coefficients of determination of the different spectral indices varied from year to year, which were greater in 2001 and 2004 than in other years. Leave-one-year-out approach was used to test the performance of the model. Normalized root mean square error （NRMSE） ranged from 7.3 to 16.9% for different spectral indices. Overall, our results showed that crop phenology-tuned spectral indices were feasible and helpful for regional corn yield forecasting.展开更多
Due to the meteorological factors, Henan Province had a large-scale outbreak of corn stalk rot in 2014, and the incidence status of 25 varieties was investigated. According to the relevant resistance identification st...Due to the meteorological factors, Henan Province had a large-scale outbreak of corn stalk rot in 2014, and the incidence status of 25 varieties was investigated. According to the relevant resistance identification standards, Xundan.509 was classified as resistance variety; Yudan606, Jinsai38 and Xundan3136 were classified as moderate resistance ones, while the other 21 varieties were highly susceptible varieties. Using the yield loss rate of 5% as the critical value of disease tolerance standard, XundanS09, Yudan606, Jinsai38, Xundan3136, Huaiyu5288, QiaoyuS, XY046, Zhengyu10, Lile66, WeikeT02 and Xundan29 were classified into tolerance varieties of corn stalk rot. The concept between disease resistance and disease tolerance was distinguished. The diseased plant rate was used as the classification basis of disease resistance and the yield loss rate was used as the evaluation standard of disease tolerance. The relationship between both was showed by a Venn diagram.展开更多
Using the split plot and multi-quadric regressive orthogonal cross-course rotary combination design, corn variety Denghai 6’s yield and yield components, important colony quality and physiological index, microclimate...Using the split plot and multi-quadric regressive orthogonal cross-course rotary combination design, corn variety Denghai 6’s yield and yield components, important colony quality and physiological index, microclimate index in field and technical planting for high yield were studied. Cultivation for high yield showed that Denghai 6 had the great potential of increase yield. The average yield of two years was展开更多
Cultivation experiments on super-high-yield (^12000kg/ha) of summer corn (Zea mays L.) were conducted in Laizhou, Shangdong Province, from 1986 to 1997, and in Wenxian, Henan Province, from 1996 to 1997. The results s...Cultivation experiments on super-high-yield (^12000kg/ha) of summer corn (Zea mays L.) were conducted in Laizhou, Shangdong Province, from 1986 to 1997, and in Wenxian, Henan Province, from 1996 to 1997. The results showed that requirements of accumulated temperature and hours of sunshine for super-high-yield of summer corn could be met in normal years in the areas of the Huanghuaihai Plain. Amount of precipitation influenced the yield most strongly in indirect way among all the meteorological factors, and the relationship between them displayed significant negative correlation (r= - 0.5418). The regression equation between yield and amount of precipitation at seedling stage and grain filling stage both reached significant level, and the partial regression coefficients were - 4.8735 and - 13.7415, respectively. Further research revealed that the key climatic-ecological factors influencing yield were as fellows: the average temperature in the third and the ninth Xun (note: a Xun indicates ten days and the accounting of Xun was from the corresponding sowing date), the hours of sunshine in the sixth and the eighth Xun, the amount of precipitation in the sixth, the seventh and the second Xun. Results obtained by analyzing yield components of summer corn showed that grain numbers per ear (GN/E) made greater contribution to super-high-yield than kernel weight (KW) and the numbers of ears did. The key factors influencing GN/E were the amount of precipitation in the sixth and the eighth Xun and the hours of sunshine in the sixth Xun, with the correlation coefficients of -0.6074, 0.5793 and 0.5854, respectively.展开更多
A field trial was carried out to investigate phosphorous (P) absorption, grain quality and yield between high oil corn and common corn. The results indicated that high oil corn var.Tongyou 1 obtained lower highest P a...A field trial was carried out to investigate phosphorous (P) absorption, grain quality and yield between high oil corn and common corn. The results indicated that high oil corn var.Tongyou 1 obtained lower highest P absorption rate (HAR) and later occurring date of HAR, in comparison with common corn var. Simi 25. The highest HAR and the earliest occurring date of HAR was obtained by the treatments of P45 and P75 in Tongyou 1 and Simi 25 separately; while the total amount of P accumulated by maize plant was achieved by P105 treatment in both varieties. P in grain relied mainly on root uptake at maturation that accounted for 85.7-96.8% and 79.3-84.3% for Tongyou 1 and Simi 25, respectively. Tongyou 1 contained more oil and protein contents, but less starch content with lower grain yield. P application at appropriate rate enhanced contents of protein and fatty acid, but the increment of starch content was neglectable. Acknowledgements This study was financed by the National Key Tech- nologies R & D Program (2004BA520A13), P.R.China.展开更多
Information from actual farm fields can help corn producers understand the value and importance of establishing uniform crop emergence and within-row plant spacing. Thirty-eight fields planted with corn (Zea mays L.) ...Information from actual farm fields can help corn producers understand the value and importance of establishing uniform crop emergence and within-row plant spacing. Thirty-eight fields planted with corn (Zea mays L.) by North Dakota producers were evaluated to determine the effects of uneven plant emergence timing and within-row plant space variability, as well as identifying contributing factors. Rows within a planter’s width with the most variability yielded 6% less than the least variable rows. Individual ear weights decreased as the number of days after normal emergence (date when 50% of plant stand emerged) increased. Ears next to within-row gaps (>30.5 cm) weighed 11% more than the normally spaced plants. Combined ears from both plants situated <5.1 cm apart weighed 36% more than from a single ear from normally spaced plants. Surface residue and planting speed impacted stand establishment variability more often than other factors measured. Producers should assess each field environment individually in order to identify best practices to achieve uniform stand establishment.展开更多
This paper summarized the experience in high yield of wheat and corn in Jieshou City and made a further study on the supporting measures for the high yield of wheat and corn on this basis.
It is an important way for realizing sustainable development of sweet corn production to stabilize and improve soil fertility of cultivated land in sweet corn production region.Through the test of sweet corn straw dir...It is an important way for realizing sustainable development of sweet corn production to stabilize and improve soil fertility of cultivated land in sweet corn production region.Through the test of sweet corn straw directly returning to the field after 6seasons for 3years,the results showed that continuous single application of chemical fertilizer is not conducive to the stability of soil fertility and yield improvement,and implementation of straw returning could receive fertility,improve soil acidic conditions,and enhance the yield of sweet corn.Compared with before the test,the single application of chemical fertilizer increased soil available phosphorus,while the contents of soil organic matter,available nitrogen and available potassium decreased by 1.08,1.18 and 2.47mg/kg respectively,and the soil pH decreased by 0.15.Under the same fertilizer conditions,organic matter contents of single and double-season straw returning increased by 0.71 and 1.29g/kg,available nitrogen increased by 17.15 and 28.27mg/kg,available phosphorus increased by 0.96 and 1.73mg/kg,available potassium increased by 2.41 and 5.92mg/kg,the soil pH increased by 0.16 and 0.2.Compared with the single application of chemical fertilizer,the average yields of single and double-season straw returning increased by 7.5%and 11.8%,and their average income increased by 87.3and 117.1yuan of per mu(667m^2)respectively.展开更多
The physiological properties of new compact vertical-leaf type varieties, such as corn Zhengdan 958, Xundan 18, Jidan 7, etc. were analyzed in order to provid references for its large extension and new high-yield bree...The physiological properties of new compact vertical-leaf type varieties, such as corn Zhengdan 958, Xundan 18, Jidan 7, etc. were analyzed in order to provid references for its large extension and new high-yield breeding. Results showed that reasons of high-yield included reasonable indices of leaf-area changing, long keeping of corn leaves and slow aging. Photosynthetic pigment, protein and soluble sugar in varietal leaves were high with the high peroxide enzyme activation, photosynthesis inherent ability and photosynthesis efficiency, but with low malondialdehyde. The volume of grain seed was big, with long forming or starch grouting time of cells and the weight of thousand-granules was high. It indicated that Zhengdan 958 was still the best corn variety for the extensive utilization. The seeds production should pay attention to keep the pure degree and the hallmark for giving full potential advantages on the yield of these species.展开更多
The field experiment was conduced at the Agronomy Field Unit, Main Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Hebbal, Bangalore, India during 2002 and 2003 to study the effect of irrigation schedules on gr...The field experiment was conduced at the Agronomy Field Unit, Main Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Hebbal, Bangalore, India during 2002 and 2003 to study the effect of irrigation schedules on growth, yield and quality of baby corn. The soil of the experimental site was red sandy loam in texture with neutral reaction. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. There were seven treatments of irrigation schedules based on IW/CPE ratio of 0.6 and 1.0 during different phenophases of baby corn. The results of the experiment revealed that the baby corn dry matter was significantly higher (75.57 g.plant–1) with higher green fodder yield of 43.47 t.ha–1 due to irrigation scheduled at IW/CPE ratio of 1.0 followed by moisture stress at early stage (I3). Irrigations scheduled at IW/CPE ratio of 1.0 registered significantly higher baby corn yield of 6.60 t.ha–1 followed by the delayed irrigation at early stage of 10 - 25 DAS. Significantly higher crude protein, phosphorus, potassium and lower reducing sugars and ascorbic acid content of baby corn was recorded under IW/CPE ratio of 1.0. Delayed irrigation at 0.6 IW/CPE ratio through-out produced baby corn with higher taste and juiciness. The total crop water use ranged from 294.10 to 469.10 mm, respectively under continuously delayed irrigation at 0.6 IW/CPE ratio and frequent irrigation at IW/CPE ratio of 1.0 which also recorded higher water use efficiency.展开更多
This study was conducted with the objective to determine carcass traits, meat yield, and primal meat cuts of Arsi, Harar, Jersey*Horro crossbred, and Ogaden cattle breeds at Haramaya University, Ethiopia. A total of 1...This study was conducted with the objective to determine carcass traits, meat yield, and primal meat cuts of Arsi, Harar, Jersey*Horro crossbred, and Ogaden cattle breeds at Haramaya University, Ethiopia. A total of 12 bulls of four cattle breeds (3 Arsi, 3 Harar, 3 F1 Jersey*Horro crossbred and 3 Ogaden) with almost similar ages were randomly assigned to four treatments in a completely randomised design (CRD). Data on carcass traits, meat yield, and primal meat cuts were analyzed using the General Linear Model (GLM) of the Statistical Analysis Software (SAS) 9.4 version. The overall averages of live body weight, hot carcass weight, chilled carcass weight, dressing percentages based on hot carcass weight, and rib eye area of experimental cattle breeds were 215.58 kg, 102.93 kg, 99.56 kg, 47.61%, and 8.13 inch<sup>2</sup>, respectively. The hot carcass weight and chilled carcass weight of the Ogaden (136.57;133.30 kg, resp.) breed were higher (p < 0.01) compared to other experimental cattle breeds. Dressing percentages based on hot carcass weight were higher (p < 0.05) for the Ogaden (49.61%) and Arsi (49.82%) cattle breeds compared to Harar and Jersey*Horro crossbred (45.73%, 45.27%, resp.) cattle breeds. The average meat yield and proportion of meat yield of cattle breeds were 77.52 kg and 77.46%, respectively. With a linear regression coefficient of prediction (R<sup>2</sup>) ranging from 52.26% to 93.58%, primal meat cuts significantly (p dicted meat yield. In conclusion, the breed of cattle had a significant (p 0.05) influence on live body weight, hot and chilled carcass weight, dressing percentage, rib eye area, subcutaneous fat thickness, meat yield, and the weights of most primal meat cuts. The Ogaden cattle breed had a higher and better meat yield, carcass traits, and most primal meat cuts compared to other experimental cattle breeds. Furthermore, the inclusion of corn silage in the diet of fattening bulls improved the carcass and meat yield. Therefore, the performance of Ogaden cattle compared to other and previous studies suggests the possibility of using this breed for export purposes in addition to Borana and Harar cattle breeds in the future.展开更多
Poor soil structure and nutrients, excessive exchangeable Na＋, high pH as well as low enzyme activities are common in the solonetz, and significantly restrict corn （Zea mays L.） production. Cattle manure applicatio...Poor soil structure and nutrients, excessive exchangeable Na＋, high pH as well as low enzyme activities are common in the solonetz, and significantly restrict corn （Zea mays L.） production. Cattle manure application combined with deep tillage is an important management practice that can affect soil physico-chemical properties and enzyme activities as well as corn yield in the solonetz. Field experiments were carried out in a randomized complete block design comprising four treatments： Corn with conventional tillage was used as a control, and corn with manure application combined with deep tillage as well as film mulching and aluminium sulfate were used as the experimental treatments, respectively. The relationship between corn yield and measured soil properties was determined using stepwise regression analysis. Manure application combined with deep tillage management was more effective than conventional tillage for increasing corn yield and for improving soil properties in the solonetz. The highest corn yield was obtained in the treatments with manure application＋deep tillage＋plastic film mulching （11 472 and 12 228 kg ha-l）, and increased by 38 and 43% comparing with the control treatment （8 343 and 8 552 kg ha-1） both in the 2013 and 2014 experiments, respectively. Using factor analysis, three factors were obtained, which represented soil fertility status, soil saline-alkaline properties and soil structural properties both in the 2013 and 2014 experiments, respectively. Manure and deep tillage management resulted in two distinct groups of soil properties： （1） soils with manure application combined with deep tillage and （2） soils with conventional tillage. Stepwise regression analysis showed that corn yield was significantly and positively correlated to urease and available P, as well as negatively correlated to pH, electrical conductivity （EC）, exchange sodium percentage （ESP）, and bulk density （Pb）. We concluded that Pb was dominant factor for corn yield on the basis of discriminant coefficient. Manure application combined with deep tillage man- agement resulted in an increase in corn yield mainly owing to improved soil structural properties, followed by decreased soil saline-alkaline obstacle as well as increased urease activity and available P. This result is likely that the improvement in soil organic matter （SOM） from manure application greatly and positively contributed to better soil physico-chemical properties and enzyme activities, especially decrease in pb. Suggestion for corn production should be improvement in soilstructural properties firstly. This could cause decrease in Pb that key factor which limited the corn production in the solonetz.展开更多
Corn straw return to the field is a vital agronomic practice for increasing soil organic carbon(SOC)and its labile fractions,as well as soil aggregates and organic carbon(OC)associated with water-stable aggregates(WSA...Corn straw return to the field is a vital agronomic practice for increasing soil organic carbon(SOC)and its labile fractions,as well as soil aggregates and organic carbon(OC)associated with water-stable aggregates(WSA).Moreover,the labile SOC fractions play an important role in OC turnover and sequestration.The aims of this study were to determine how different corn straw returning modes affect the contents of labile SOC fractions and OC associated with WSA.Corn straw was returned in the following depths:(1)on undisturbed soil surface(NTS),(2)in the 0–10 cm soil depth(MTS),(3)in the 0–20 cm soil depth(CTS),and(4)no corn straw applied(CK).After five years(2014–2018),soil was sampled in the 0–20 and 20–40 cm depths to measure the water-extractable organic C(WEOC),permanganate oxidizable C(KMnO4-C),light fraction organic C(LFOC),and WSA fractions.The results showed that compared with CK,corn straw amended soils(NTS,MTS and CTS)increased SOC content by 11.55%–16.58%,WEOC by 41.38%–51.42%,KMnO4-C and LFOC by 29.84%–34.09%and 56.68%–65.36%in the 0–40 cm soil depth.The LFOC and KMnO4-C were proved to be the most sensitive fractions to different corn straw returning modes.Compared with CK,soils amended with corn straw increased mean weight diameter by 24.24%–40.48%in the 0–20 cm soil depth.The NTS and MTS preserved more than 60.00%of OC in macro-aggregates compared with CK.No significant difference was found in corn yield across all corn straw returning modes throughout the study period,indicating that adoption of NTS and MTS would increase SOC content and improve soil structure,and would not decline crop production.展开更多
An improved population NEAU 2 was tested in Triple Test Cross design to analyze the genetic structure of 31 plants and quality traits. The results suggested that additive effect played an important role in all of thes...An improved population NEAU 2 was tested in Triple Test Cross design to analyze the genetic structure of 31 plants and quality traits. The results suggested that additive effect played an important role in all of these traits except for filling property trait V1. Nine traits such as grain yield and volume weight were determined mainly by the additive effect. Globulin and starch content were controlled by significant dominant effect. The leaf number above ear and most quality traits studied were controlled by both additive and dominance effect, and 4 traits such as 100 kernel weight were determined by both additive and epistasis effect. However, the heredity of plant height, ear position, and so on was determined by all these kinds of genetic effects. In quality improvement, direct selection could increase the content but not improve the quality of corn protein. Direct selection for albumin content and the ratio of glutelin to zein was effective and might be a better way to improve the protein quality of corn. Starch content might be raised by direct selection, but it might increase the content of amylopectin meanwhile. It was better to increase gross fat content by direct and indirect selection through the weight ratio of embryo to endosperm, which might also be effective to increase gross fat.展开更多
Corn, with C4 photosynthetic metabolism, often has no photosynthetic or yield response to elevated carbon dioxide concentrations. In C3 species, the yield stimulation at elevated carbon dioxide concentrations often de...Corn, with C4 photosynthetic metabolism, often has no photosynthetic or yield response to elevated carbon dioxide concentrations. In C3 species, the yield stimulation at elevated carbon dioxide concentrations often decreases with nitrogen limitation. I tested whether such a nitrogen interaction occurred in corn, by growing sweet corn in field plots in open top chambers at ambient and elevated (ambient + 180 mmol·mol-1) carbon dioxide concentrations for four seasons, with six nitrogen application rates, ranging from half to twice the locally recommended rate. At the recommended rate of nitrogen application, no carbon dioxide effect on production occurred. However, both ear and leaf plus stem biomass were lower for the elevated carbon dioxide treatment than for the ambient treatment at less than the recommended rate of nitrogen application, and higher at the highest rates of nitrogen application. There were no significant responses of mid-day leaf gas exchange rates to nitrogen application rate for either carbon dioxide treatment, and elevated carbon dioxide did not significantly increase leaf carbon dioxide assimilation rates at any nitrogen level. Leaf area index during vegetative growth increased more with nitrogen application rate at elevated than at ambient carbon dioxide. It is concluded that elevated carbon dioxide increased the responsiveness of corn growth to nitrogen application by increasing the response of leaf area to nitrogen application rate, and that elevated carbon dioxide increased the amount of nitrogen required to achieve maximum yields.展开更多
Based on the results of nine Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) coupling models, the temperature and precipitation data of 114 stations in Northeast China were compared and analyzed. The simulation ...Based on the results of nine Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) coupling models, the temperature and precipitation data of 114 stations in Northeast China were compared and analyzed. The simulation effect of CMIP5 model on precipitation and temperature in Northeast China was evaluated. The research shows that the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Earth System Models (GGFDL-ESM2G) have the best simulation effect on precipitation and temperature in Northeast China. Based on the SPEI index, the relationship between the drought trend of maize growing season and the yield change rate of maize in Northeast China was analyzed, and the future drought (2020-2050) and corn yield in Northeast China were estimated. The cumulative Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) analysis of the northeast maize growing season (May-September) shows that the drought in the northeastern region showed an intensifying trend from 1980 to 2010, especially in the first ten years of the 21st century. The cumulative SPEI index has a significant positive correlation with the yield of maize in Northeast China, and has a certain indicator effect on the yield of maize in Northeast China. The three scenarios of GFDL-ESM2G model show that under the three scenarios of Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP), the warming in Northeast China is significant;under the RCP4.5 scenario, the precipitation in Northeast China is increasing;in the RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 climate scenarios, precipitation is presented and reduces the trend of drought. Estimates of drought trends in Northeast China show that under the RCP4.5 climate scenario, the drought in Northeast China showed a slowing trend from 2020 to 2050. Under the RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 climate scenarios, the drought in Northeast China showed an increasing trend. Under the RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 climate scenarios, the yield change rate of maize in Northeast China showed a downward trend, indicating that climate warming caused the drought in Northeast China to increase, which had a negative impact on corn yield increase. In severe drought years, drought may cause northeast corn production seriously reduced. However, under the RCP4.5 scenario, drought has little effect on corn yield.展开更多
Phosphorus(P)is an essential nutrient for crop growth,making it important for maintaining food security as the global population continues to increase.Plants acquire P primarily via the uptake of inorganic phosphate(P...Phosphorus(P)is an essential nutrient for crop growth,making it important for maintaining food security as the global population continues to increase.Plants acquire P primarily via the uptake of inorganic phosphate(Pi)in soil through their roots.Pi,which is usually sequestered in soils,is not easily absorbed by plants and represses plant growth.Plants have developed a series of mechanisms to cope with P deficiency.Moreover,P fertilizer applications are critical for maximizing crop yield.Maize is a major cereal crop cultivated worldwide.Increasing its P-use efficiency is important for optimizing maize production.Over the past two decades,considerable progresses have been achieved in studies aimed at adapting maize varieties to changes in environmental P supply.Here,we present an overview of the morphological,physiological,and molecular mechanisms involved in P acquisition,translocation,and redistribution in maize and combine the advances in Arabidopsis and rice,to better elucidate the progress of P nutrition.Additionally,we summarize the correlation between P and abiotic stress responses.Clarifying the mechanisms relevant to improving P absorption and use in maize can guide future research on sustainable agriculture.展开更多
基金supported by grants from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) of the United States (NNX12AQ31G and NNX12AQ31G NNX14AP91G,PI:Dr.Liping Di)
文摘Flood events and their impact on crops are extremely significant scientific research issues; however, flood monitoring is an exceedingly complicated process. Flood damages on crops are directly related to yield change, which requires accurate assessment to quantify the damages. Various remote sensing products and indices have been used in the past for this purpose. This paper utilizes the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer （MODIS） weekly normalized difference vegetation index （NDVI） product to detect and further quantify flood damages on corn within the major corn producing states in the Midwest region of the US. County-level analyses were performed by taking weighted average of all pure corn pixels （〉90%） masked by the United States Department of Agriculture （USDA） Cropland Data Layer （CDL）. The NDVI-based time-series difference between flood years and normal year （median of years 2000-2014） was used to detect flood occur- rences. To further measure the impact of the flood on corn yield, regression analysis between change in NDVI and change in corn yield as independent and dependent variables respectively was performed for 30 different flooding events within growing seasons of the corn. With the R2 value of 0.85, the model indicates statistically significant linear relation between the NDVI and corn yield. Testing the predictability of the model with 10 new cases, the average relative error of the model was only 4.47%. Furthermore, small error （4.8%） of leave-one-out cross validation （LOOCV） along with smaller statistical error indicators （root mean square error （RMSE）, mean absolute error （MAE）, and mean bias error （MBE））, further validated the accuracy of the model. Utilizing the linear regression approach, change in NDVI during the growing season of corn appeared to be a good indicator to quantify the yield loss due to flood. Additionally, with the 250 m MODIS-based NDVI, these yield losses can be estimated up to field level.
基金Supported by the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in Public Interest in China(201503119-06-01)。
文摘To explore the effects of farming methods,straw returning and their interaction on corn yield and nitrogen utilization,the experiment was conducted for two consecutive years from 2016 to 2017 at the Xiangyang Experimental Base of Northeast Agricultural University in Heilongjiang Province of China.The method of combining farming with straw returning was used and six treatments as rotary tillage(R)+no straw returning(K),rotary tillage(R)+straw returning(S),tillage(T)+no straw returning(K),tillage(T)+straw returning(S),tillage(T)+subsoiling(D)+no straw returning(K)and tillage(T)+subsoiling(D)+straw returning(S)were set to study the effects of different tillage methods and straw returning on corn yield and nitrogen accumulation and utilization.The corn yield,nitrogen accumulation,nitrogen transport,grain weight and dry matter accumulation of tillage(T)+subsoiling(D)and tillage(T)were significantly higher than those of rotary tillage(R)treatment.Meanwhile,the corn yield,nitrogen accumulation and dry matter accumulation of TD treatment were significantly higher than those of T treatment;the corn yield,dry matter accumulation,kernel weight,nitrogen dry matter production efficiency and nitrogen grain production efficiency of S treatment were significantly higher than those of K treatment.Among the treatments,the yield,nitrogen accumulation and utilization efficiency of TDS,TS and TDK were the highest.The yield,nitrogen accumulation and nitrogen transport of TDS were significantly higher than those of TS.In 2016,TDS production increased by 7.30%and 8.20%compared with TS;and TDS nitrogen accumulation increased by 6.78%and 9.50%compared with TS,while the yield and nitrogen grain production efficiency were significantly higher than those of TDK.Therefore,under the conditions of this experiment,on the basis of straw returning,tillage+subsoiling was the suitable farming method.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(2010CB950902)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41371002)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA05090310)
文摘Early crop yield forecasting is important for food safety as well as large-scale food related planning. The phenology-adjusted spectral indices derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer （MODIS） data were used to develop liner regression models with the county-level corn yield data in Northeast China. We also compared the different spectral indices in predicting yield. The results showed that, using Enhanced Vegetation Index （EVI）, Normalized Difference Water Index （NDWI） and Land Surface Water Index （LSWI）, the best time to predict corn yields was 55-60 days after green-up date. LSWI showed the strongest correlation （R2=0.568）, followed by EVI （R2=0.497） and NDWI （R2=0.495）. The peak correlation between Wide Dynamic Range Vegetation Index （WDRVI） and yield was detected 85 days after green-up date （RZ=0.506）. The correlation was generally low for Normalized Difference Vegetation Index （NDVI） （R2=0.385） and no obvious peak correlation existed for NDVI. The coefficients of determination of the different spectral indices varied from year to year, which were greater in 2001 and 2004 than in other years. Leave-one-year-out approach was used to test the performance of the model. Normalized root mean square error （NRMSE） ranged from 7.3 to 16.9% for different spectral indices. Overall, our results showed that crop phenology-tuned spectral indices were feasible and helpful for regional corn yield forecasting.
基金Supported by Major Science and Technology Project of Henan Province"Gene Mining of Important Agronomic Traits in Major Crops and Breeding of New Corn Varieties"(161100110500-0104)
文摘Due to the meteorological factors, Henan Province had a large-scale outbreak of corn stalk rot in 2014, and the incidence status of 25 varieties was investigated. According to the relevant resistance identification standards, Xundan.509 was classified as resistance variety; Yudan606, Jinsai38 and Xundan3136 were classified as moderate resistance ones, while the other 21 varieties were highly susceptible varieties. Using the yield loss rate of 5% as the critical value of disease tolerance standard, XundanS09, Yudan606, Jinsai38, Xundan3136, Huaiyu5288, QiaoyuS, XY046, Zhengyu10, Lile66, WeikeT02 and Xundan29 were classified into tolerance varieties of corn stalk rot. The concept between disease resistance and disease tolerance was distinguished. The diseased plant rate was used as the classification basis of disease resistance and the yield loss rate was used as the evaluation standard of disease tolerance. The relationship between both was showed by a Venn diagram.
文摘Using the split plot and multi-quadric regressive orthogonal cross-course rotary combination design, corn variety Denghai 6’s yield and yield components, important colony quality and physiological index, microclimate index in field and technical planting for high yield were studied. Cultivation for high yield showed that Denghai 6 had the great potential of increase yield. The average yield of two years was
文摘Cultivation experiments on super-high-yield (^12000kg/ha) of summer corn (Zea mays L.) were conducted in Laizhou, Shangdong Province, from 1986 to 1997, and in Wenxian, Henan Province, from 1996 to 1997. The results showed that requirements of accumulated temperature and hours of sunshine for super-high-yield of summer corn could be met in normal years in the areas of the Huanghuaihai Plain. Amount of precipitation influenced the yield most strongly in indirect way among all the meteorological factors, and the relationship between them displayed significant negative correlation (r= - 0.5418). The regression equation between yield and amount of precipitation at seedling stage and grain filling stage both reached significant level, and the partial regression coefficients were - 4.8735 and - 13.7415, respectively. Further research revealed that the key climatic-ecological factors influencing yield were as fellows: the average temperature in the third and the ninth Xun (note: a Xun indicates ten days and the accounting of Xun was from the corresponding sowing date), the hours of sunshine in the sixth and the eighth Xun, the amount of precipitation in the sixth, the seventh and the second Xun. Results obtained by analyzing yield components of summer corn showed that grain numbers per ear (GN/E) made greater contribution to super-high-yield than kernel weight (KW) and the numbers of ears did. The key factors influencing GN/E were the amount of precipitation in the sixth and the eighth Xun and the hours of sunshine in the sixth Xun, with the correlation coefficients of -0.6074, 0.5793 and 0.5854, respectively.
文摘A field trial was carried out to investigate phosphorous (P) absorption, grain quality and yield between high oil corn and common corn. The results indicated that high oil corn var.Tongyou 1 obtained lower highest P absorption rate (HAR) and later occurring date of HAR, in comparison with common corn var. Simi 25. The highest HAR and the earliest occurring date of HAR was obtained by the treatments of P45 and P75 in Tongyou 1 and Simi 25 separately; while the total amount of P accumulated by maize plant was achieved by P105 treatment in both varieties. P in grain relied mainly on root uptake at maturation that accounted for 85.7-96.8% and 79.3-84.3% for Tongyou 1 and Simi 25, respectively. Tongyou 1 contained more oil and protein contents, but less starch content with lower grain yield. P application at appropriate rate enhanced contents of protein and fatty acid, but the increment of starch content was neglectable. Acknowledgements This study was financed by the National Key Tech- nologies R & D Program (2004BA520A13), P.R.China.
文摘Information from actual farm fields can help corn producers understand the value and importance of establishing uniform crop emergence and within-row plant spacing. Thirty-eight fields planted with corn (Zea mays L.) by North Dakota producers were evaluated to determine the effects of uneven plant emergence timing and within-row plant space variability, as well as identifying contributing factors. Rows within a planter’s width with the most variability yielded 6% less than the least variable rows. Individual ear weights decreased as the number of days after normal emergence (date when 50% of plant stand emerged) increased. Ears next to within-row gaps (>30.5 cm) weighed 11% more than the normally spaced plants. Combined ears from both plants situated <5.1 cm apart weighed 36% more than from a single ear from normally spaced plants. Surface residue and planting speed impacted stand establishment variability more often than other factors measured. Producers should assess each field environment individually in order to identify best practices to achieve uniform stand establishment.
文摘This paper summarized the experience in high yield of wheat and corn in Jieshou City and made a further study on the supporting measures for the high yield of wheat and corn on this basis.
基金Supported by Huizhou Science and Technology Support Item(2011B040010010)
文摘It is an important way for realizing sustainable development of sweet corn production to stabilize and improve soil fertility of cultivated land in sweet corn production region.Through the test of sweet corn straw directly returning to the field after 6seasons for 3years,the results showed that continuous single application of chemical fertilizer is not conducive to the stability of soil fertility and yield improvement,and implementation of straw returning could receive fertility,improve soil acidic conditions,and enhance the yield of sweet corn.Compared with before the test,the single application of chemical fertilizer increased soil available phosphorus,while the contents of soil organic matter,available nitrogen and available potassium decreased by 1.08,1.18 and 2.47mg/kg respectively,and the soil pH decreased by 0.15.Under the same fertilizer conditions,organic matter contents of single and double-season straw returning increased by 0.71 and 1.29g/kg,available nitrogen increased by 17.15 and 28.27mg/kg,available phosphorus increased by 0.96 and 1.73mg/kg,available potassium increased by 2.41 and 5.92mg/kg,the soil pH increased by 0.16 and 0.2.Compared with the single application of chemical fertilizer,the average yields of single and double-season straw returning increased by 7.5%and 11.8%,and their average income increased by 87.3and 117.1yuan of per mu(667m^2)respectively.
文摘The physiological properties of new compact vertical-leaf type varieties, such as corn Zhengdan 958, Xundan 18, Jidan 7, etc. were analyzed in order to provid references for its large extension and new high-yield breeding. Results showed that reasons of high-yield included reasonable indices of leaf-area changing, long keeping of corn leaves and slow aging. Photosynthetic pigment, protein and soluble sugar in varietal leaves were high with the high peroxide enzyme activation, photosynthesis inherent ability and photosynthesis efficiency, but with low malondialdehyde. The volume of grain seed was big, with long forming or starch grouting time of cells and the weight of thousand-granules was high. It indicated that Zhengdan 958 was still the best corn variety for the extensive utilization. The seeds production should pay attention to keep the pure degree and the hallmark for giving full potential advantages on the yield of these species.
文摘The field experiment was conduced at the Agronomy Field Unit, Main Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Hebbal, Bangalore, India during 2002 and 2003 to study the effect of irrigation schedules on growth, yield and quality of baby corn. The soil of the experimental site was red sandy loam in texture with neutral reaction. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. There were seven treatments of irrigation schedules based on IW/CPE ratio of 0.6 and 1.0 during different phenophases of baby corn. The results of the experiment revealed that the baby corn dry matter was significantly higher (75.57 g.plant–1) with higher green fodder yield of 43.47 t.ha–1 due to irrigation scheduled at IW/CPE ratio of 1.0 followed by moisture stress at early stage (I3). Irrigations scheduled at IW/CPE ratio of 1.0 registered significantly higher baby corn yield of 6.60 t.ha–1 followed by the delayed irrigation at early stage of 10 - 25 DAS. Significantly higher crude protein, phosphorus, potassium and lower reducing sugars and ascorbic acid content of baby corn was recorded under IW/CPE ratio of 1.0. Delayed irrigation at 0.6 IW/CPE ratio through-out produced baby corn with higher taste and juiciness. The total crop water use ranged from 294.10 to 469.10 mm, respectively under continuously delayed irrigation at 0.6 IW/CPE ratio and frequent irrigation at IW/CPE ratio of 1.0 which also recorded higher water use efficiency.
文摘This study was conducted with the objective to determine carcass traits, meat yield, and primal meat cuts of Arsi, Harar, Jersey*Horro crossbred, and Ogaden cattle breeds at Haramaya University, Ethiopia. A total of 12 bulls of four cattle breeds (3 Arsi, 3 Harar, 3 F1 Jersey*Horro crossbred and 3 Ogaden) with almost similar ages were randomly assigned to four treatments in a completely randomised design (CRD). Data on carcass traits, meat yield, and primal meat cuts were analyzed using the General Linear Model (GLM) of the Statistical Analysis Software (SAS) 9.4 version. The overall averages of live body weight, hot carcass weight, chilled carcass weight, dressing percentages based on hot carcass weight, and rib eye area of experimental cattle breeds were 215.58 kg, 102.93 kg, 99.56 kg, 47.61%, and 8.13 inch<sup>2</sup>, respectively. The hot carcass weight and chilled carcass weight of the Ogaden (136.57;133.30 kg, resp.) breed were higher (p < 0.01) compared to other experimental cattle breeds. Dressing percentages based on hot carcass weight were higher (p < 0.05) for the Ogaden (49.61%) and Arsi (49.82%) cattle breeds compared to Harar and Jersey*Horro crossbred (45.73%, 45.27%, resp.) cattle breeds. The average meat yield and proportion of meat yield of cattle breeds were 77.52 kg and 77.46%, respectively. With a linear regression coefficient of prediction (R<sup>2</sup>) ranging from 52.26% to 93.58%, primal meat cuts significantly (p dicted meat yield. In conclusion, the breed of cattle had a significant (p 0.05) influence on live body weight, hot and chilled carcass weight, dressing percentage, rib eye area, subcutaneous fat thickness, meat yield, and the weights of most primal meat cuts. The Ogaden cattle breed had a higher and better meat yield, carcass traits, and most primal meat cuts compared to other experimental cattle breeds. Furthermore, the inclusion of corn silage in the diet of fattening bulls improved the carcass and meat yield. Therefore, the performance of Ogaden cattle compared to other and previous studies suggests the possibility of using this breed for export purposes in addition to Borana and Harar cattle breeds in the future.
基金provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41501315 and 41501316)the Special Funds for the Young Talents Project of Northeast Agricultural University,China(14QC31)+1 种基金the Key Technology Research of Efficient Fertilization of Farmland and Promotion of Land Productivity in Songnen Plain of China(YS15B15)the Fund of Postdoctor in China(2014M551207)
文摘Poor soil structure and nutrients, excessive exchangeable Na＋, high pH as well as low enzyme activities are common in the solonetz, and significantly restrict corn （Zea mays L.） production. Cattle manure application combined with deep tillage is an important management practice that can affect soil physico-chemical properties and enzyme activities as well as corn yield in the solonetz. Field experiments were carried out in a randomized complete block design comprising four treatments： Corn with conventional tillage was used as a control, and corn with manure application combined with deep tillage as well as film mulching and aluminium sulfate were used as the experimental treatments, respectively. The relationship between corn yield and measured soil properties was determined using stepwise regression analysis. Manure application combined with deep tillage management was more effective than conventional tillage for increasing corn yield and for improving soil properties in the solonetz. The highest corn yield was obtained in the treatments with manure application＋deep tillage＋plastic film mulching （11 472 and 12 228 kg ha-l）, and increased by 38 and 43% comparing with the control treatment （8 343 and 8 552 kg ha-1） both in the 2013 and 2014 experiments, respectively. Using factor analysis, three factors were obtained, which represented soil fertility status, soil saline-alkaline properties and soil structural properties both in the 2013 and 2014 experiments, respectively. Manure and deep tillage management resulted in two distinct groups of soil properties： （1） soils with manure application combined with deep tillage and （2） soils with conventional tillage. Stepwise regression analysis showed that corn yield was significantly and positively correlated to urease and available P, as well as negatively correlated to pH, electrical conductivity （EC）, exchange sodium percentage （ESP）, and bulk density （Pb）. We concluded that Pb was dominant factor for corn yield on the basis of discriminant coefficient. Manure application combined with deep tillage man- agement resulted in an increase in corn yield mainly owing to improved soil structural properties, followed by decreased soil saline-alkaline obstacle as well as increased urease activity and available P. This result is likely that the improvement in soil organic matter （SOM） from manure application greatly and positively contributed to better soil physico-chemical properties and enzyme activities, especially decrease in pb. Suggestion for corn production should be improvement in soilstructural properties firstly. This could cause decrease in Pb that key factor which limited the corn production in the solonetz.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42077022)Key Research and Development Program of Jilin Province(20200402098NC).
文摘Corn straw return to the field is a vital agronomic practice for increasing soil organic carbon(SOC)and its labile fractions,as well as soil aggregates and organic carbon(OC)associated with water-stable aggregates(WSA).Moreover,the labile SOC fractions play an important role in OC turnover and sequestration.The aims of this study were to determine how different corn straw returning modes affect the contents of labile SOC fractions and OC associated with WSA.Corn straw was returned in the following depths:(1)on undisturbed soil surface(NTS),(2)in the 0–10 cm soil depth(MTS),(3)in the 0–20 cm soil depth(CTS),and(4)no corn straw applied(CK).After five years(2014–2018),soil was sampled in the 0–20 and 20–40 cm depths to measure the water-extractable organic C(WEOC),permanganate oxidizable C(KMnO4-C),light fraction organic C(LFOC),and WSA fractions.The results showed that compared with CK,corn straw amended soils(NTS,MTS and CTS)increased SOC content by 11.55%–16.58%,WEOC by 41.38%–51.42%,KMnO4-C and LFOC by 29.84%–34.09%and 56.68%–65.36%in the 0–40 cm soil depth.The LFOC and KMnO4-C were proved to be the most sensitive fractions to different corn straw returning modes.Compared with CK,soils amended with corn straw increased mean weight diameter by 24.24%–40.48%in the 0–20 cm soil depth.The NTS and MTS preserved more than 60.00%of OC in macro-aggregates compared with CK.No significant difference was found in corn yield across all corn straw returning modes throughout the study period,indicating that adoption of NTS and MTS would increase SOC content and improve soil structure,and would not decline crop production.
基金Science Project of Heilongjiang Province (GB01B102- 02- 05)
文摘An improved population NEAU 2 was tested in Triple Test Cross design to analyze the genetic structure of 31 plants and quality traits. The results suggested that additive effect played an important role in all of these traits except for filling property trait V1. Nine traits such as grain yield and volume weight were determined mainly by the additive effect. Globulin and starch content were controlled by significant dominant effect. The leaf number above ear and most quality traits studied were controlled by both additive and dominance effect, and 4 traits such as 100 kernel weight were determined by both additive and epistasis effect. However, the heredity of plant height, ear position, and so on was determined by all these kinds of genetic effects. In quality improvement, direct selection could increase the content but not improve the quality of corn protein. Direct selection for albumin content and the ratio of glutelin to zein was effective and might be a better way to improve the protein quality of corn. Starch content might be raised by direct selection, but it might increase the content of amylopectin meanwhile. It was better to increase gross fat content by direct and indirect selection through the weight ratio of embryo to endosperm, which might also be effective to increase gross fat.
文摘Corn, with C4 photosynthetic metabolism, often has no photosynthetic or yield response to elevated carbon dioxide concentrations. In C3 species, the yield stimulation at elevated carbon dioxide concentrations often decreases with nitrogen limitation. I tested whether such a nitrogen interaction occurred in corn, by growing sweet corn in field plots in open top chambers at ambient and elevated (ambient + 180 mmol·mol-1) carbon dioxide concentrations for four seasons, with six nitrogen application rates, ranging from half to twice the locally recommended rate. At the recommended rate of nitrogen application, no carbon dioxide effect on production occurred. However, both ear and leaf plus stem biomass were lower for the elevated carbon dioxide treatment than for the ambient treatment at less than the recommended rate of nitrogen application, and higher at the highest rates of nitrogen application. There were no significant responses of mid-day leaf gas exchange rates to nitrogen application rate for either carbon dioxide treatment, and elevated carbon dioxide did not significantly increase leaf carbon dioxide assimilation rates at any nitrogen level. Leaf area index during vegetative growth increased more with nitrogen application rate at elevated than at ambient carbon dioxide. It is concluded that elevated carbon dioxide increased the responsiveness of corn growth to nitrogen application by increasing the response of leaf area to nitrogen application rate, and that elevated carbon dioxide increased the amount of nitrogen required to achieve maximum yields.
文摘Based on the results of nine Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) coupling models, the temperature and precipitation data of 114 stations in Northeast China were compared and analyzed. The simulation effect of CMIP5 model on precipitation and temperature in Northeast China was evaluated. The research shows that the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Earth System Models (GGFDL-ESM2G) have the best simulation effect on precipitation and temperature in Northeast China. Based on the SPEI index, the relationship between the drought trend of maize growing season and the yield change rate of maize in Northeast China was analyzed, and the future drought (2020-2050) and corn yield in Northeast China were estimated. The cumulative Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) analysis of the northeast maize growing season (May-September) shows that the drought in the northeastern region showed an intensifying trend from 1980 to 2010, especially in the first ten years of the 21st century. The cumulative SPEI index has a significant positive correlation with the yield of maize in Northeast China, and has a certain indicator effect on the yield of maize in Northeast China. The three scenarios of GFDL-ESM2G model show that under the three scenarios of Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP), the warming in Northeast China is significant;under the RCP4.5 scenario, the precipitation in Northeast China is increasing;in the RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 climate scenarios, precipitation is presented and reduces the trend of drought. Estimates of drought trends in Northeast China show that under the RCP4.5 climate scenario, the drought in Northeast China showed a slowing trend from 2020 to 2050. Under the RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 climate scenarios, the drought in Northeast China showed an increasing trend. Under the RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 climate scenarios, the yield change rate of maize in Northeast China showed a downward trend, indicating that climate warming caused the drought in Northeast China to increase, which had a negative impact on corn yield increase. In severe drought years, drought may cause northeast corn production seriously reduced. However, under the RCP4.5 scenario, drought has little effect on corn yield.
基金supported by grants from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFF1000500)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32370272,31970273,and 31921001).
文摘Phosphorus(P)is an essential nutrient for crop growth,making it important for maintaining food security as the global population continues to increase.Plants acquire P primarily via the uptake of inorganic phosphate(Pi)in soil through their roots.Pi,which is usually sequestered in soils,is not easily absorbed by plants and represses plant growth.Plants have developed a series of mechanisms to cope with P deficiency.Moreover,P fertilizer applications are critical for maximizing crop yield.Maize is a major cereal crop cultivated worldwide.Increasing its P-use efficiency is important for optimizing maize production.Over the past two decades,considerable progresses have been achieved in studies aimed at adapting maize varieties to changes in environmental P supply.Here,we present an overview of the morphological,physiological,and molecular mechanisms involved in P acquisition,translocation,and redistribution in maize and combine the advances in Arabidopsis and rice,to better elucidate the progress of P nutrition.Additionally,we summarize the correlation between P and abiotic stress responses.Clarifying the mechanisms relevant to improving P absorption and use in maize can guide future research on sustainable agriculture.
