[Objective] This research aimed to study the FTIR spectra of corn germs and endosperms so as to provide a scientific way for identifying corn of different types. [Method] The corn germs and endosperms of three types w...[Objective] This research aimed to study the FTIR spectra of corn germs and endosperms so as to provide a scientific way for identifying corn of different types. [Method] The corn germs and endosperms of three types were studied by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy（FTIR） technology, combined with cluster analysis. [Result] The overall characteristics of original FTIR spectra were basically similar within the range of 700-1 800 cm^-1. The FTIR spectra were mainly composed by the absorption peaks of polysaccharides, proteins and lipids. Within the wavelength range of 700-1 800 cm^-1, there were only tiny differences in original FTIR spectra among the corn germs and endosperms of three different types. The spectra were then processed by using first derivative and second derivative. The second derivative spectra were used for hierarchical cluster analysis（HCA）. The results showed that with the wavelength range of 700-1 800 cm^-1, the second derivative spectra of the 52 samples could be better clustered according to the tree types and corn germ and corn endosperm. The clustering correct rate reached 96.1%.[Conclusion] FTIR technology, combined with cluster analysis, can be used to identify different types of corn germs and endosperms, and it is characterized by convenience and rapidness.展开更多
This study was carried out to determine the effect of replacement of forage fiber sources from alfalfa and Leymus chinensis with nonforage fiber sources（NFFS） from dried distillers grains with solubles and corn germ...This study was carried out to determine the effect of replacement of forage fiber sources from alfalfa and Leymus chinensis with nonforage fiber sources（NFFS） from dried distillers grains with solubles and corn germ meal on calves growth, rumen development and blood parameters. 48 female and 12 male calves（（110.55±15.36） kg of body weight and 12 wk of age） were assigned randomly to four dietary treatments（15 calves/treatment） in a completely randomized design. Experimental diets were： 0% NFFS（control）, 9% NFFS（group 1）, 18% NFFS（group 2）, 27% NFFS（group 3）, and contained equivalent neutral detergent fiber and total digestible nutrients, respectively. The dry matter intake was similar among diets, averaging 3.33 kg d-1, and no differences were detected for body weight, withers height, body length and heart girth. In addition, the development of rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum also were similar among diets. Dry matter, crude protein, and neutral detergent fiber digestibilities increased with the increasing levels of NFFS in the experimental diets, but had no significant effect. Blood urea nitrogen, total protein and glubulin were not affected by the dietary treatment, but group 3 resulted in the highest（P〈0.05） concentrations of glucose and the lowest（P〈0.05） concentrations of triglycerides and albumin. In conclusion, dried distillers grains with solubles（DDGS） and corn germ meal（CGM） were available and alternative fiber sources for Holstein calf diets.展开更多
[Objective] The optimal craft of preparing conjugated linoleic acid from corn germ oil by dint of microwave method was studied. [Meth- od] Microwave power, microwave mode of action, the amount of catalyst and solvent ...[Objective] The optimal craft of preparing conjugated linoleic acid from corn germ oil by dint of microwave method was studied. [Meth- od] Microwave power, microwave mode of action, the amount of catalyst and solvent were selected for single-factor-experiment. Then, based on the single-factor-experiment, the catalyst and solvent amount, and microwave function time were chosen for orthogonal experiment so as to deter- mine the optimal craft of preparing CLA from corn germ oil. UV absorption spectra and infrared absorption spectrum were used to analyse the struc- tural features of natural corn germ oil and CLA. [Resalt] The optimal preparation condition was as follow： the catalyst was 0.6 times heavier than oil, solvent was 3 times heavier than oil weight, microwave worked for ten minutes. Under the optimal condition, CLA was 56.3% and conversion rate was 99.47 %. The results indicated that non-conjugated double bonds of linoleic acid can be isomerized and changed into conjugated double bonds under the conditions of microwave irradiation,[ Conduslon] The study provided a new way for the preparation of CLA.展开更多
Three experiments were conducted to compare the digestible(DE),metabolizable energy(ME),and standardized ileal digestibility(SID)of amino acids(AA)in fermented corn germ meal(FCGM)and soybean meal(SBM),and evaluate th...Three experiments were conducted to compare the digestible(DE),metabolizable energy(ME),and standardized ileal digestibility(SID)of amino acids(AA)in fermented corn germ meal(FCGM)and soybean meal(SBM),and evaluate the effects of FCGM replacing SBM in growing pig diets.In Exp.1,18 barrows with initial body weight(BW)of 60.2±3.40 kg were randomly allotted to 3 treatments with 6 replicates per treatment.The control diet used corn as the only energy ingredient,and 2 test diets were made by replacing 25.8%of corn with FCGM or SBM.The DE and ME of FCGM were less(P<0.01)than those of SBM.In Exp.2,18 barrows(59.3±2.52 kg BW)with ileal T-cannulas were randomly allotted to 3 treatments with 6 replicates per treatment.The SID of arginine,tryptophan and proline were greater(P<0.05)and the tyrosine was less(P=0.01)in SBM compared with FCGM.In Exp.3,144 growing pigs(56.1±5.22 kg BW)were randomly allotted to 4 treatments with 6 pens per treatment(3 barrows and 3 gilts per pen).Four diets(FCGM0,FCGM10,FCGM20 and FCGM30)were formulated using FCGM to replace 0%,10%,20%and 30%of SBM,respectively.The ME and SID values of AA of SBM and FCGM were determined by Exp.1 and 2.Results showed that increasing FCGM inclusion quadratically(P<0.05)increased the average daily gain(ADG),average daily feed intake,and the levels of serum immunoglobulin G(IgG)and urea nitrogen,and linearly(P<0.05)increased the serum IgM,the propanoic acid,butyric acid,total volatile fatty acid(VFA)and the Shannon index of microbiota in feces.Besides,the relative abundance of genus Streptococcus in FCGM0,Lactobacillus in FCGM10 and Lachnospiraceae in FCGM30 were increased(P<0.05)compared with other treatments.In conclusion,we recommend replacing 11.80%of SBM with FCGM to obtain the optimal ADG of growing pigs.Moreover,as the ratio of FCGM replacing SBM increased in diet,the immunity,intestinal microbiota and total VFA composition of growing pigs were improved.展开更多
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(30960179)Natural Science Foundation of Yunnan Province(2007A048M)~~
文摘[Objective] This research aimed to study the FTIR spectra of corn germs and endosperms so as to provide a scientific way for identifying corn of different types. [Method] The corn germs and endosperms of three types were studied by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy（FTIR） technology, combined with cluster analysis. [Result] The overall characteristics of original FTIR spectra were basically similar within the range of 700-1 800 cm^-1. The FTIR spectra were mainly composed by the absorption peaks of polysaccharides, proteins and lipids. Within the wavelength range of 700-1 800 cm^-1, there were only tiny differences in original FTIR spectra among the corn germs and endosperms of three different types. The spectra were then processed by using first derivative and second derivative. The second derivative spectra were used for hierarchical cluster analysis（HCA）. The results showed that with the wavelength range of 700-1 800 cm^-1, the second derivative spectra of the 52 samples could be better clustered according to the tree types and corn germ and corn endosperm. The clustering correct rate reached 96.1%.[Conclusion] FTIR technology, combined with cluster analysis, can be used to identify different types of corn germs and endosperms, and it is characterized by convenience and rapidness.
基金supported by the National Key Technologies during the 12th Five-Year Plan period (2011BAD17B03)
文摘This study was carried out to determine the effect of replacement of forage fiber sources from alfalfa and Leymus chinensis with nonforage fiber sources（NFFS） from dried distillers grains with solubles and corn germ meal on calves growth, rumen development and blood parameters. 48 female and 12 male calves（（110.55±15.36） kg of body weight and 12 wk of age） were assigned randomly to four dietary treatments（15 calves/treatment） in a completely randomized design. Experimental diets were： 0% NFFS（control）, 9% NFFS（group 1）, 18% NFFS（group 2）, 27% NFFS（group 3）, and contained equivalent neutral detergent fiber and total digestible nutrients, respectively. The dry matter intake was similar among diets, averaging 3.33 kg d-1, and no differences were detected for body weight, withers height, body length and heart girth. In addition, the development of rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum also were similar among diets. Dry matter, crude protein, and neutral detergent fiber digestibilities increased with the increasing levels of NFFS in the experimental diets, but had no significant effect. Blood urea nitrogen, total protein and glubulin were not affected by the dietary treatment, but group 3 resulted in the highest（P〈0.05） concentrations of glucose and the lowest（P〈0.05） concentrations of triglycerides and albumin. In conclusion, dried distillers grains with solubles（DDGS） and corn germ meal（CGM） were available and alternative fiber sources for Holstein calf diets.
文摘[Objective] The optimal craft of preparing conjugated linoleic acid from corn germ oil by dint of microwave method was studied. [Meth- od] Microwave power, microwave mode of action, the amount of catalyst and solvent were selected for single-factor-experiment. Then, based on the single-factor-experiment, the catalyst and solvent amount, and microwave function time were chosen for orthogonal experiment so as to deter- mine the optimal craft of preparing CLA from corn germ oil. UV absorption spectra and infrared absorption spectrum were used to analyse the struc- tural features of natural corn germ oil and CLA. [Resalt] The optimal preparation condition was as follow： the catalyst was 0.6 times heavier than oil, solvent was 3 times heavier than oil weight, microwave worked for ten minutes. Under the optimal condition, CLA was 56.3% and conversion rate was 99.47 %. The results indicated that non-conjugated double bonds of linoleic acid can be isomerized and changed into conjugated double bonds under the conditions of microwave irradiation,[ Conduslon] The study provided a new way for the preparation of CLA.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31772612)the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(6202019)the Key Research&Developmental Program of Shandong Province(2019JZZY020308).
文摘Three experiments were conducted to compare the digestible(DE),metabolizable energy(ME),and standardized ileal digestibility(SID)of amino acids(AA)in fermented corn germ meal(FCGM)and soybean meal(SBM),and evaluate the effects of FCGM replacing SBM in growing pig diets.In Exp.1,18 barrows with initial body weight(BW)of 60.2±3.40 kg were randomly allotted to 3 treatments with 6 replicates per treatment.The control diet used corn as the only energy ingredient,and 2 test diets were made by replacing 25.8%of corn with FCGM or SBM.The DE and ME of FCGM were less(P<0.01)than those of SBM.In Exp.2,18 barrows(59.3±2.52 kg BW)with ileal T-cannulas were randomly allotted to 3 treatments with 6 replicates per treatment.The SID of arginine,tryptophan and proline were greater(P<0.05)and the tyrosine was less(P=0.01)in SBM compared with FCGM.In Exp.3,144 growing pigs(56.1±5.22 kg BW)were randomly allotted to 4 treatments with 6 pens per treatment(3 barrows and 3 gilts per pen).Four diets(FCGM0,FCGM10,FCGM20 and FCGM30)were formulated using FCGM to replace 0%,10%,20%and 30%of SBM,respectively.The ME and SID values of AA of SBM and FCGM were determined by Exp.1 and 2.Results showed that increasing FCGM inclusion quadratically(P<0.05)increased the average daily gain(ADG),average daily feed intake,and the levels of serum immunoglobulin G(IgG)and urea nitrogen,and linearly(P<0.05)increased the serum IgM,the propanoic acid,butyric acid,total volatile fatty acid(VFA)and the Shannon index of microbiota in feces.Besides,the relative abundance of genus Streptococcus in FCGM0,Lactobacillus in FCGM10 and Lachnospiraceae in FCGM30 were increased(P<0.05)compared with other treatments.In conclusion,we recommend replacing 11.80%of SBM with FCGM to obtain the optimal ADG of growing pigs.Moreover,as the ratio of FCGM replacing SBM increased in diet,the immunity,intestinal microbiota and total VFA composition of growing pigs were improved.
