The decentralization of the energy sector＇s infrastructure is commonly understood as an important step towards an efficient and sustainable energy system. However, technical measures only have a limited impact on the...The decentralization of the energy sector＇s infrastructure is commonly understood as an important step towards an efficient and sustainable energy system. However, technical measures only have a limited impact on the systems goals. The decentralization of decision-making, the empowerment of households and the occurrence of prosumer communities require more human-centric approaches to meet future challenges; the application of the subsidiarity principle and decentralization seems inevitable but also unclear in its implementation in an energy system, the cooperation behavior of community members gains in importance and the design of prosumer communities must overcome economic problems. This article emphasizes the human-centered challenges which go along with prosumer communities. We apply economic principles to reveal major problems which go with the shifts in energy-related decision-making towards prosumers and integrate behavioral science for prosumer community design. We highlight the importance of energy as an interpersonal construct; a view on energy which will gain in importance within a prosumer communities shaped network.展开更多
As it is impossible to assume complete rationality in a social dilemma situation, the assumption of bounded rationality is appropriate. Under the bounded rationality, it would be reasonable to assume that one behaves ...As it is impossible to assume complete rationality in a social dilemma situation, the assumption of bounded rationality is appropriate. Under the bounded rationality, it would be reasonable to assume that one behaves according to the heuristics principle. The group identity effect in a social dilemma situation might be very important in order to attain cooperation. The aim of this study was to clarify how to promote a cooperative behavior by avoiding a social dilemma situation. The group heuristics was taken into account, and it was explored how the group heuristics promotes a cooperative behavior in a social dilemma situation. As a result of a two-person game theory experiment, the group heuristics was found to play an important role in a social dilemma situation, and enhance a cooperative behavior. For the following three cases, the higher cooperation rate was attained at the latter half of the experiment： （a） mutual in-group condition, （b） one-way in-group condition, and （f） one-way unknown condition （in-group）. In conclusion, the consciousness of in-group membership might help to promote actively mutual cooperation.展开更多
Previous research on the relationship between empathy and subcategories of prosocial behavior,specifically cooperation,has shown inconsistent findings.It has also paid limited attention to gender differences in the im...Previous research on the relationship between empathy and subcategories of prosocial behavior,specifically cooperation,has shown inconsistent findings.It has also paid limited attention to gender differences in the impact of empathy.Therefore,this study examined the relationship between empathy and cooperation in Chinese junior high school adolescents,and the gender differences,through three studies.In Study 1,448 eighth-grade adolescents(age=12–15 years,55.1%males)completed the Interpersonal Reactivity Index and Cooperative Propensity Rating Scale;the results showed that adolescent empathy was positively associated with cooperative propensity,and this association was significantly higher for males than for females.Study 2 used longitudinal data from 246 eighth-grade adolescents(age=12–15 years,54.5%males)to further support the positive association between empathy and cooperation propensity and the gender differences found in Study 1.Study 3 employed the public goods dilemma to examine the effects of empathic states on the cooperative behavior of 157 eighth-grade adolescents(age=13–16 years,48%males)by evoking empathy.Using different research methods,this study revealed a facilitative relationship between empathy and cooperation and demonstrated that empathy was more predictive of cooperation among male than among female adolescents.展开更多
Within an object-interdependent context,we conducted three experiments to investigate the influence of social comparisons on cooperative behavior,as well as to assess the mediating and moderating effects of related va...Within an object-interdependent context,we conducted three experiments to investigate the influence of social comparisons on cooperative behavior,as well as to assess the mediating and moderating effects of related variables.In Experiment 1(n=207),we examined whether social comparisons impact cooperative behavior toward a comparator in a dictator game task.Here,we specifically focused on the mediating effects of evaluation of others’competence,along with three other potential mediators:self-competence evaluation,positive emotions,and negative emotions.Following the insights gained from Experiment 1,we proceeded to Experiments 2(n=279)and 3(n=298)to further explore whether social distance moderates the mediating effect of evaluation of others’competence.The results of all three experiments consistently indicated that upward(vs.non-)comparison facilitated cooperative behavior,whereas downward(vs.non-)comparison hindered it.Furthermore,our findings revealed that evaluation of others’competence served as a mediator between social comparison and cooperative behavior when the comparator(i.e.,the cooperative partner)was perceived as being at a far-distance,whereas the mediating effect of evaluation of others’competence disappeared when social distance was close.These results reveal the pivotal role of evaluating others’competence and social distance in social interactions from the perspective of social comparison,which provides insights into how to promote cooperative behavior.展开更多
This paper studies the kinematic modeling of a mobile manipulator that consists of 5-DOF manipulator and an autonomous wheeled mobile platform.Then an artificial neural network to realize the coordination motion betwe...This paper studies the kinematic modeling of a mobile manipulator that consists of 5-DOF manipulator and an autonomous wheeled mobile platform.Then an artificial neural network to realize the coordination motion between manipulator and mobile platform is developed.On the basis of the task specifications,the algorithm determines the appropriate control variables to respond to the well tracking trajectory.The control strategy employed for either subsystem is achieved by using a robust supervised controller.A learning paradigm is used to produce the required reference variables for an overall cooperative behavior of the sys-tem.Simulation results are presented to show the effectiveness of this approach.展开更多
The spontaneous oscillatory contraction（SPOC） of myofibrils is the essential property inherent to the contractile system of muscle. Muscle contraction results from cyclic interactions between actin filament and myos...The spontaneous oscillatory contraction（SPOC） of myofibrils is the essential property inherent to the contractile system of muscle. Muscle contraction results from cyclic interactions between actin filament and myosin II which is a dimeric motor protein with two heads. Taking the two heads of myosin II as an indivisible element and considering the effects of cooperative behavior between the two heads on rate constants in the mechanochemical cycle, the present work proposes the tenstate mechanochemical cycle model for myosin II dimer. The simulations of this model show that the proportion of myosin II in different states periodically changes with time, which results in the sustained oscillations of contractive tension, and serves as the primary factor for SPOC. The good fit of this model to experimental results suggests that the cooperative interaction between the two heads of myosin II dimer may be one of the underlying mechanisms for muscle contraction.展开更多
We propose an evolutionary snowdrift game model for heterogeneous systems with two types of agents, in which the inner-directed agents adopt the memory-based updating rule while the copycat-like ones take the uncondit...We propose an evolutionary snowdrift game model for heterogeneous systems with two types of agents, in which the inner-directed agents adopt the memory-based updating rule while the copycat-like ones take the unconditional imitation rule; moreover, each＇agent can change his type to adopt another updating rule once the number he sequentially loses the game at is beyond his upper limit of tolerance. The cooperative behaviors of such heterogeneous systems are then investigated by Monte Carlo simulations. The numerical results show the equilibrium cooperation frequency and composition as functions of the cost-to-benefit ratio r are both of plateau structures with discontinuous steplike jumps, and the number of plateaux varies non-monotonically with the upper limit of tolerance VT as well as the initial composition of agents faO. Besides, the quantities of the cooperation frequency and composition are dependent crucially on the system parameters including VT, faO, and r. One intriguing observation is that when the upper limit of tolerance is small, the cooperation frequency will be abnormally enhanced with the increase of the cost-to-benefit ratio in the range of 0 〈 r 〈 1/4. We then probe into the relative cooperation frequencies of either type of agents, which are also of plateau structures dependent on the system parameters. Our results may be helpful to understand the cooperative behaviors of heterogenous agent systems.展开更多
We investigate the effect of strategy-homogeneity on the prisoner’s dilemma game in a square lattice. Strategy-homogeneity means that the population contains at least one connected group in which individuals maintain...We investigate the effect of strategy-homogeneity on the prisoner’s dilemma game in a square lattice. Strategy-homogeneity means that the population contains at least one connected group in which individuals maintain the same strategy at each iteration and may update according to updating rule at next iteration. The simulation results show that the introduction of strategy-homogeneity increases the cooperation in the evolutionary stable state. For any value of temptation to defect, the density of cooperators in equilibrium state increases firstly and then decreases as the level of strategy-homogeneity increases constantly, and there exists an appropriate level of strategy-homogeneity, maximizing the density of cooperators. The results may be favorable for comprehending cooperative behaviors in societies composed of connected groups with coherent strategy.展开更多
The topographic information of a closed world is expressed as a graph. The plural mov- ingobjects which go and back in it according to a single moving strategy are supposed.The moving strategy is expressed by numerica...The topographic information of a closed world is expressed as a graph. The plural mov- ingobjects which go and back in it according to a single moving strategy are supposed.The moving strategy is expressed by numerical values as a decision table. Coding is performed with this table as chromosomes, and this is optimized by using genetic algorithm. These environments were realized on a computer, and the simulation was carried out. As the result, the learning of the method to act so that moving objects do not obstruct mutually was recognized, and it was confirmed that these methods are effective for optimizing moving strategy.展开更多
The literature suggests inconsistent evidence regarding the influence of danger on prosocial behavior.We explore this issue through a nationwide survey of 8567 households in China during the COVID-19 Omicron variant o...The literature suggests inconsistent evidence regarding the influence of danger on prosocial behavior.We explore this issue through a nationwide survey of 8567 households in China during the COVID-19 Omicron variant outbreak in 2022.In a zero-COVID policy,China chose to quarantine all neighborhoods with viral infections.The almost random presence of infected cases provides an opportunity to examine the relationship between the proximity of danger(i.e.potential Omicron infection)and the prosocial behavior of residents in quarantine zones.For the first time,we find an inverted U-shape relationship:residents exhibit a stronger prosocial behavior when living closer to infected cases in the neighborhood,but this positive effect diminishes when they are too close to each other.Furthermore,such non-linear relationship is salient in residents’interpersonal helping but not in their cooperative behavior.Policymakers should be mindful of the different prosocial responses and target their efforts to help communities navigate quarantine periods more effectively.展开更多
The stabilization energy $\Delta E\left( n \right)$ and four typical properties of hydrogen bond F—H…F in chain-like and cyclic (HF) n clusters (n = 1–5) have been calculated using MP2 and three DF levels of theory...The stabilization energy $\Delta E\left( n \right)$ and four typical properties of hydrogen bond F—H…F in chain-like and cyclic (HF) n clusters (n = 1–5) have been calculated using MP2 and three DF levels of theory with the Gaussian 98 program, and 6-31++G** bases set. The results demonstrate that the extra-additive or cooperative behavior in (HF)n clusters is very obvious. In addition, we studied much larger chain-like (HF)n (n= 6, 9, 12, 18, 24) clusters using one of these DF methods.展开更多
Purpose Discussions held by players during the halftime of a soccer match are widely recognized as influential factors in boosting their involvement and physical activity of soccer players.This study aimed to investig...Purpose Discussions held by players during the halftime of a soccer match are widely recognized as influential factors in boosting their involvement and physical activity of soccer players.This study aimed to investigate the impact of learning small-sided games(SSG)through player discussions on decision-making,as well as the technical and tactical skills of young soccer players.Methods Forty-two U-15 male amateur soccer players were randomly assigned to 6 groups and participated in a study com-prising 4 sessions of small-sided games(SSG).Each session consisted of two sets of 15 min each.The SSG sessions were conducted with and without the inclusion of self-regulation of learning.Technical actions(i.e.,balls won,balls received,balls lost,shots,and goals)were measured during each set of sessions using a digital camera recorder.Results The results showed no significant differences in the main effects of the time,group,session,and group×session×time interactions for most technical actions.However,there was a significant main effect of group observed for shoot action(P=0.021;η_(p)^(2)=0.102),with a higher number of shoot actions in the co-regulation of learning group than in the self-regulation of learning group.Conclusion The self-regulation approach employed by players alone did not lead to significant improvements in technical performance during SSG.Further research is needed to explore additional factors and/or interventions that could potentially enhance the effectiveness of learning through discussions in SSG.展开更多
The new generation of artificial intelligence(AI)research initiated by Chinese scholars conforms to the needs of a new information environment changes,and strives to advance traditional artificial intelligence(AI 1.0)...The new generation of artificial intelligence(AI)research initiated by Chinese scholars conforms to the needs of a new information environment changes,and strives to advance traditional artificial intelligence(AI 1.0)to a new stage of AI 2.0.As one of the important components of AI,collective intelligence(CI 1.0),i.e.,swarm intelligence,is developing to the stage of CI 2.0(crowd intelligence).Through in-depth analysis and informative argumentation,it is found that an incompatibility exists between CI 1.0 and CI 2.0.Therefore,CI 1.5 is introduced to build a bridge between the above two stages,which is based on biocollaborative behavioral mimicry.CI 1.5 is the transition from CI 1.0 to CI 2.0,which contributes to the compatibility of the two stages.Then,a new interpretation of the meta-synthesis of wisdom proposed by Qian Xuesen is given.The meta-synthesis of wisdom,as an improvement of crowd intelligence,is an advanced stage of bionic intelligence,i.e.,CI 3.0.It is pointed out that the dual-wheel drive of large language models and big data with deep uncertainty is an evolutionary path from CI 2.0 to CI 3.0,and some elaboration is made.As a result,we propose four development stages(CI 1.0,CI 1.5,CI 2.0,and CI 3.0),which form a complete framework for the development of CI.These different stages are progressively improved and have good compatibility.Due to the dominant role of cooperation in the development stages of CI,three types of cooperation in CI are discussed:indirect regulatory cooperation in lower organisms,direct communicative cooperation in higher organisms,and shared intention based collaboration in humans.Labor division is the main form of achieving cooperation and,for this reason,this paper investigates the relationship between the complexity of behavior and types of labor division.Finally,based on the overall understanding of the four development stages of CI,the future development direction and research issues of CI are explored.展开更多
文摘The decentralization of the energy sector＇s infrastructure is commonly understood as an important step towards an efficient and sustainable energy system. However, technical measures only have a limited impact on the systems goals. The decentralization of decision-making, the empowerment of households and the occurrence of prosumer communities require more human-centric approaches to meet future challenges; the application of the subsidiarity principle and decentralization seems inevitable but also unclear in its implementation in an energy system, the cooperation behavior of community members gains in importance and the design of prosumer communities must overcome economic problems. This article emphasizes the human-centered challenges which go along with prosumer communities. We apply economic principles to reveal major problems which go with the shifts in energy-related decision-making towards prosumers and integrate behavioral science for prosumer community design. We highlight the importance of energy as an interpersonal construct; a view on energy which will gain in importance within a prosumer communities shaped network.
文摘As it is impossible to assume complete rationality in a social dilemma situation, the assumption of bounded rationality is appropriate. Under the bounded rationality, it would be reasonable to assume that one behaves according to the heuristics principle. The group identity effect in a social dilemma situation might be very important in order to attain cooperation. The aim of this study was to clarify how to promote a cooperative behavior by avoiding a social dilemma situation. The group heuristics was taken into account, and it was explored how the group heuristics promotes a cooperative behavior in a social dilemma situation. As a result of a two-person game theory experiment, the group heuristics was found to play an important role in a social dilemma situation, and enhance a cooperative behavior. For the following three cases, the higher cooperation rate was attained at the latter half of the experiment： （a） mutual in-group condition, （b） one-way in-group condition, and （f） one-way unknown condition （in-group）. In conclusion, the consciousness of in-group membership might help to promote actively mutual cooperation.
文摘Previous research on the relationship between empathy and subcategories of prosocial behavior,specifically cooperation,has shown inconsistent findings.It has also paid limited attention to gender differences in the impact of empathy.Therefore,this study examined the relationship between empathy and cooperation in Chinese junior high school adolescents,and the gender differences,through three studies.In Study 1,448 eighth-grade adolescents(age=12–15 years,55.1%males)completed the Interpersonal Reactivity Index and Cooperative Propensity Rating Scale;the results showed that adolescent empathy was positively associated with cooperative propensity,and this association was significantly higher for males than for females.Study 2 used longitudinal data from 246 eighth-grade adolescents(age=12–15 years,54.5%males)to further support the positive association between empathy and cooperation propensity and the gender differences found in Study 1.Study 3 employed the public goods dilemma to examine the effects of empathic states on the cooperative behavior of 157 eighth-grade adolescents(age=13–16 years,48%males)by evoking empathy.Using different research methods,this study revealed a facilitative relationship between empathy and cooperation and demonstrated that empathy was more predictive of cooperation among male than among female adolescents.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant no.72271094)the Humanities and Social Science Fund of the Ministry of Education of China(grants nos.23YJC190020 and 22YJA190008).
文摘Within an object-interdependent context,we conducted three experiments to investigate the influence of social comparisons on cooperative behavior,as well as to assess the mediating and moderating effects of related variables.In Experiment 1(n=207),we examined whether social comparisons impact cooperative behavior toward a comparator in a dictator game task.Here,we specifically focused on the mediating effects of evaluation of others’competence,along with three other potential mediators:self-competence evaluation,positive emotions,and negative emotions.Following the insights gained from Experiment 1,we proceeded to Experiments 2(n=279)and 3(n=298)to further explore whether social distance moderates the mediating effect of evaluation of others’competence.The results of all three experiments consistently indicated that upward(vs.non-)comparison facilitated cooperative behavior,whereas downward(vs.non-)comparison hindered it.Furthermore,our findings revealed that evaluation of others’competence served as a mediator between social comparison and cooperative behavior when the comparator(i.e.,the cooperative partner)was perceived as being at a far-distance,whereas the mediating effect of evaluation of others’competence disappeared when social distance was close.These results reveal the pivotal role of evaluating others’competence and social distance in social interactions from the perspective of social comparison,which provides insights into how to promote cooperative behavior.
文摘This paper studies the kinematic modeling of a mobile manipulator that consists of 5-DOF manipulator and an autonomous wheeled mobile platform.Then an artificial neural network to realize the coordination motion between manipulator and mobile platform is developed.On the basis of the task specifications,the algorithm determines the appropriate control variables to respond to the well tracking trajectory.The control strategy employed for either subsystem is achieved by using a robust supervised controller.A learning paradigm is used to produce the required reference variables for an overall cooperative behavior of the sys-tem.Simulation results are presented to show the effectiveness of this approach.
基金Project supported by Research Program of Science and Technology at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,China(Grant Nos.NJZY16493and NJZC17458)
文摘The spontaneous oscillatory contraction（SPOC） of myofibrils is the essential property inherent to the contractile system of muscle. Muscle contraction results from cyclic interactions between actin filament and myosin II which is a dimeric motor protein with two heads. Taking the two heads of myosin II as an indivisible element and considering the effects of cooperative behavior between the two heads on rate constants in the mechanochemical cycle, the present work proposes the tenstate mechanochemical cycle model for myosin II dimer. The simulations of this model show that the proportion of myosin II in different states periodically changes with time, which results in the sustained oscillations of contractive tension, and serves as the primary factor for SPOC. The good fit of this model to experimental results suggests that the cooperative interaction between the two heads of myosin II dimer may be one of the underlying mechanisms for muscle contraction.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11175131 and 10875086)
文摘We propose an evolutionary snowdrift game model for heterogeneous systems with two types of agents, in which the inner-directed agents adopt the memory-based updating rule while the copycat-like ones take the unconditional imitation rule; moreover, each＇agent can change his type to adopt another updating rule once the number he sequentially loses the game at is beyond his upper limit of tolerance. The cooperative behaviors of such heterogeneous systems are then investigated by Monte Carlo simulations. The numerical results show the equilibrium cooperation frequency and composition as functions of the cost-to-benefit ratio r are both of plateau structures with discontinuous steplike jumps, and the number of plateaux varies non-monotonically with the upper limit of tolerance VT as well as the initial composition of agents faO. Besides, the quantities of the cooperation frequency and composition are dependent crucially on the system parameters including VT, faO, and r. One intriguing observation is that when the upper limit of tolerance is small, the cooperation frequency will be abnormally enhanced with the increase of the cost-to-benefit ratio in the range of 0 〈 r 〈 1/4. We then probe into the relative cooperation frequencies of either type of agents, which are also of plateau structures dependent on the system parameters. Our results may be helpful to understand the cooperative behaviors of heterogenous agent systems.
文摘We investigate the effect of strategy-homogeneity on the prisoner’s dilemma game in a square lattice. Strategy-homogeneity means that the population contains at least one connected group in which individuals maintain the same strategy at each iteration and may update according to updating rule at next iteration. The simulation results show that the introduction of strategy-homogeneity increases the cooperation in the evolutionary stable state. For any value of temptation to defect, the density of cooperators in equilibrium state increases firstly and then decreases as the level of strategy-homogeneity increases constantly, and there exists an appropriate level of strategy-homogeneity, maximizing the density of cooperators. The results may be favorable for comprehending cooperative behaviors in societies composed of connected groups with coherent strategy.
文摘The topographic information of a closed world is expressed as a graph. The plural mov- ingobjects which go and back in it according to a single moving strategy are supposed.The moving strategy is expressed by numerical values as a decision table. Coding is performed with this table as chromosomes, and this is optimized by using genetic algorithm. These environments were realized on a computer, and the simulation was carried out. As the result, the learning of the method to act so that moving objects do not obstruct mutually was recognized, and it was confirmed that these methods are effective for optimizing moving strategy.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(72033003,12071088,91846302 and 71973107).
文摘The literature suggests inconsistent evidence regarding the influence of danger on prosocial behavior.We explore this issue through a nationwide survey of 8567 households in China during the COVID-19 Omicron variant outbreak in 2022.In a zero-COVID policy,China chose to quarantine all neighborhoods with viral infections.The almost random presence of infected cases provides an opportunity to examine the relationship between the proximity of danger(i.e.potential Omicron infection)and the prosocial behavior of residents in quarantine zones.For the first time,we find an inverted U-shape relationship:residents exhibit a stronger prosocial behavior when living closer to infected cases in the neighborhood,but this positive effect diminishes when they are too close to each other.Furthermore,such non-linear relationship is salient in residents’interpersonal helping but not in their cooperative behavior.Policymakers should be mindful of the different prosocial responses and target their efforts to help communities navigate quarantine periods more effectively.
基金Acknowledegements This work was supported by the "Nineth-five" Important Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No. 29992590) and the National Important Basic R & S Project (Grant No. G1999022501).
文摘The stabilization energy $\Delta E\left( n \right)$ and four typical properties of hydrogen bond F—H…F in chain-like and cyclic (HF) n clusters (n = 1–5) have been calculated using MP2 and three DF levels of theory with the Gaussian 98 program, and 6-31++G** bases set. The results demonstrate that the extra-additive or cooperative behavior in (HF)n clusters is very obvious. In addition, we studied much larger chain-like (HF)n (n= 6, 9, 12, 18, 24) clusters using one of these DF methods.
文摘Purpose Discussions held by players during the halftime of a soccer match are widely recognized as influential factors in boosting their involvement and physical activity of soccer players.This study aimed to investigate the impact of learning small-sided games(SSG)through player discussions on decision-making,as well as the technical and tactical skills of young soccer players.Methods Forty-two U-15 male amateur soccer players were randomly assigned to 6 groups and participated in a study com-prising 4 sessions of small-sided games(SSG).Each session consisted of two sets of 15 min each.The SSG sessions were conducted with and without the inclusion of self-regulation of learning.Technical actions(i.e.,balls won,balls received,balls lost,shots,and goals)were measured during each set of sessions using a digital camera recorder.Results The results showed no significant differences in the main effects of the time,group,session,and group×session×time interactions for most technical actions.However,there was a significant main effect of group observed for shoot action(P=0.021;η_(p)^(2)=0.102),with a higher number of shoot actions in the co-regulation of learning group than in the self-regulation of learning group.Conclusion The self-regulation approach employed by players alone did not lead to significant improvements in technical performance during SSG.Further research is needed to explore additional factors and/or interventions that could potentially enhance the effectiveness of learning through discussions in SSG.
基金the National Science and Technology Innovation 2030 Major Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(No.2018AAA0101200)。
文摘The new generation of artificial intelligence(AI)research initiated by Chinese scholars conforms to the needs of a new information environment changes,and strives to advance traditional artificial intelligence(AI 1.0)to a new stage of AI 2.0.As one of the important components of AI,collective intelligence(CI 1.0),i.e.,swarm intelligence,is developing to the stage of CI 2.0(crowd intelligence).Through in-depth analysis and informative argumentation,it is found that an incompatibility exists between CI 1.0 and CI 2.0.Therefore,CI 1.5 is introduced to build a bridge between the above two stages,which is based on biocollaborative behavioral mimicry.CI 1.5 is the transition from CI 1.0 to CI 2.0,which contributes to the compatibility of the two stages.Then,a new interpretation of the meta-synthesis of wisdom proposed by Qian Xuesen is given.The meta-synthesis of wisdom,as an improvement of crowd intelligence,is an advanced stage of bionic intelligence,i.e.,CI 3.0.It is pointed out that the dual-wheel drive of large language models and big data with deep uncertainty is an evolutionary path from CI 2.0 to CI 3.0,and some elaboration is made.As a result,we propose four development stages(CI 1.0,CI 1.5,CI 2.0,and CI 3.0),which form a complete framework for the development of CI.These different stages are progressively improved and have good compatibility.Due to the dominant role of cooperation in the development stages of CI,three types of cooperation in CI are discussed:indirect regulatory cooperation in lower organisms,direct communicative cooperation in higher organisms,and shared intention based collaboration in humans.Labor division is the main form of achieving cooperation and,for this reason,this paper investigates the relationship between the complexity of behavior and types of labor division.Finally,based on the overall understanding of the four development stages of CI,the future development direction and research issues of CI are explored.
