The Cuban people are made up of three major migratory currents, the Chinese are one of them. They brought their culture, the methods, and procedures of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) in the 19th century. Few were a...The Cuban people are made up of three major migratory currents, the Chinese are one of them. They brought their culture, the methods, and procedures of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) in the 19th century. Few were able to return and so they created families in Cuba;some of their descendants dedicated themselves to medicine. In order to investigate the practices that were predecessors of TCM in Cuba in the 19th century, a qualitative phenomenological research was carried out, reviewing what was published by various sources, applying documentary analysis, logical historical analysis, abstraction, synthesis, and systematization of the results on the regularities of the work and human behavior of Chinese doctors in the Cuban 19th and 20th centuries. This made it possible to identify six Chinese doctors in the 19th century in Cuba who gave rise to the beginning of some practices of TCM in Cuba, and five from the 20th century, descendants of coolies who dedicated themselves to other specialties of medicine. It was found that despite their geographical and time disperse, they were all notorious for their outstanding professional and human behavior, with a trail of accumulated successes in achieving “almost the impossible” with the patient. They have left their mark on Cuban culture.展开更多
Cleavage of the carboximide CN bond promoted by reaction of camphor carboximide hydrochlorides(OC_(10)H_(15)CONHCH_(2)COOLi(H_(2)O)_(2)·2HCl(2)or OC_(10)H_(15)CONHCH(CH_(2)Ph)COOLi(H_(2)O)·HCl(3))with CuCl_(...Cleavage of the carboximide CN bond promoted by reaction of camphor carboximide hydrochlorides(OC_(10)H_(15)CONHCH_(2)COOLi(H_(2)O)_(2)·2HCl(2)or OC_(10)H_(15)CONHCH(CH_(2)Ph)COOLi(H_(2)O)·HCl(3))with CuCl_(2)leads to the corresponding amino acid complexes([Cu(H_(2)NCH_(2)COO)_(2)](I)and[Cu{H_(2)NCH(CH_(2)Ph)-COO}_(2)]·(H_(2)O)(Ⅱ)),and the camphor carboxylate residue(OC_(10)H_(15)COO^(-))which is catalytically oxidized to camphorquinone by oxygen from air.The process is mediated by coordination of the camphor carboxylate to copper.The reaction of the camphor carboximide hydrochloride(OC_(10)H_(15)CONH(CH_(2))_(2)COOLi-(H_(2)O)·HCl)(4)with CuCl_(2)follows a different trend.In this case the CN camphor carboximide bond remains intact and the complexes[CuCl{OC_(10)H_(15)CONH(CH_(2))_(2)COOLi(H_(2)O)}](Ⅲ)and[{CuCl_(2)}_(2){OC_(10)H_(15)-CONH(CH_(2))_(2)COOLi(H_(2)O)}](Ⅳ)form.However,a redox process also occurs,since formation ofⅢrequires Cu(Ⅱ)→Cu(Ⅰ)reduction as confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry.A related reduction process was identified in the formation of[CuCl(OC_(10)H_(15)COOLi)](Ⅴ)from CuCl_(2)upon reaction with lithium camphor carboxylate(OC_(10)H_(15)COOLi)under nitrogen.The above results show that electron transfer is highly facilitated in the copper camphor carboximide/carboxylate system.Such an ability was used to activate oxygen from air and promote the oxidation of ethylacetoacetate to pyruvate usingⅤas the catalyst.展开更多
文摘The Cuban people are made up of three major migratory currents, the Chinese are one of them. They brought their culture, the methods, and procedures of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) in the 19th century. Few were able to return and so they created families in Cuba;some of their descendants dedicated themselves to medicine. In order to investigate the practices that were predecessors of TCM in Cuba in the 19th century, a qualitative phenomenological research was carried out, reviewing what was published by various sources, applying documentary analysis, logical historical analysis, abstraction, synthesis, and systematization of the results on the regularities of the work and human behavior of Chinese doctors in the Cuban 19th and 20th centuries. This made it possible to identify six Chinese doctors in the 19th century in Cuba who gave rise to the beginning of some practices of TCM in Cuba, and five from the 20th century, descendants of coolies who dedicated themselves to other specialties of medicine. It was found that despite their geographical and time disperse, they were all notorious for their outstanding professional and human behavior, with a trail of accumulated successes in achieving “almost the impossible” with the patient. They have left their mark on Cuban culture.
基金Financial support by FCT-Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia(UID/QUI/00100/2013,RECI/QEQ-MED/0330/2012 and RECI/QEQ-QIN/0189/2012)the NMR and MS Networks(IST-UTL Nodes)for facilities.
文摘Cleavage of the carboximide CN bond promoted by reaction of camphor carboximide hydrochlorides(OC_(10)H_(15)CONHCH_(2)COOLi(H_(2)O)_(2)·2HCl(2)or OC_(10)H_(15)CONHCH(CH_(2)Ph)COOLi(H_(2)O)·HCl(3))with CuCl_(2)leads to the corresponding amino acid complexes([Cu(H_(2)NCH_(2)COO)_(2)](I)and[Cu{H_(2)NCH(CH_(2)Ph)-COO}_(2)]·(H_(2)O)(Ⅱ)),and the camphor carboxylate residue(OC_(10)H_(15)COO^(-))which is catalytically oxidized to camphorquinone by oxygen from air.The process is mediated by coordination of the camphor carboxylate to copper.The reaction of the camphor carboximide hydrochloride(OC_(10)H_(15)CONH(CH_(2))_(2)COOLi-(H_(2)O)·HCl)(4)with CuCl_(2)follows a different trend.In this case the CN camphor carboximide bond remains intact and the complexes[CuCl{OC_(10)H_(15)CONH(CH_(2))_(2)COOLi(H_(2)O)}](Ⅲ)and[{CuCl_(2)}_(2){OC_(10)H_(15)-CONH(CH_(2))_(2)COOLi(H_(2)O)}](Ⅳ)form.However,a redox process also occurs,since formation ofⅢrequires Cu(Ⅱ)→Cu(Ⅰ)reduction as confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry.A related reduction process was identified in the formation of[CuCl(OC_(10)H_(15)COOLi)](Ⅴ)from CuCl_(2)upon reaction with lithium camphor carboxylate(OC_(10)H_(15)COOLi)under nitrogen.The above results show that electron transfer is highly facilitated in the copper camphor carboximide/carboxylate system.Such an ability was used to activate oxygen from air and promote the oxidation of ethylacetoacetate to pyruvate usingⅤas the catalyst.
