Based on conversation analysis theory,this study explored how teachers and students used discourse markers in foreign language classrooms and how these markers affect classroom interaction.The results showed that teac...Based on conversation analysis theory,this study explored how teachers and students used discourse markers in foreign language classrooms and how these markers affect classroom interaction.The results showed that teachers use different discourse markers in different teaching stages such as lead-in,presentation,practice and summary to make their teaching more organized and clearer.However,students used these markers less often,and their expressions are often less coherent.Based on these findings,the study suggests teaching strategies for teachers and learning strategies for students to improve how they use discourse markers.This can help make foreign language teaching more effective and interactive.展开更多
This paper aims to explore how a veteran teacher organizes online teaching initiated by the pandemic and how she deals with the problems in online teacher-student verbal interaction.By analyzing a corpus of 20 audio-r...This paper aims to explore how a veteran teacher organizes online teaching initiated by the pandemic and how she deals with the problems in online teacher-student verbal interaction.By analyzing a corpus of 20 audio-recorded online lessons between a math teacher and her students during the COVID-19 pandemic from April 11 to May 10,2022,four interactional segments are selected as the focus of the study.The results of the conversation analysis of the segments showed that students’modesty,lack of confidence,lack of ability,and network delay are the main factors affecting online teacher-student interaction.By encouraging students to answer questions,enlightening students to give answers,enriching students’answers,and entertaining the teaching atmosphere(“4Es”strategies),the teacher solved the problems successfully.The findings from this study can provide pedagogical experience and implications for practical teaching.展开更多
Learners from the traditional Chinese English Classroom immerse in 'perfect English'.However,the Standard English makes them loose the chance to discover the talking rules behind the language,and leads them in...Learners from the traditional Chinese English Classroom immerse in 'perfect English'.However,the Standard English makes them loose the chance to discover the talking rules behind the language,and leads them into an embarrassed situation,when stating a real talk with a native English speaker.From conversation analysis of a real English conversation,the learner can see how a native speaker reacts in a real conversation,how and when he/she gains the talking turns and how he/she responds to others' speech.Meanwhile,it offers a chance to learn the phenomenon in an ordinary conversations,such overlapping,pause,interruption,disfluency,etc.They make the real conversation not as 'perfect' as it is in the textbook,but they can help the learner to be well prepared for a talk in the real life.展开更多
This paper discusses some key concepts in Conversation Analysis （CA）. Using the transcription symbols mainly developed by Jefferson （1974）, the author transcribes an authentic spoken text to further illustrate to ...This paper discusses some key concepts in Conversation Analysis （CA）. Using the transcription symbols mainly developed by Jefferson （1974）, the author transcribes an authentic spoken text to further illustrate to the reader how the analysis of the organization of a conversation or talk-in-action could be approached. The paper concludes that as key concepts in CA make possible the micro-level analysis of a conversation, classroom activities deriving from CA can highlight the micro-interactional level of a talk and teachers are able to explore language performance from a microanalytic perspective.展开更多
In his authoritative and brilliant account of Pragmatics,Levinson(1983)included Conversation Analysis(CA)firmly as part of Pragmatics.Others have perhaps been more cautious,even sceptical,about whether CA is really re...In his authoritative and brilliant account of Pragmatics,Levinson(1983)included Conversation Analysis(CA)firmly as part of Pragmatics.Others have perhaps been more cautious,even sceptical,about whether CA is really relevant to the Pragmatics programme;and it has to be said that some conversation analysts have been rather stand-offish about being associated with Pragmatics,regarding CA’s programme as very different from that of Pragmatics.Whilst there are many differences and divergences between CA and Pragmatics,my own view is that CA shares with Pragmatics a number of focal interests that lie at or close to the heart of each.So I will explore some connections between them,focusing on the contributions CA makes to our understanding of the pragmatics of language use,especially in three of the foundational areas of Pragmatics—namely Implicature(e.g.from Grice 1975),Speech Acts(social action)(e.g.from Austin 1962 and Searle 1969)and Presupposition and Well-Formedness(e.g.from Lakoff1971).I will show examples that demonstrate the distinctiveness of CA’s approach to these core pragmatic aspects of language use—in the spirit of demonstrating how CA’s approach complements and does not detract from approaches in Pragmatics.展开更多
Research on gender and language has typically been underpinned by the premise that women and men are essentially different,and that these differences are evident in how they talk.In this paper,I introduce—and argue i...Research on gender and language has typically been underpinned by the premise that women and men are essentially different,and that these differences are evident in how they talk.In this paper,I introduce—and argue in favour of—the conversation analytic(CA)approach to gender as an alternative to a gender-differences paradigm.I describe what I take to be the three main challenges that conversation analysts have levied against such an approach,which I summarise as:a question of evidence,a question of relevance,and a question of existence(or ontology).I then describe,and critically evaluate,the classic solution to these questions that conversation analysts have proposed:a focus on‘participant orientations’to gender.I suggest that—in addition to correcting some of the mistaken analyses of interactional phenomena evident in gender-differences research—CA can inspire new ways of thinking about old research questions.I also propose that the question of what counts as an orientation to gender and,relatedly,how best to analyse the taken-for-granted social world,provide particularly fruitful areas for future research.I conclude by calling on researchers and students of gender to avoid using the assumption of essential difference as the starting point for academic endeavour.展开更多
This paper mainly discusses the power and solidarity among participants in the community correction discourse from sociolinguistic perspective by adopting the methodology of conversation analysis.Through the comparati...This paper mainly discusses the power and solidarity among participants in the community correction discourse from sociolinguistic perspective by adopting the methodology of conversation analysis.Through the comparative study of the steps of Initial Evaluation and Entry Ceremony in community correction,this paper analyses the power and solidarity in the features of adjacency pair and turn-taking,and finds that the step of Initial Evaluation is relatively negotiable and represents the social relationship of solidarity,while the step of Entry Ceremony stresses more on social distance and power relationship.The reasons that cause the power and solidarity in the Initial Evaluation and the Entry Ceremony from the perspective of social identity and social purposes are also explored.展开更多
This paper examined the pedagogical employment of pauses in classroom interactions in EFL reading lessons in senior high school using a conversation analytic approach. The data for this study were collected from two E...This paper examined the pedagogical employment of pauses in classroom interactions in EFL reading lessons in senior high school using a conversation analytic approach. The data for this study were collected from two EFL classes at the same Chinese high school, each taught by a different teacher. The length and context of pauses naturally occurring in the whole lessons were analyzed in terms of reading lessons in EFL classrooms. Findings were as follows. Appropriately prolonged pauses combined with teachers' explicit interventions can enhance the quality and quantity of students' answers and promote their involvement, maximizing their learning opportunity. These results offer valuable insights for recommendations regarding classroom interactions for teaching reading in English lessons in senior high school.展开更多
This paper argues that the dialogues of Emily Grierson in William Faulkner’s “A Rose for Emily” systematically and profoundly violate H.P. Grice’s Cooperative Principle and its component maxims: Quantity, Quality,...This paper argues that the dialogues of Emily Grierson in William Faulkner’s “A Rose for Emily” systematically and profoundly violate H.P. Grice’s Cooperative Principle and its component maxims: Quantity, Quality, Relation, and Manner, which is not merely a manifestation of her personal eccentricity but also a powerful linguistic act of resistance. Through her non-cooperative speeches, Emily asserts her autonomy, defies the probing and judgmental gaze of her community, and maintains the integrity of her isolated world. Ultimately, she symbolizes the Old South’s desperate, tragic, and often grotesque struggle against the inevitable forces of change and modernization.展开更多
Dialogues are fundamentally driven by xu(C. Wang, 2016, 2017), a Chinese word meaning continuation that captures the process in which interlocutors participate in interaction through the actions of(utterance) completi...Dialogues are fundamentally driven by xu(C. Wang, 2016, 2017), a Chinese word meaning continuation that captures the process in which interlocutors participate in interaction through the actions of(utterance) completion,(content) extension, and(topic) creation(CEC). This article reports a conversation analytic case study designed to investigate how the continuation strategies of CEC are used in real-time communication to achieve mutual understanding, and thus to construct intersubjectivity(Verhagen, 2005) and promote the development of second language(L2)interactional competence. Our data consisted of audio and video recordings of a 25-minute conversation between two L2 English speakers, one expert and one novice, and a stimulated recall interview with them. Results revealed that the expert employed CEC at the early stage of interaction to maintain successful communication, and the novice gradually aligned with the expert and used CEC to achieve mutual understanding, construct intersubjectivity, and create opportunities for interaction and learning at the late stage, displaying her development of L2 interactional competence. Our findings have useful implications for theoretical and methodological development of the xu-argument studies as well as for xu-based L2 pedagogy.展开更多
The term“pragmatics borrowing”refers to a conscious use of foreign pragmatic marker within or between utterances.Distinctive pragmatics functions of using the“cross-linguistic”pragmatic markers in online conversat...The term“pragmatics borrowing”refers to a conscious use of foreign pragmatic marker within or between utterances.Distinctive pragmatics functions of using the“cross-linguistic”pragmatic markers in online conversations have become a research focus.In a sample of Wechat communication among university students,the English pragmatics marker“em”and its variations occurred frequently.By analyzing its spelling variations,placement,pragmatic meanings and functions,the study indicates that,besides using it as a hesitator,chat participants consciously use this foreign pragmatic marker as a buffer for later utterance,which is usually an apology or a request,to soften the intonation and give the addressee an impression of politeness.展开更多
All of us make conversations with others in a certain social context every day, though the mode to start them is various from different persons, occasions and circumstances. This paper is an attempt to analyze the var...All of us make conversations with others in a certain social context every day, though the mode to start them is various from different persons, occasions and circumstances. This paper is an attempt to analyze the variety of modes to open a conversation in different situations from the viewpoint of discourse analysis.展开更多
This study uses conversational and membership categorization analyses to explore how Piers Morgan and Bassem Youssef locally employ sequential orga-nization and embodied social categorization work to frame public disc...This study uses conversational and membership categorization analyses to explore how Piers Morgan and Bassem Youssef locally employ sequential orga-nization and embodied social categorization work to frame public discourse around accountability and condemnation in the 2023 Israel-Gaza war(IGW).The study ex-plores how specific membership categorization devices,categories,category-bound activities,and predicates construct and challenge social structures and interactional processes in political discourse.This study delves into the embodied categorical practices that recognize or produce social action and local accomplishments of social organizations to identify the normative power of categorization in prompting moral evaluations.Using ethnomethodology,it illustrates how social order is achieved through situated accomplishments of members’practical actions and reasoning,using linguistic devices and commonsense knowledge in face-to-face news interviews.The findings indicate that through multimodal resources–voice,ges-tures,and body language–both Morgan and Youssef invoke and negotiate moral categories that frame perspectives on the Israeli-Arab conflict,highlighting dynamics of aggression,dehumanization,and social justice.They mobilize and enact membership categories through activities,predicates,and attributes that resonate with notions of morality and social justice.Contributing to the literature on multi-modal organizational studies in political communication,this study addresses the underexplored role of multimodal interactional resources in the situated construc-tion and challenge of social and moral categories to shape public perceptions of complex conflicts.展开更多
The linguistic influence of the Korean Wave （Hallyu, which refers to the Korean pop and drama） on the language of International fans is that of a salient but not linguistically examined phenomenon. This study invest...The linguistic influence of the Korean Wave （Hallyu, which refers to the Korean pop and drama） on the language of International fans is that of a salient but not linguistically examined phenomenon. This study investigates the major aspects of this influence and the linguistic reasons behind its global prevalence. The practical part of this study is conducted on Algerian Hallyu fans from which a sample of 139 participants responded to the questionnaire used as a research instrument for achieving the goal of this study. Findings reveal that Hallyu influence is widely spread in Algeria, where by 98.5% of the participants declared the existence of this influence. This impact on participants＇ language starts from using Korean words in their daily discourse to using English words with an adapted Hallyu meaning and to naming phone contacts with the accurate Korean terms of kinship and endearment. Then, they start using linguistically odd inside jokes taken from Korean idols＇ and K-dramas＇ speech, employing Korean proverbs in their conversations, and gradually adopting a different pronunciation of some English sounds. Moreover, their language stands as a sample of Corpus Planning with two types： Modernization and Graphization. Some words are modernized in order to bridge the gap through Hallyu pals＇ communication with more precise words, while other words are graphitized for the sake of developing new terms or new meanings or to shorten long ones. This thesis contributes to the study of random language, generally, and to Hallyu language, specifically, as an aspect of Conversation Analysis （CA）.展开更多
Conversation analysis （CA） is an integral part of the study of language in communication, in which preference organization is an important topic for pragmatic research. This paper makes a study of preferred and disp...Conversation analysis （CA） is an integral part of the study of language in communication, in which preference organization is an important topic for pragmatic research. This paper makes a study of preferred and dispreferred second turns in naturally occurring interactions to show structurally expected or unexpected responses from the second parts of the adjacent pairs. The study is based on the analysis of examples of people＇s actual conversations. It is concluded that in actual conversations, the speaker may make a preferred or dispreferred answer in either marked or unmarked form according to the speaker＇s intention and conversation circumstances.展开更多
This paper aims to explore how to bring authenticity into oral English class. By discussing a number of conversational features which are prominent in every day interaction, but are lacking in the standard English mat...This paper aims to explore how to bring authenticity into oral English class. By discussing a number of conversational features which are prominent in every day interaction, but are lacking in the standard English material our students are learning every day, we suggest that everyday conversation is different from standard written English, so taking standard written English as a model in our oral English class is not feasible. We believe that applying CL （corpus linguistics） and CA （conversation analysis） into oral English classroom to design the learning material and classroom tasks is a good way to enhance the authenticity of language learning.展开更多
基金Survey on the Use of Discourse Markers by Teachers and Students in Foreign Language Classrooms:Taking Teaching Stages and Contexts as Examples(Project No.:20240847)Ideological and Political Teaching Practice of Linguistics Course Under New Liberal Arts(Project No.:JG2023074)。
文摘Based on conversation analysis theory,this study explored how teachers and students used discourse markers in foreign language classrooms and how these markers affect classroom interaction.The results showed that teachers use different discourse markers in different teaching stages such as lead-in,presentation,practice and summary to make their teaching more organized and clearer.However,students used these markers less often,and their expressions are often less coherent.Based on these findings,the study suggests teaching strategies for teachers and learning strategies for students to improve how they use discourse markers.This can help make foreign language teaching more effective and interactive.
文摘This paper aims to explore how a veteran teacher organizes online teaching initiated by the pandemic and how she deals with the problems in online teacher-student verbal interaction.By analyzing a corpus of 20 audio-recorded online lessons between a math teacher and her students during the COVID-19 pandemic from April 11 to May 10,2022,four interactional segments are selected as the focus of the study.The results of the conversation analysis of the segments showed that students’modesty,lack of confidence,lack of ability,and network delay are the main factors affecting online teacher-student interaction.By encouraging students to answer questions,enlightening students to give answers,enriching students’answers,and entertaining the teaching atmosphere(“4Es”strategies),the teacher solved the problems successfully.The findings from this study can provide pedagogical experience and implications for practical teaching.
文摘Learners from the traditional Chinese English Classroom immerse in 'perfect English'.However,the Standard English makes them loose the chance to discover the talking rules behind the language,and leads them into an embarrassed situation,when stating a real talk with a native English speaker.From conversation analysis of a real English conversation,the learner can see how a native speaker reacts in a real conversation,how and when he/she gains the talking turns and how he/she responds to others' speech.Meanwhile,it offers a chance to learn the phenomenon in an ordinary conversations,such overlapping,pause,interruption,disfluency,etc.They make the real conversation not as 'perfect' as it is in the textbook,but they can help the learner to be well prepared for a talk in the real life.
文摘This paper discusses some key concepts in Conversation Analysis （CA）. Using the transcription symbols mainly developed by Jefferson （1974）, the author transcribes an authentic spoken text to further illustrate to the reader how the analysis of the organization of a conversation or talk-in-action could be approached. The paper concludes that as key concepts in CA make possible the micro-level analysis of a conversation, classroom activities deriving from CA can highlight the micro-interactional level of a talk and teachers are able to explore language performance from a microanalytic perspective.
文摘In his authoritative and brilliant account of Pragmatics,Levinson(1983)included Conversation Analysis(CA)firmly as part of Pragmatics.Others have perhaps been more cautious,even sceptical,about whether CA is really relevant to the Pragmatics programme;and it has to be said that some conversation analysts have been rather stand-offish about being associated with Pragmatics,regarding CA’s programme as very different from that of Pragmatics.Whilst there are many differences and divergences between CA and Pragmatics,my own view is that CA shares with Pragmatics a number of focal interests that lie at or close to the heart of each.So I will explore some connections between them,focusing on the contributions CA makes to our understanding of the pragmatics of language use,especially in three of the foundational areas of Pragmatics—namely Implicature(e.g.from Grice 1975),Speech Acts(social action)(e.g.from Austin 1962 and Searle 1969)and Presupposition and Well-Formedness(e.g.from Lakoff1971).I will show examples that demonstrate the distinctiveness of CA’s approach to these core pragmatic aspects of language use—in the spirit of demonstrating how CA’s approach complements and does not detract from approaches in Pragmatics.
文摘Research on gender and language has typically been underpinned by the premise that women and men are essentially different,and that these differences are evident in how they talk.In this paper,I introduce—and argue in favour of—the conversation analytic(CA)approach to gender as an alternative to a gender-differences paradigm.I describe what I take to be the three main challenges that conversation analysts have levied against such an approach,which I summarise as:a question of evidence,a question of relevance,and a question of existence(or ontology).I then describe,and critically evaluate,the classic solution to these questions that conversation analysts have proposed:a focus on‘participant orientations’to gender.I suggest that—in addition to correcting some of the mistaken analyses of interactional phenomena evident in gender-differences research—CA can inspire new ways of thinking about old research questions.I also propose that the question of what counts as an orientation to gender and,relatedly,how best to analyse the taken-for-granted social world,provide particularly fruitful areas for future research.I conclude by calling on researchers and students of gender to avoid using the assumption of essential difference as the starting point for academic endeavour.
基金This paper is funded by:(1)The 13th Five-Year Plan General Project of Sichuan Social Science:“A Study on Psycho-correction Discourse in Community Correction under Innovative Social Governance”(SC20B151)(2)Project of Sichuan Social Security and Social Management Innovation Research Center:“An Empirical Study on the Intervention of Judicial Social Work in the Community Correction in the context of Social Governance Innovation”(SCZA19B01)+1 种基金(3)Project of Luzhou Philosophy and Social Science Research:“A study on Implicit Persuasion Discourse of Community Correction Staffs from the Perspective of Appraisal System in SFL”(LZ20A146)(4)Project of Social Governance Innovation Research Center:“An Empirical Study of Judicial Social Work Participating in Innovative Social Governance in Community Correction”(SHZLZD2002).
文摘This paper mainly discusses the power and solidarity among participants in the community correction discourse from sociolinguistic perspective by adopting the methodology of conversation analysis.Through the comparative study of the steps of Initial Evaluation and Entry Ceremony in community correction,this paper analyses the power and solidarity in the features of adjacency pair and turn-taking,and finds that the step of Initial Evaluation is relatively negotiable and represents the social relationship of solidarity,while the step of Entry Ceremony stresses more on social distance and power relationship.The reasons that cause the power and solidarity in the Initial Evaluation and the Entry Ceremony from the perspective of social identity and social purposes are also explored.
文摘This paper examined the pedagogical employment of pauses in classroom interactions in EFL reading lessons in senior high school using a conversation analytic approach. The data for this study were collected from two EFL classes at the same Chinese high school, each taught by a different teacher. The length and context of pauses naturally occurring in the whole lessons were analyzed in terms of reading lessons in EFL classrooms. Findings were as follows. Appropriately prolonged pauses combined with teachers' explicit interventions can enhance the quality and quantity of students' answers and promote their involvement, maximizing their learning opportunity. These results offer valuable insights for recommendations regarding classroom interactions for teaching reading in English lessons in senior high school.
文摘This paper argues that the dialogues of Emily Grierson in William Faulkner’s “A Rose for Emily” systematically and profoundly violate H.P. Grice’s Cooperative Principle and its component maxims: Quantity, Quality, Relation, and Manner, which is not merely a manifestation of her personal eccentricity but also a powerful linguistic act of resistance. Through her non-cooperative speeches, Emily asserts her autonomy, defies the probing and judgmental gaze of her community, and maintains the integrity of her isolated world. Ultimately, she symbolizes the Old South’s desperate, tragic, and often grotesque struggle against the inevitable forces of change and modernization.
文摘Dialogues are fundamentally driven by xu(C. Wang, 2016, 2017), a Chinese word meaning continuation that captures the process in which interlocutors participate in interaction through the actions of(utterance) completion,(content) extension, and(topic) creation(CEC). This article reports a conversation analytic case study designed to investigate how the continuation strategies of CEC are used in real-time communication to achieve mutual understanding, and thus to construct intersubjectivity(Verhagen, 2005) and promote the development of second language(L2)interactional competence. Our data consisted of audio and video recordings of a 25-minute conversation between two L2 English speakers, one expert and one novice, and a stimulated recall interview with them. Results revealed that the expert employed CEC at the early stage of interaction to maintain successful communication, and the novice gradually aligned with the expert and used CEC to achieve mutual understanding, construct intersubjectivity, and create opportunities for interaction and learning at the late stage, displaying her development of L2 interactional competence. Our findings have useful implications for theoretical and methodological development of the xu-argument studies as well as for xu-based L2 pedagogy.
文摘The term“pragmatics borrowing”refers to a conscious use of foreign pragmatic marker within or between utterances.Distinctive pragmatics functions of using the“cross-linguistic”pragmatic markers in online conversations have become a research focus.In a sample of Wechat communication among university students,the English pragmatics marker“em”and its variations occurred frequently.By analyzing its spelling variations,placement,pragmatic meanings and functions,the study indicates that,besides using it as a hesitator,chat participants consciously use this foreign pragmatic marker as a buffer for later utterance,which is usually an apology or a request,to soften the intonation and give the addressee an impression of politeness.
文摘All of us make conversations with others in a certain social context every day, though the mode to start them is various from different persons, occasions and circumstances. This paper is an attempt to analyze the variety of modes to open a conversation in different situations from the viewpoint of discourse analysis.
文摘This study uses conversational and membership categorization analyses to explore how Piers Morgan and Bassem Youssef locally employ sequential orga-nization and embodied social categorization work to frame public discourse around accountability and condemnation in the 2023 Israel-Gaza war(IGW).The study ex-plores how specific membership categorization devices,categories,category-bound activities,and predicates construct and challenge social structures and interactional processes in political discourse.This study delves into the embodied categorical practices that recognize or produce social action and local accomplishments of social organizations to identify the normative power of categorization in prompting moral evaluations.Using ethnomethodology,it illustrates how social order is achieved through situated accomplishments of members’practical actions and reasoning,using linguistic devices and commonsense knowledge in face-to-face news interviews.The findings indicate that through multimodal resources–voice,ges-tures,and body language–both Morgan and Youssef invoke and negotiate moral categories that frame perspectives on the Israeli-Arab conflict,highlighting dynamics of aggression,dehumanization,and social justice.They mobilize and enact membership categories through activities,predicates,and attributes that resonate with notions of morality and social justice.Contributing to the literature on multi-modal organizational studies in political communication,this study addresses the underexplored role of multimodal interactional resources in the situated construc-tion and challenge of social and moral categories to shape public perceptions of complex conflicts.
文摘The linguistic influence of the Korean Wave （Hallyu, which refers to the Korean pop and drama） on the language of International fans is that of a salient but not linguistically examined phenomenon. This study investigates the major aspects of this influence and the linguistic reasons behind its global prevalence. The practical part of this study is conducted on Algerian Hallyu fans from which a sample of 139 participants responded to the questionnaire used as a research instrument for achieving the goal of this study. Findings reveal that Hallyu influence is widely spread in Algeria, where by 98.5% of the participants declared the existence of this influence. This impact on participants＇ language starts from using Korean words in their daily discourse to using English words with an adapted Hallyu meaning and to naming phone contacts with the accurate Korean terms of kinship and endearment. Then, they start using linguistically odd inside jokes taken from Korean idols＇ and K-dramas＇ speech, employing Korean proverbs in their conversations, and gradually adopting a different pronunciation of some English sounds. Moreover, their language stands as a sample of Corpus Planning with two types： Modernization and Graphization. Some words are modernized in order to bridge the gap through Hallyu pals＇ communication with more precise words, while other words are graphitized for the sake of developing new terms or new meanings or to shorten long ones. This thesis contributes to the study of random language, generally, and to Hallyu language, specifically, as an aspect of Conversation Analysis （CA）.
文摘Conversation analysis （CA） is an integral part of the study of language in communication, in which preference organization is an important topic for pragmatic research. This paper makes a study of preferred and dispreferred second turns in naturally occurring interactions to show structurally expected or unexpected responses from the second parts of the adjacent pairs. The study is based on the analysis of examples of people＇s actual conversations. It is concluded that in actual conversations, the speaker may make a preferred or dispreferred answer in either marked or unmarked form according to the speaker＇s intention and conversation circumstances.
文摘This paper aims to explore how to bring authenticity into oral English class. By discussing a number of conversational features which are prominent in every day interaction, but are lacking in the standard English material our students are learning every day, we suggest that everyday conversation is different from standard written English, so taking standard written English as a model in our oral English class is not feasible. We believe that applying CL （corpus linguistics） and CA （conversation analysis） into oral English classroom to design the learning material and classroom tasks is a good way to enhance the authenticity of language learning.
