Background:Ethical problems in the nursing profession are mostly found in the undesirable ethical behavior(EBE)of nurses.If there is no concern about these problems,it may negatively affect the quality of nursing care...Background:Ethical problems in the nursing profession are mostly found in the undesirable ethical behavior(EBE)of nurses.If there is no concern about these problems,it may negatively affect the quality of nursing care,patients’safety,and trust in the nursing profession.In assessing nurses’EBE,it is important to develop an instrument that reflects the actual EBE of nurses.Objectives:To develop and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Ethical Behavior for Thai Nurses Scale(EBTNS).Methods:The construct definition,5 sub-constructs,43 items,and the hypothesized model were synthesized and generated from a comprehensive literature review and existing research instruments by using document analysis.The EBTNS was verified for content validity by 4 experts.Of the 43 items,37 items were retained for psychometric testing.The construct validity was tested by using second-order confirmatory factor analysis(CFA).The EBTNS was tested on 1500 professional nurses working at tertiary,secondary,and primary hospitals in 6 regions(the central,northern,northeast,eastern,western,and southern)of Thailand.Proportional quota sampling was applied to recruit participants.Results:The hypothesized model fitted the empirical data.All 37 first-order indicators and 5 second-order sub-constructs showed significantly standardized factor loadings and effect sizes.The standardized factor loadings of 37 first-order indicators ranged from 0.58 to 0.89,and the construct reliabilities were moderate to substantial(R2=0.34-0.79).The 5 second-order sub-constructs displayed the standardized effect sizes,ranging from 0.81 to 0.96,and accounted for 65%-96%of the total explained variance.In addition,the construct validity was supported by convergent validity and discriminant validity.It also satisfied Cronbach’s alpha coefficients of 5 sub-constructs from 0.87 to 0.94,and a full scale was 0.97.Conclusions:The psychometric properties of the EBTNS are acceptable.This instrument has the potential to be used for evaluating and monitoring to prevent ethical problems of Thai nurses.展开更多
Background Recent advances in serial femtosecond crystallography(SFX)using X-ray free electron lasers(XFELs)have facilitated accurate structure determination for biological macromolecules.However,given the many fluctu...Background Recent advances in serial femtosecond crystallography(SFX)using X-ray free electron lasers(XFELs)have facilitated accurate structure determination for biological macromolecules.However,given the many fluctuations inherent in SFX,the acquisition of SFX data of sufficiently high quality still remains challenging.Method Aimed at enhancing the accuracy of SFX data,this study proposes an iterative refinement method to optimally match pairs of the observed and predicted reflections on the detector plane.This method features a combination of detector geometry optimization and diffraction model refinement in an alternate manner,concomitant with a cycle-by-cycle peak selection procedure.Result To demonstrate whether this iterative method is convergent and feasible,both numerical simulations and experimental tests have been performed.The results reveal that this method can gradually improve overall quality of the integrated SFX data and therefore accelerate the convergence of Monte Carlo integration,while simultaneously suppressing correlations inherent in certain parameters and precluding outliers to some extent during the refinement.Conclusion We have demonstrated that our iterative refinement method is applicable to both simulated and experimental SFX data.It is expected that this method could provide meaningful insights into the refinement of SFX data and take the step forward toward more accurate Monte Carlo integration.展开更多
文摘Background:Ethical problems in the nursing profession are mostly found in the undesirable ethical behavior(EBE)of nurses.If there is no concern about these problems,it may negatively affect the quality of nursing care,patients’safety,and trust in the nursing profession.In assessing nurses’EBE,it is important to develop an instrument that reflects the actual EBE of nurses.Objectives:To develop and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Ethical Behavior for Thai Nurses Scale(EBTNS).Methods:The construct definition,5 sub-constructs,43 items,and the hypothesized model were synthesized and generated from a comprehensive literature review and existing research instruments by using document analysis.The EBTNS was verified for content validity by 4 experts.Of the 43 items,37 items were retained for psychometric testing.The construct validity was tested by using second-order confirmatory factor analysis(CFA).The EBTNS was tested on 1500 professional nurses working at tertiary,secondary,and primary hospitals in 6 regions(the central,northern,northeast,eastern,western,and southern)of Thailand.Proportional quota sampling was applied to recruit participants.Results:The hypothesized model fitted the empirical data.All 37 first-order indicators and 5 second-order sub-constructs showed significantly standardized factor loadings and effect sizes.The standardized factor loadings of 37 first-order indicators ranged from 0.58 to 0.89,and the construct reliabilities were moderate to substantial(R2=0.34-0.79).The 5 second-order sub-constructs displayed the standardized effect sizes,ranging from 0.81 to 0.96,and accounted for 65%-96%of the total explained variance.In addition,the construct validity was supported by convergent validity and discriminant validity.It also satisfied Cronbach’s alpha coefficients of 5 sub-constructs from 0.87 to 0.94,and a full scale was 0.97.Conclusions:The psychometric properties of the EBTNS are acceptable.This instrument has the potential to be used for evaluating and monitoring to prevent ethical problems of Thai nurses.
基金This work was financially supported by the grants from the Strategic Priority Research Program of CAS(XDB08030103)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31570744,31670059).
文摘Background Recent advances in serial femtosecond crystallography(SFX)using X-ray free electron lasers(XFELs)have facilitated accurate structure determination for biological macromolecules.However,given the many fluctuations inherent in SFX,the acquisition of SFX data of sufficiently high quality still remains challenging.Method Aimed at enhancing the accuracy of SFX data,this study proposes an iterative refinement method to optimally match pairs of the observed and predicted reflections on the detector plane.This method features a combination of detector geometry optimization and diffraction model refinement in an alternate manner,concomitant with a cycle-by-cycle peak selection procedure.Result To demonstrate whether this iterative method is convergent and feasible,both numerical simulations and experimental tests have been performed.The results reveal that this method can gradually improve overall quality of the integrated SFX data and therefore accelerate the convergence of Monte Carlo integration,while simultaneously suppressing correlations inherent in certain parameters and precluding outliers to some extent during the refinement.Conclusion We have demonstrated that our iterative refinement method is applicable to both simulated and experimental SFX data.It is expected that this method could provide meaningful insights into the refinement of SFX data and take the step forward toward more accurate Monte Carlo integration.
