As the international community place high value on the ocean,protecting the marine environment and promoting the sustainable development of the ocean have become the consensus of all countries around the world.Integra...As the international community place high value on the ocean,protecting the marine environment and promoting the sustainable development of the ocean have become the consensus of all countries around the world.Integrated ocean management,as an important part of the ocean governance mechanism within the framework of the United Nations,have approached to the scene view of human gradually.Taking the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea as the framework,the current international integrated ocean management is summarized and the future development trend of ocean management is analyzed,providing reference for China to build a maritime power and a maritime community with shared future.展开更多
To address climate change and highlight its global nature,the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCCC)was adopted for the first time in history within the UN framework on May 9,1992,clearly establ...To address climate change and highlight its global nature,the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCCC)was adopted for the first time in history within the UN framework on May 9,1992,clearly establishing the obligations of developed countries to take the lead in emission reduction and provide financial,technological,and capacity-building support to developing countries.Particularly since the 2015 Paris Agreement,successive UN climate conferences have placed high emphasis on financial and technological matters,with financial arrangements demonstrating an increasingly specific trend in recent years.The Glasgow Climate Pact adopted in 2021 urges developed country Parties to deliver on their commitment to the goal of providing USD 100 billion to developing country prties,while also urging developed country parties to at least double their provision of climate finance to developing country parties by 2025 compared to 2019 levels.展开更多
Climate change and biodiversity loss are intricately linked,and as the severity of these challenges intensifies,the need for a cohesive international response has become increasingly evident.Since 1992,South Korea has...Climate change and biodiversity loss are intricately linked,and as the severity of these challenges intensifies,the need for a cohesive international response has become increasingly evident.Since 1992,South Korea has developed relevant legal and institutional frameworks;however,its initiatives addressing biodiversity loss have received less recognition and prioritization compared to its efforts concerning climate change.In this context,this study aims to analyze the disparities in South Korea’s policy responses to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCCC)and the Convention on Biological Diversity(CBD),while proposing an integrated policy direction.To achieve this,the study compares key policies related to both conventions by utilizing the OECD’s Policy Coherence for Sustainable Development(PCSD)indicators and evaluation criteria derived from previous research.Furthermore,the analysis incorporates variables identified in earlier studies,including legal enforceability,economic incentives,financial support,and industry participation,to enhance the depth of the analysis.Additionally,a review of international best practices was conducted to extract actionable insights for policy enhancement.The analysis reveals several challenges in biodiversity policies,including fragmented governance systems,low policy prioritization,weakened policy momentum,imbalanced financial support,and limited corporate awareness.Moreover,difficulties in quantitative evaluation hinder the verification of policy effectiveness due to the complex nature of biodiversity goals.This research aims to assess South Korea’s responsiveness in accordance with the integrated approach promoted by the international community.展开更多
Marine rights and interests is an important part of national sovereignty,it is also an important part of national interests.At present,the maritime economy and coastline security of China is facing some new situation ...Marine rights and interests is an important part of national sovereignty,it is also an important part of national interests.At present,the maritime economy and coastline security of China is facing some new situation and challenges.In view of the strategic significance and maritime situation of ocean development,it needs to work out a feasible ocean strategy of China from the need of safeguarding the interests of the whole country urgently.We must establish the maintenance strategies of China's marine rights and interests in order to realize the sustainable development of marine fights and interests.展开更多
The measurement,reporting,and verification(MRV) of climate finance was originated from discussions under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCCC).It has been one of the key issues of global cl...The measurement,reporting,and verification(MRV) of climate finance was originated from discussions under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCCC).It has been one of the key issues of global climate negotiations since 2009 and will continue to be of significant importance in addressing climate change and strengthening international trust.This paper analyses the concept,the objective,and the progress of the MRV of climate finance based on reviews of the latest literature and think-tank reports regarding climate finance regime and MRV.Following the analysis,challenges faced with the MRV of climate finance are illustrated.This paper presents that the comparability of climate finance data needs to be improved due to the variety of methodologies used for disaggregating climate finance.In addition,the integrality of the MRV system of climate finance has been impaired by the lack of feedback mechanism from the recipients to the contributors in reporting system.Furthermore,although accounting system of climate finance has been developing and improving,it remains incapacity in providing accurate data on disbursed climate finance.Responding to the above challenges,this paper proposes the key tasks in establishing a comprehensive MRV system for climate finance at international level.The tasks involve developing a measurement system with consistent data basis and accounting basis,a reporting system with more detailed guidance and standardized formats,as well as a verification mechanism balancing top-down and bottom-up review processes.In the last section,this paper concludes that the establishment of an improved MRV of climate finance requires concerted cooperation and negotiations between developed and developing country Parties under the UNFCCC.As one of the few developing country donors to the Global Environmental Facility(GEF),China is suggested to clarify its propositions as a developing country in aspects such as concept,coverage,and architecture of climate finance and MRV system,and gain bargaining power in improving operating and technical rules of international climate finance regime.展开更多
The archipelagic waters system is stipulated in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. It is closely related to China＇s marine legislation and maritime law enforcement. It is not only related to the int...The archipelagic waters system is stipulated in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. It is closely related to China＇s marine legislation and maritime law enforcement. It is not only related to the integrity of our country＇s national sovereignty, but also to the maintenance of our maritime rights and interests. However, there is no comprehensive fundamental law governing the overall situation of marine development in our country, also no relevant legal code on the archipelagic waters system. Therefore, we should learn from the world＇s marine legislation and practice which the archipelagic waters system was written into China＇s marine legislation.展开更多
The 1997 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Non-navigational Uses of International Watercourses (UNWC) contains a negotiation framework for transboundary water rights. However, it is a subjective document ope...The 1997 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Non-navigational Uses of International Watercourses (UNWC) contains a negotiation framework for transboundary water rights. However, it is a subjective document open to a wide range of possibilities and interpretations. Water Rights Allocations (WRAs) as described by Dinar and Nigatu (2013) and Dinar and Tsur (2017) provide a limited number of quantifiable allocation possibilities based on the UNWC. It is suggested that this methodology streamlines the negotiation process and reduces the effects of hydro hegemony. These methodologies are explored and applied through a case study on the Orontes River Basin.展开更多
The establishment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC)and the publication of its first assessment report(FAR)in 1990 marked the commencement of the international climate policy.Two years later,in 199...The establishment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC)and the publication of its first assessment report(FAR)in 1990 marked the commencement of the international climate policy.Two years later,in 1992,the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCCC)was signed at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro(Brazil),which offers a crucial basis for international climate negotiations.Since 1995,the last 2 months of each calendar year have been earmarked as the intensive negotiation period for a UNFCCC Conference of the Parties(COP).展开更多
INTRODUCTION The escalating generation and accumulation of solid waste is one of the greatest challenges that our society and global ecological systems are facing.Management of municipal solid waste(MSW)is a substanti...INTRODUCTION The escalating generation and accumulation of solid waste is one of the greatest challenges that our society and global ecological systems are facing.Management of municipal solid waste(MSW)is a substantial contributor to greenhouse gas(GHG)emission,1 which has become a policy focal point at the recent Conferences of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change(COPs).展开更多
Standards are the scientific basis and an important factor for the assessment of the quality of goods.In International Sale of Goods Law,they are consistent with and complementary to the“general provision”on“ordina...Standards are the scientific basis and an important factor for the assessment of the quality of goods.In International Sale of Goods Law,they are consistent with and complementary to the“general provision”on“ordinary purposes”used to assess the quality of goods.Based on analyses of theories and legal practices and by reviewing the relationship between standards and“ordinary purposes,”in this article,I attempt to find out what standards affect the ascertaining of“ordinary purposes”and present a summary of the preconditions for the sellers’obligatory observance of such standards to provide guidance for the accurate application of other“general provisions”through the use of standards.展开更多
文摘As the international community place high value on the ocean,protecting the marine environment and promoting the sustainable development of the ocean have become the consensus of all countries around the world.Integrated ocean management,as an important part of the ocean governance mechanism within the framework of the United Nations,have approached to the scene view of human gradually.Taking the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea as the framework,the current international integrated ocean management is summarized and the future development trend of ocean management is analyzed,providing reference for China to build a maritime power and a maritime community with shared future.
文摘To address climate change and highlight its global nature,the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCCC)was adopted for the first time in history within the UN framework on May 9,1992,clearly establishing the obligations of developed countries to take the lead in emission reduction and provide financial,technological,and capacity-building support to developing countries.Particularly since the 2015 Paris Agreement,successive UN climate conferences have placed high emphasis on financial and technological matters,with financial arrangements demonstrating an increasingly specific trend in recent years.The Glasgow Climate Pact adopted in 2021 urges developed country Parties to deliver on their commitment to the goal of providing USD 100 billion to developing country prties,while also urging developed country parties to at least double their provision of climate finance to developing country parties by 2025 compared to 2019 levels.
基金supported by the Carbon Neutrality,a specialized program of the Graduate School through the Korea Environmental Industry&Technology Institute(KEITI)funded by Ministriy of Environment(MOE,Korea).
文摘Climate change and biodiversity loss are intricately linked,and as the severity of these challenges intensifies,the need for a cohesive international response has become increasingly evident.Since 1992,South Korea has developed relevant legal and institutional frameworks;however,its initiatives addressing biodiversity loss have received less recognition and prioritization compared to its efforts concerning climate change.In this context,this study aims to analyze the disparities in South Korea’s policy responses to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCCC)and the Convention on Biological Diversity(CBD),while proposing an integrated policy direction.To achieve this,the study compares key policies related to both conventions by utilizing the OECD’s Policy Coherence for Sustainable Development(PCSD)indicators and evaluation criteria derived from previous research.Furthermore,the analysis incorporates variables identified in earlier studies,including legal enforceability,economic incentives,financial support,and industry participation,to enhance the depth of the analysis.Additionally,a review of international best practices was conducted to extract actionable insights for policy enhancement.The analysis reveals several challenges in biodiversity policies,including fragmented governance systems,low policy prioritization,weakened policy momentum,imbalanced financial support,and limited corporate awareness.Moreover,difficulties in quantitative evaluation hinder the verification of policy effectiveness due to the complex nature of biodiversity goals.This research aims to assess South Korea’s responsiveness in accordance with the integrated approach promoted by the international community.
文摘Marine rights and interests is an important part of national sovereignty,it is also an important part of national interests.At present,the maritime economy and coastline security of China is facing some new situation and challenges.In view of the strategic significance and maritime situation of ocean development,it needs to work out a feasible ocean strategy of China from the need of safeguarding the interests of the whole country urgently.We must establish the maintenance strategies of China's marine rights and interests in order to realize the sustainable development of marine fights and interests.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China project "The joint mechanism and macro-regulation mechanism for national emission trading market of China"[Grant Number:71503288]the Research Base Project of Beijing Philosophy and Social Science Foundation "Payments for Ecosystem Services Mechanism that Supports The Synergetic Development of Ecological Protection in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region"[Grant Number:16JDYJC039]the project "Environmental Risk Management for Corporate Lending in China's Commercial Banks" sponsored by the Scientific Research Foundation for the returned overseas Chinese scholars,State Education Ministry
文摘The measurement,reporting,and verification(MRV) of climate finance was originated from discussions under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCCC).It has been one of the key issues of global climate negotiations since 2009 and will continue to be of significant importance in addressing climate change and strengthening international trust.This paper analyses the concept,the objective,and the progress of the MRV of climate finance based on reviews of the latest literature and think-tank reports regarding climate finance regime and MRV.Following the analysis,challenges faced with the MRV of climate finance are illustrated.This paper presents that the comparability of climate finance data needs to be improved due to the variety of methodologies used for disaggregating climate finance.In addition,the integrality of the MRV system of climate finance has been impaired by the lack of feedback mechanism from the recipients to the contributors in reporting system.Furthermore,although accounting system of climate finance has been developing and improving,it remains incapacity in providing accurate data on disbursed climate finance.Responding to the above challenges,this paper proposes the key tasks in establishing a comprehensive MRV system for climate finance at international level.The tasks involve developing a measurement system with consistent data basis and accounting basis,a reporting system with more detailed guidance and standardized formats,as well as a verification mechanism balancing top-down and bottom-up review processes.In the last section,this paper concludes that the establishment of an improved MRV of climate finance requires concerted cooperation and negotiations between developed and developing country Parties under the UNFCCC.As one of the few developing country donors to the Global Environmental Facility(GEF),China is suggested to clarify its propositions as a developing country in aspects such as concept,coverage,and architecture of climate finance and MRV system,and gain bargaining power in improving operating and technical rules of international climate finance regime.
文摘The archipelagic waters system is stipulated in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. It is closely related to China＇s marine legislation and maritime law enforcement. It is not only related to the integrity of our country＇s national sovereignty, but also to the maintenance of our maritime rights and interests. However, there is no comprehensive fundamental law governing the overall situation of marine development in our country, also no relevant legal code on the archipelagic waters system. Therefore, we should learn from the world＇s marine legislation and practice which the archipelagic waters system was written into China＇s marine legislation.
文摘The 1997 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Non-navigational Uses of International Watercourses (UNWC) contains a negotiation framework for transboundary water rights. However, it is a subjective document open to a wide range of possibilities and interpretations. Water Rights Allocations (WRAs) as described by Dinar and Nigatu (2013) and Dinar and Tsur (2017) provide a limited number of quantifiable allocation possibilities based on the UNWC. It is suggested that this methodology streamlines the negotiation process and reduces the effects of hydro hegemony. These methodologies are explored and applied through a case study on the Orontes River Basin.
基金supported by the International Cooperation Programbetween the National Science Foundation of China(NSFC)and the United Nations Environment Pro-gramme(UNEP)(grant no.42261144002).
文摘The establishment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC)and the publication of its first assessment report(FAR)in 1990 marked the commencement of the international climate policy.Two years later,in 1992,the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCCC)was signed at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro(Brazil),which offers a crucial basis for international climate negotiations.Since 1995,the last 2 months of each calendar year have been earmarked as the intensive negotiation period for a UNFCCC Conference of the Parties(COP).
文摘INTRODUCTION The escalating generation and accumulation of solid waste is one of the greatest challenges that our society and global ecological systems are facing.Management of municipal solid waste(MSW)is a substantial contributor to greenhouse gas(GHG)emission,1 which has become a policy focal point at the recent Conferences of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change(COPs).
文摘Standards are the scientific basis and an important factor for the assessment of the quality of goods.In International Sale of Goods Law,they are consistent with and complementary to the“general provision”on“ordinary purposes”used to assess the quality of goods.Based on analyses of theories and legal practices and by reviewing the relationship between standards and“ordinary purposes,”in this article,I attempt to find out what standards affect the ascertaining of“ordinary purposes”and present a summary of the preconditions for the sellers’obligatory observance of such standards to provide guidance for the accurate application of other“general provisions”through the use of standards.
