This paper reviews the research work done on the Reliability Analysis of Controller Area Network (CAN) based systems. During the last couple of decades, real-time researchers have extended schedulability analysis to a...This paper reviews the research work done on the Reliability Analysis of Controller Area Network (CAN) based systems. During the last couple of decades, real-time researchers have extended schedulability analysis to a mature technique which for nontrivial systems can be used to determine whether a set of tasks executing on a single CPU or in a distributed system will meet their deadlines or not [1-3]. The main focus of the real-time research community is on hard real-time systems, and the essence of analyzing such systems is to investigate if deadlines are met in a worst case scenario. Whether this worst case actually will occur during execution, or if it is likely to occur, is not normally considered. Reliability modeling, on the other hand, involves study of fault models, characterization of distribution functions of faults and development of methods and tools for composing these distributions and models in estimating an overall reliability figure for the system [4]. This paper presents the research work done on reliability analysis developed with a focus on Controller-Area-Network-based automotive systems.展开更多
The Controller Area Network(CAN)is a well established control network for automotive and automation control applications.Time-Triggered Controller Area Network(TTCAN)is a recent development which introduces a session ...The Controller Area Network(CAN)is a well established control network for automotive and automation control applications.Time-Triggered Controller Area Network(TTCAN)is a recent development which introduces a session layer,for message scheduling,to the existing CAN standard,which is a two layer standard comprising of a physical layer and a data link layer.TTCAN facilitates network communication in a time-triggered fashion,by introducing a Time Division Multiple Access style communication scheme.This allows deterministic network behavior,where maximum message latency times can be quantified and guaranteed.In order to solve the problem of determinate time latency and synchronization among several districted units in one auto panel CAN systems,this paper proposed a prototype design implementation for a shared-clock scheduler based on PIC18F458 MCU.This leads to improved CAN system performance and avoid the latency jitters and guarantee a deterministic communication pattern on the bus.The real runtime performance is satisfied.展开更多
Wireless Body Area Network(WBAN) is an emerging technology to provide real-time health monitoring and ubiquitous healthcare services. In many applications, multiple wireless body area networks have to coexist in a sma...Wireless Body Area Network(WBAN) is an emerging technology to provide real-time health monitoring and ubiquitous healthcare services. In many applications, multiple wireless body area networks have to coexist in a small area, resulting in serious inter-network interference. This not only reduces network reliability that is especially important in emergency medical applications, but also consumes more power of WBANs. In this paper, an inter-network interference mitigation approach based on a power control algorithm is proposed. Power control is modeled as a non-cooperative game, in which both inter-network interference and energy efficiency of WBANs are considered. The existence and uniqueness of Nash Equilibrium in the game are proved, and an optimal scheme based on best response is proposed to find its Nash Equilibrium. By coordinating the transmission power levels among networks under interference environment, the total system throughput can be increased with minimum power consumed. The effectiveness of the proposed method has been illustrated by simulation results, where the performance of the proposed approach is evaluated in terms of overall utility and power efficiency and convergence speed.展开更多
In this paper, we provide a comprehensive survey of key energy-efficient Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols for Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs). At the outset, we outline the crucial attributes of a good MAC pr...In this paper, we provide a comprehensive survey of key energy-efficient Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols for Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs). At the outset, we outline the crucial attributes of a good MAC protocol for WBAN. Several sources that contribute to the energy inefficiency of WBAN are identified, and features of the various MAC protocols qualitatively compared. Then, we further investigate some representative TDMA-based energy-efficient MAC protocols for WBAN by emphasizing their strengths and weaknesses. Finally, we conclude with a number of open research issues with regard to WBAN MAC layer.展开更多
This paper introduces architectures of two types optical packet switched metropolitan area networks and their media access control protocols. We have designed related network simulation systems. With these simulation...This paper introduces architectures of two types optical packet switched metropolitan area networks and their media access control protocols. We have designed related network simulation systems. With these simulation systems, the characteristics and performance of the two MANs can be achieved.展开更多
The Smart Grid has three main characteristics, which are to some degree antagonistic. These characteristics are: provision of good power quality, energy cost reduction and improvement in the reliability of the grid. T...The Smart Grid has three main characteristics, which are to some degree antagonistic. These characteristics are: provision of good power quality, energy cost reduction and improvement in the reliability of the grid. The need to ensure that they can be accomplished together demands a much richer ICT monitoring and control network than the current system. In this paper we particularly investigate the design and deployment of the ICT system in the urban environment, specifically in a university campus that is embedded in a city, thus it represents the Neighbourhood Area Network (NAN) level of the Smart Grid. In order to design an ICT infrastructure, we have introduced two related architectures: namely communications network architecture and a software architecture. Having access to the characteristics of a real NAN guides us to choose appropriate communication technologies and identify the actual requirements of the system. To implement these architectures at this level we need to gather and process information from environmental sensors (monitoring e.g. temperature, movement of people and vehicles) that can provide useful information about changes in the loading of the NAN, with information from instrumentation of the Power Grid itself. Energy constraints are one of the major limitations of the communication network in the Smart Grid, especially where wireless networking is proposed. Thus we analyse the most energy efficient method of collecting and sending data. The main contribution of this research is that we propose and implement an energy efficient ICT network and describe our software architecture at the NAN level, currently very underdeveloped. We also discuss our experimental results. To our knowledge, no such architectures have yet been implemented for collecting data which can provide the basis of Decision Support Tools (DSTs).展开更多
Anomaly detection is a vibrant research direction in controller area networks,which provides the fundamental real-time data transmission underpinning in-vehicle data interaction for the internet of vehicles.However,ex...Anomaly detection is a vibrant research direction in controller area networks,which provides the fundamental real-time data transmission underpinning in-vehicle data interaction for the internet of vehicles.However,existing unsupervised learning methods suffer from insufficient temporal and spatial constraints on shallow features,resulting in fragmented feature representations that compromise model stability and accuracy.To improve the extraction of valuable features,this paper investigates the influence of clustering constraints on shallow feature convergence paths at the model level and further proposes an end-to-end intrusion detection system based on efficient deep embedded subspace clustering(EDESC-IDS).Following the standard learning approach,continuous messages are encoded into two-dimensional data frames via a frame builder,which are then input into an extended convolutional autoencoder for extracting shallow features from high-dimensional data.On this basis,the dual constraints of these output features and the embedding clustering module facilitate end-to-end training of the EDESC-IDS in various attack scenarios.Extensive experimental results show that such a system exhibits significant detection performance on four types of attack datasets,including DoS,Gear,Fuzzy,and RPM,with precision,recall,and F1 scores consistently above 97.79%,while maintaining a false negative rate(FNR)and an error rate(ER)below 2.22%.展开更多
随着智能汽车技术的快速发展,其功能迭代速度持续加快且用户规模不断扩大,车载网络安全问题已然成为制约行业健康发展的关键因素。其中,控制器局域网(Controller Area Network,CAN)总线作为智能汽车内部通信的核心架构,承担着各电子控...随着智能汽车技术的快速发展,其功能迭代速度持续加快且用户规模不断扩大,车载网络安全问题已然成为制约行业健康发展的关键因素。其中,控制器局域网(Controller Area Network,CAN)总线作为智能汽车内部通信的核心架构,承担着各电子控制单元间数据交互的重任,但其缺乏加密与认证机制的设计缺陷,使其极易成为黑客攻击的突破口。针对这一现状,本研究聚焦于CAN总线入侵检测技术,提出一种基于改进型ResNet-18卷积神经网络的深度学习模型。该模型通过创新性地融入空间通道注意力机制,构建了多维度特征感知框架;同时采用颜色映射技术,将原始CAN报文序列转换为三通道彩色图像,实现了低维总线数据的高效可视化表征。在模型训练阶段,注意力模块通过动态分配空间维度与通道维度的权重系数,强化了对异常流量时空特征的捕捉能力。实验结果表明,在HCRL-Car Hacking数据集上,该模型针对四类攻击上的平均精确率达99.98%,较传统机器学习方法提升显著;在跨数据集测试中,于Car Hacking-Attack&Defense Challenge数据集仍保持平均99.51%的高精确率,充分验证了模型在复杂攻击场景下的鲁棒性与泛化能力。本研究为智能汽车网络安全防护提供了新的技术路径。展开更多
为满足煤矿掘进设备在复杂井下环境中对高可靠性、实时性和多节点组网通信的需求,设计了一种基于RS-485总线与控制器局域网络(Controller Area Network,CAN)融合的掘进设备本地通信系统。通过构建“高速骨干、低速接入”分层架构,重点...为满足煤矿掘进设备在复杂井下环境中对高可靠性、实时性和多节点组网通信的需求,设计了一种基于RS-485总线与控制器局域网络(Controller Area Network,CAN)融合的掘进设备本地通信系统。通过构建“高速骨干、低速接入”分层架构,重点研究了基于CAN总线高可靠性的短帧传输技术、基于异构网关优先级调度的实时通信技术以及基于分层拓扑的多节点组网扩展技术。实际应用结果表明,该系统能够有效提升掘进设备通信系统的可靠性和实时性,同时具备良好的节点扩展能力。展开更多
针对高压输电线路运维中故障识别滞后、数据传输不稳定、运维协同性差等问题,提出一种基于控制器局域网(Controller Area Network,CAN)通信的分布式安全运维技术方案。该方案以CAN总线为通信核心,构建“感知组网-数据处理-故障诊断-协...针对高压输电线路运维中故障识别滞后、数据传输不稳定、运维协同性差等问题,提出一种基于控制器局域网(Controller Area Network,CAN)通信的分布式安全运维技术方案。该方案以CAN总线为通信核心,构建“感知组网-数据处理-故障诊断-协同运维”的全流程技术体系,通过分布式节点布局、递进式诊断模型及三级运维决策,实现输电线路故障的精准识别与高效处置。展开更多
The rapid expansion of intra-vehicle networks has increased the number of threats to such networks.Most modern vehicles implement various physical and data-link layer technologies.Vehicles are becoming increasingly au...The rapid expansion of intra-vehicle networks has increased the number of threats to such networks.Most modern vehicles implement various physical and data-link layer technologies.Vehicles are becoming increasingly autonomous and connected.Controller area network(CAN)is a serial bus system that is used to connect sensors and controllers(electronic control units-ECUs)within a vehicle.ECUs vary widely in processing power,storage,memory,and connectivity.The goal of this research is to design,implement,and test an efficient and effective intrusion detection system for intra-vehicle CANs.Classic cryptographic approaches are resource-intensive and increase processing delay,thereby not meeting CAN latency requirements.There is a need for a system that is capable of detecting intrusions in almost real-time with minimal resources.Our research proposes a long short-term memory(LSTM)network to detect anomalies and a decision engine to detect intrusions by using multiple contextual parameters.We have tested our anomaly detection algorithm and our decision engine using data from real automobiles.We present the results of our experiments and analyze our findings.After detailed evaluation of our system,we believe that we have designed a vehicle security solution that meets all the outlined requirements and goals.展开更多
The rising number of electronic control units （ECUs） in vehicles and the decreasing time to market have led to the need for advanced methods of calibration. A multi-ECU calibration system was developed based on the ...The rising number of electronic control units （ECUs） in vehicles and the decreasing time to market have led to the need for advanced methods of calibration. A multi-ECU calibration system was developed based on the explicit calibration protocol （XCP） and J1939 communication protocol to satisfy the need of calibrating multiple ECUs simultaneously. The messages in the controller area network （CAN） are defined in the J1939 protocol. Each CAN node can get its own calibration messages and information from other ECUs, and block other messages by qualifying the CAN messages with priority, source or destination address. The data field of the calibration message is designed with the XCP, with CAN acting as the transport layer. The calibration sessions are setup with the event-triggered XCP driver in the master node and the responding XCP driver in the slave nodes. Mirroring calibration variables from ROM to RAM enables the user to calibrate ECUs online. The application example shows that the multi-ECU calibration system can calibrate multiple ECUs simultaneously, and the main program can also accomplish its calculation and send commands to the actuators in time. By the multi-ECU calibration system, the calibration effort and time can be reduced and the variables in ECU can get a better match with the variables of other ECUs.展开更多
文摘This paper reviews the research work done on the Reliability Analysis of Controller Area Network (CAN) based systems. During the last couple of decades, real-time researchers have extended schedulability analysis to a mature technique which for nontrivial systems can be used to determine whether a set of tasks executing on a single CPU or in a distributed system will meet their deadlines or not [1-3]. The main focus of the real-time research community is on hard real-time systems, and the essence of analyzing such systems is to investigate if deadlines are met in a worst case scenario. Whether this worst case actually will occur during execution, or if it is likely to occur, is not normally considered. Reliability modeling, on the other hand, involves study of fault models, characterization of distribution functions of faults and development of methods and tools for composing these distributions and models in estimating an overall reliability figure for the system [4]. This paper presents the research work done on reliability analysis developed with a focus on Controller-Area-Network-based automotive systems.
文摘The Controller Area Network(CAN)is a well established control network for automotive and automation control applications.Time-Triggered Controller Area Network(TTCAN)is a recent development which introduces a session layer,for message scheduling,to the existing CAN standard,which is a two layer standard comprising of a physical layer and a data link layer.TTCAN facilitates network communication in a time-triggered fashion,by introducing a Time Division Multiple Access style communication scheme.This allows deterministic network behavior,where maximum message latency times can be quantified and guaranteed.In order to solve the problem of determinate time latency and synchronization among several districted units in one auto panel CAN systems,this paper proposed a prototype design implementation for a shared-clock scheduler based on PIC18F458 MCU.This leads to improved CAN system performance and avoid the latency jitters and guarantee a deterministic communication pattern on the bus.The real runtime performance is satisfied.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.61074165 and No.61273064)Jilin Provincial Science & Technology Department Key Scientific and Technological Project (No.20140204034GX)Jilin Province Development and Reform Commission Project (No.2015Y043)
文摘Wireless Body Area Network(WBAN) is an emerging technology to provide real-time health monitoring and ubiquitous healthcare services. In many applications, multiple wireless body area networks have to coexist in a small area, resulting in serious inter-network interference. This not only reduces network reliability that is especially important in emergency medical applications, but also consumes more power of WBANs. In this paper, an inter-network interference mitigation approach based on a power control algorithm is proposed. Power control is modeled as a non-cooperative game, in which both inter-network interference and energy efficiency of WBANs are considered. The existence and uniqueness of Nash Equilibrium in the game are proved, and an optimal scheme based on best response is proposed to find its Nash Equilibrium. By coordinating the transmission power levels among networks under interference environment, the total system throughput can be increased with minimum power consumed. The effectiveness of the proposed method has been illustrated by simulation results, where the performance of the proposed approach is evaluated in terms of overall utility and power efficiency and convergence speed.
基金supported by the MKE (The Ministry of Knowledge Economy), Korea, under the ITRC (Information Technology Research Center)support program supervised by the NIPA(National IT Industry Promotion Agency)under Grant No.NIPA-2011-(C1090-1121-0002)
文摘In this paper, we provide a comprehensive survey of key energy-efficient Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols for Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs). At the outset, we outline the crucial attributes of a good MAC protocol for WBAN. Several sources that contribute to the energy inefficiency of WBAN are identified, and features of the various MAC protocols qualitatively compared. Then, we further investigate some representative TDMA-based energy-efficient MAC protocols for WBAN by emphasizing their strengths and weaknesses. Finally, we conclude with a number of open research issues with regard to WBAN MAC layer.
文摘This paper introduces architectures of two types optical packet switched metropolitan area networks and their media access control protocols. We have designed related network simulation systems. With these simulation systems, the characteristics and performance of the two MANs can be achieved.
文摘The Smart Grid has three main characteristics, which are to some degree antagonistic. These characteristics are: provision of good power quality, energy cost reduction and improvement in the reliability of the grid. The need to ensure that they can be accomplished together demands a much richer ICT monitoring and control network than the current system. In this paper we particularly investigate the design and deployment of the ICT system in the urban environment, specifically in a university campus that is embedded in a city, thus it represents the Neighbourhood Area Network (NAN) level of the Smart Grid. In order to design an ICT infrastructure, we have introduced two related architectures: namely communications network architecture and a software architecture. Having access to the characteristics of a real NAN guides us to choose appropriate communication technologies and identify the actual requirements of the system. To implement these architectures at this level we need to gather and process information from environmental sensors (monitoring e.g. temperature, movement of people and vehicles) that can provide useful information about changes in the loading of the NAN, with information from instrumentation of the Power Grid itself. Energy constraints are one of the major limitations of the communication network in the Smart Grid, especially where wireless networking is proposed. Thus we analyse the most energy efficient method of collecting and sending data. The main contribution of this research is that we propose and implement an energy efficient ICT network and describe our software architecture at the NAN level, currently very underdeveloped. We also discuss our experimental results. To our knowledge, no such architectures have yet been implemented for collecting data which can provide the basis of Decision Support Tools (DSTs).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.62172292).
文摘Anomaly detection is a vibrant research direction in controller area networks,which provides the fundamental real-time data transmission underpinning in-vehicle data interaction for the internet of vehicles.However,existing unsupervised learning methods suffer from insufficient temporal and spatial constraints on shallow features,resulting in fragmented feature representations that compromise model stability and accuracy.To improve the extraction of valuable features,this paper investigates the influence of clustering constraints on shallow feature convergence paths at the model level and further proposes an end-to-end intrusion detection system based on efficient deep embedded subspace clustering(EDESC-IDS).Following the standard learning approach,continuous messages are encoded into two-dimensional data frames via a frame builder,which are then input into an extended convolutional autoencoder for extracting shallow features from high-dimensional data.On this basis,the dual constraints of these output features and the embedding clustering module facilitate end-to-end training of the EDESC-IDS in various attack scenarios.Extensive experimental results show that such a system exhibits significant detection performance on four types of attack datasets,including DoS,Gear,Fuzzy,and RPM,with precision,recall,and F1 scores consistently above 97.79%,while maintaining a false negative rate(FNR)and an error rate(ER)below 2.22%.
文摘为满足煤矿掘进设备在复杂井下环境中对高可靠性、实时性和多节点组网通信的需求,设计了一种基于RS-485总线与控制器局域网络(Controller Area Network,CAN)融合的掘进设备本地通信系统。通过构建“高速骨干、低速接入”分层架构,重点研究了基于CAN总线高可靠性的短帧传输技术、基于异构网关优先级调度的实时通信技术以及基于分层拓扑的多节点组网扩展技术。实际应用结果表明,该系统能够有效提升掘进设备通信系统的可靠性和实时性,同时具备良好的节点扩展能力。
文摘针对高压输电线路运维中故障识别滞后、数据传输不稳定、运维协同性差等问题,提出一种基于控制器局域网(Controller Area Network,CAN)通信的分布式安全运维技术方案。该方案以CAN总线为通信核心,构建“感知组网-数据处理-故障诊断-协同运维”的全流程技术体系,通过分布式节点布局、递进式诊断模型及三级运维决策,实现输电线路故障的精准识别与高效处置。
文摘The rapid expansion of intra-vehicle networks has increased the number of threats to such networks.Most modern vehicles implement various physical and data-link layer technologies.Vehicles are becoming increasingly autonomous and connected.Controller area network(CAN)is a serial bus system that is used to connect sensors and controllers(electronic control units-ECUs)within a vehicle.ECUs vary widely in processing power,storage,memory,and connectivity.The goal of this research is to design,implement,and test an efficient and effective intrusion detection system for intra-vehicle CANs.Classic cryptographic approaches are resource-intensive and increase processing delay,thereby not meeting CAN latency requirements.There is a need for a system that is capable of detecting intrusions in almost real-time with minimal resources.Our research proposes a long short-term memory(LSTM)network to detect anomalies and a decision engine to detect intrusions by using multiple contextual parameters.We have tested our anomaly detection algorithm and our decision engine using data from real automobiles.We present the results of our experiments and analyze our findings.After detailed evaluation of our system,we believe that we have designed a vehicle security solution that meets all the outlined requirements and goals.
文摘The rising number of electronic control units （ECUs） in vehicles and the decreasing time to market have led to the need for advanced methods of calibration. A multi-ECU calibration system was developed based on the explicit calibration protocol （XCP） and J1939 communication protocol to satisfy the need of calibrating multiple ECUs simultaneously. The messages in the controller area network （CAN） are defined in the J1939 protocol. Each CAN node can get its own calibration messages and information from other ECUs, and block other messages by qualifying the CAN messages with priority, source or destination address. The data field of the calibration message is designed with the XCP, with CAN acting as the transport layer. The calibration sessions are setup with the event-triggered XCP driver in the master node and the responding XCP driver in the slave nodes. Mirroring calibration variables from ROM to RAM enables the user to calibrate ECUs online. The application example shows that the multi-ECU calibration system can calibrate multiple ECUs simultaneously, and the main program can also accomplish its calculation and send commands to the actuators in time. By the multi-ECU calibration system, the calibration effort and time can be reduced and the variables in ECU can get a better match with the variables of other ECUs.
