This paper reviews the research work done on the Reliability Analysis of Controller Area Network (CAN) based systems. During the last couple of decades, real-time researchers have extended schedulability analysis to a...This paper reviews the research work done on the Reliability Analysis of Controller Area Network (CAN) based systems. During the last couple of decades, real-time researchers have extended schedulability analysis to a mature technique which for nontrivial systems can be used to determine whether a set of tasks executing on a single CPU or in a distributed system will meet their deadlines or not [1-3]. The main focus of the real-time research community is on hard real-time systems, and the essence of analyzing such systems is to investigate if deadlines are met in a worst case scenario. Whether this worst case actually will occur during execution, or if it is likely to occur, is not normally considered. Reliability modeling, on the other hand, involves study of fault models, characterization of distribution functions of faults and development of methods and tools for composing these distributions and models in estimating an overall reliability figure for the system [4]. This paper presents the research work done on reliability analysis developed with a focus on Controller-Area-Network-based automotive systems.展开更多
The Controller Area Network (CAN) is a well established control network for automotive and automation control applications. Time-Triggered Controller Area Network (TTCAN) is a recent development which introduces a ses...The Controller Area Network (CAN) is a well established control network for automotive and automation control applications. Time-Triggered Controller Area Network (TTCAN) is a recent development which introduces a session layer,for message scheduling,to the existing CAN standard,which is a two layer standard comprising of a physical layer and a data link layer. TTCAN facilitates network communication in a time-triggered fashion,by introducing a Time Division Multiple Access style communication scheme. This allows deterministic network behavior,where maximum message latency times can be quantified and guaranteed. In order to solve the problem of determinate time latency and synchronization among several districted units in one auto panel CAN systems,this paper proposed a prototype design implementation for a shared-clock scheduler based on PIC18F458 MCU. This leads to improved CAN system performance and avoid the latency jitters and guarantee a deterministic communication pattern on the bus. The real runtime performance is satisfied.展开更多
Wireless Body Area Network(WBAN) is an emerging technology to provide real-time health monitoring and ubiquitous healthcare services. In many applications, multiple wireless body area networks have to coexist in a sma...Wireless Body Area Network(WBAN) is an emerging technology to provide real-time health monitoring and ubiquitous healthcare services. In many applications, multiple wireless body area networks have to coexist in a small area, resulting in serious inter-network interference. This not only reduces network reliability that is especially important in emergency medical applications, but also consumes more power of WBANs. In this paper, an inter-network interference mitigation approach based on a power control algorithm is proposed. Power control is modeled as a non-cooperative game, in which both inter-network interference and energy efficiency of WBANs are considered. The existence and uniqueness of Nash Equilibrium in the game are proved, and an optimal scheme based on best response is proposed to find its Nash Equilibrium. By coordinating the transmission power levels among networks under interference environment, the total system throughput can be increased with minimum power consumed. The effectiveness of the proposed method has been illustrated by simulation results, where the performance of the proposed approach is evaluated in terms of overall utility and power efficiency and convergence speed.展开更多
In this paper, we provide a comprehensive survey of key energy-efficient Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols for Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs). At the outset, we outline the crucial attributes of a good MAC pr...In this paper, we provide a comprehensive survey of key energy-efficient Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols for Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs). At the outset, we outline the crucial attributes of a good MAC protocol for WBAN. Several sources that contribute to the energy inefficiency of WBAN are identified, and features of the various MAC protocols qualitatively compared. Then, we further investigate some representative TDMA-based energy-efficient MAC protocols for WBAN by emphasizing their strengths and weaknesses. Finally, we conclude with a number of open research issues with regard to WBAN MAC layer.展开更多
This paper introduces architectures of two types optical packet switched metropolitan area networks and their media access control protocols. We have designed related network simulation systems. With these simulation...This paper introduces architectures of two types optical packet switched metropolitan area networks and their media access control protocols. We have designed related network simulation systems. With these simulation systems, the characteristics and performance of the two MANs can be achieved.展开更多
The Smart Grid has three main characteristics, which are to some degree antagonistic. These characteristics are: provision of good power quality, energy cost reduction and improvement in the reliability of the grid. T...The Smart Grid has three main characteristics, which are to some degree antagonistic. These characteristics are: provision of good power quality, energy cost reduction and improvement in the reliability of the grid. The need to ensure that they can be accomplished together demands a much richer ICT monitoring and control network than the current system. In this paper we particularly investigate the design and deployment of the ICT system in the urban environment, specifically in a university campus that is embedded in a city, thus it represents the Neighbourhood Area Network (NAN) level of the Smart Grid. In order to design an ICT infrastructure, we have introduced two related architectures: namely communications network architecture and a software architecture. Having access to the characteristics of a real NAN guides us to choose appropriate communication technologies and identify the actual requirements of the system. To implement these architectures at this level we need to gather and process information from environmental sensors (monitoring e.g. temperature, movement of people and vehicles) that can provide useful information about changes in the loading of the NAN, with information from instrumentation of the Power Grid itself. Energy constraints are one of the major limitations of the communication network in the Smart Grid, especially where wireless networking is proposed. Thus we analyse the most energy efficient method of collecting and sending data. The main contribution of this research is that we propose and implement an energy efficient ICT network and describe our software architecture at the NAN level, currently very underdeveloped. We also discuss our experimental results. To our knowledge, no such architectures have yet been implemented for collecting data which can provide the basis of Decision Support Tools (DSTs).展开更多
The rapid expansion of intra-vehicle networks has increased the number of threats to such networks.Most modern vehicles implement various physical and data-link layer technologies.Vehicles are becoming increasingly au...The rapid expansion of intra-vehicle networks has increased the number of threats to such networks.Most modern vehicles implement various physical and data-link layer technologies.Vehicles are becoming increasingly autonomous and connected.Controller area network(CAN)is a serial bus system that is used to connect sensors and controllers(electronic control units-ECUs)within a vehicle.ECUs vary widely in processing power,storage,memory,and connectivity.The goal of this research is to design,implement,and test an efficient and effective intrusion detection system for intra-vehicle CANs.Classic cryptographic approaches are resource-intensive and increase processing delay,thereby not meeting CAN latency requirements.There is a need for a system that is capable of detecting intrusions in almost real-time with minimal resources.Our research proposes a long short-term memory(LSTM)network to detect anomalies and a decision engine to detect intrusions by using multiple contextual parameters.We have tested our anomaly detection algorithm and our decision engine using data from real automobiles.We present the results of our experiments and analyze our findings.After detailed evaluation of our system,we believe that we have designed a vehicle security solution that meets all the outlined requirements and goals.展开更多
The rising number of electronic control units （ECUs） in vehicles and the decreasing time to market have led to the need for advanced methods of calibration. A multi-ECU calibration system was developed based on the ...The rising number of electronic control units （ECUs） in vehicles and the decreasing time to market have led to the need for advanced methods of calibration. A multi-ECU calibration system was developed based on the explicit calibration protocol （XCP） and J1939 communication protocol to satisfy the need of calibrating multiple ECUs simultaneously. The messages in the controller area network （CAN） are defined in the J1939 protocol. Each CAN node can get its own calibration messages and information from other ECUs, and block other messages by qualifying the CAN messages with priority, source or destination address. The data field of the calibration message is designed with the XCP, with CAN acting as the transport layer. The calibration sessions are setup with the event-triggered XCP driver in the master node and the responding XCP driver in the slave nodes. Mirroring calibration variables from ROM to RAM enables the user to calibrate ECUs online. The application example shows that the multi-ECU calibration system can calibrate multiple ECUs simultaneously, and the main program can also accomplish its calculation and send commands to the actuators in time. By the multi-ECU calibration system, the calibration effort and time can be reduced and the variables in ECU can get a better match with the variables of other ECUs.展开更多
The attacks on in-vehicle Controller Area Network(CAN)bus messages severely disrupt normal communication between vehicles.Therefore,researches on intrusion detection models for CAN have positive business value for veh...The attacks on in-vehicle Controller Area Network(CAN)bus messages severely disrupt normal communication between vehicles.Therefore,researches on intrusion detection models for CAN have positive business value for vehicle security,and the intrusion detection technology for CAN bus messages can effectively protect the invehicle network from unlawful attacks.Previous machine learning-based models are unable to effectively identify intrusive abnormal messages due to their inherent shortcomings.Hence,to address the shortcomings of the previous machine learning-based intrusion detection technique,we propose a novel method using Attention Mechanism and AutoEncoder for Intrusion Detection(AMAEID).The AMAEID model first converts the raw hexadecimal message data into binary format to obtain better input.Then the AMAEID model encodes and decodes the binary message data using a multi-layer denoising autoencoder model to obtain a hidden feature representation that can represent the potential features behind the message data at a deeper level.Finally,the AMAEID model uses the attention mechanism and the fully connected layer network to infer whether the message is an abnormal message or not.The experimental results with three evaluation metrics on a real in-vehicle CAN bus message dataset outperform some traditional machine learning algorithms,demonstrating the effectiveness of the AMAEID model.展开更多
This paper introduced the design of the hybrid powertrain of the Fuel Cell City Bus demonstrated in 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. The configuration of the hybrid fuel cell powertrain was introduced. The safety of hydrog...This paper introduced the design of the hybrid powertrain of the Fuel Cell City Bus demonstrated in 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. The configuration of the hybrid fuel cell powertrain was introduced. The safety of hydrogen storage and delivery system, the hydrogen leakage alarm system were developed. The real-time distributed control and diagnosis system based on the Time Trigger Controller Area Network （TTCAN） with 10 ms basic control period was developed. The concept and implementation of processor （or controller） monitor and process （or task） monitor technique based on the TYCAN were applied in this paper. The fault tolerant control algorithm of the fuel cell engine and the battery man- agement system were considered. The demonstration experience verified that the fault tolerant control was very important for the fuel cell city bus.展开更多
Safety-critical applications such as the independently driving systems of electric vehicle （EV） require a high degree of reliability. The controller area network （CAN） is used extensively in the control sectors. A...Safety-critical applications such as the independently driving systems of electric vehicle （EV） require a high degree of reliability. The controller area network （CAN） is used extensively in the control sectors. A new real-time and reliable scheduling algorithm based on time-triggered scheduler with a focus on the CAN-based distributed control systems for independently driving EV is exploited. A distributed control network model for a dual-wheel independendy driving EV is established. The timing and reliabili- ty analysis in the worst case with the algorithm is used to evaluate the predictability and dependability and the simulation based on the algorithm with CANoe software is designed. The results indicate the algorithm is more predicable and dependable.展开更多
To guarantee the real-time transmission of a video stream, based on the stochastic optimal control method, a frame layer adaptive rate control algorithm for the wireless transcoder is proposed, which is capable of dyn...To guarantee the real-time transmission of a video stream, based on the stochastic optimal control method, a frame layer adaptive rate control algorithm for the wireless transcoder is proposed, which is capable of dynamically determining the transcoder＇s objective bit rate, according to the bandwidth variation of the wireless channel and the buffer occupancy. Then the transient performance, steady performance, and computational complexity of the algorithm are analyzed. Finally, the experiment results demonstrate that the algorithm can improve the synthetic performance of rate control through the compromise between the end-to-end delay and the playout quality.展开更多
汽车除雾过程中,手动操作除雾按钮易导致驾驶员分心,针对此问题设计了基于STM32的自动除雾控制系统。首先,进行自动除雾控制系统的总体设计,包括设计自动除雾的功能、总体架构和除雾方案;然后,进行硬件选型研究,设计了以STM32芯片为核...汽车除雾过程中,手动操作除雾按钮易导致驾驶员分心,针对此问题设计了基于STM32的自动除雾控制系统。首先,进行自动除雾控制系统的总体设计,包括设计自动除雾的功能、总体架构和除雾方案;然后,进行硬件选型研究,设计了以STM32芯片为核心的硬件电路原理图,开发了自动除雾控制系统的主程序、模数(analog-to-digital,AD)转换采集程序以及控制器局域网(controller area network,CAN)总线通信程序;最后,利用LabVIEW开发出数据监控界面,可实时监控系统运行状态。实验结果表明:该自动除雾控制系统性能可靠,数据精准,可长时间稳定运行。展开更多
文摘This paper reviews the research work done on the Reliability Analysis of Controller Area Network (CAN) based systems. During the last couple of decades, real-time researchers have extended schedulability analysis to a mature technique which for nontrivial systems can be used to determine whether a set of tasks executing on a single CPU or in a distributed system will meet their deadlines or not [1-3]. The main focus of the real-time research community is on hard real-time systems, and the essence of analyzing such systems is to investigate if deadlines are met in a worst case scenario. Whether this worst case actually will occur during execution, or if it is likely to occur, is not normally considered. Reliability modeling, on the other hand, involves study of fault models, characterization of distribution functions of faults and development of methods and tools for composing these distributions and models in estimating an overall reliability figure for the system [4]. This paper presents the research work done on reliability analysis developed with a focus on Controller-Area-Network-based automotive systems.
文摘The Controller Area Network (CAN) is a well established control network for automotive and automation control applications. Time-Triggered Controller Area Network (TTCAN) is a recent development which introduces a session layer,for message scheduling,to the existing CAN standard,which is a two layer standard comprising of a physical layer and a data link layer. TTCAN facilitates network communication in a time-triggered fashion,by introducing a Time Division Multiple Access style communication scheme. This allows deterministic network behavior,where maximum message latency times can be quantified and guaranteed. In order to solve the problem of determinate time latency and synchronization among several districted units in one auto panel CAN systems,this paper proposed a prototype design implementation for a shared-clock scheduler based on PIC18F458 MCU. This leads to improved CAN system performance and avoid the latency jitters and guarantee a deterministic communication pattern on the bus. The real runtime performance is satisfied.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.61074165 and No.61273064)Jilin Provincial Science & Technology Department Key Scientific and Technological Project (No.20140204034GX)Jilin Province Development and Reform Commission Project (No.2015Y043)
文摘Wireless Body Area Network(WBAN) is an emerging technology to provide real-time health monitoring and ubiquitous healthcare services. In many applications, multiple wireless body area networks have to coexist in a small area, resulting in serious inter-network interference. This not only reduces network reliability that is especially important in emergency medical applications, but also consumes more power of WBANs. In this paper, an inter-network interference mitigation approach based on a power control algorithm is proposed. Power control is modeled as a non-cooperative game, in which both inter-network interference and energy efficiency of WBANs are considered. The existence and uniqueness of Nash Equilibrium in the game are proved, and an optimal scheme based on best response is proposed to find its Nash Equilibrium. By coordinating the transmission power levels among networks under interference environment, the total system throughput can be increased with minimum power consumed. The effectiveness of the proposed method has been illustrated by simulation results, where the performance of the proposed approach is evaluated in terms of overall utility and power efficiency and convergence speed.
基金supported by the MKE (The Ministry of Knowledge Economy), Korea, under the ITRC (Information Technology Research Center)support program supervised by the NIPA(National IT Industry Promotion Agency)under Grant No.NIPA-2011-(C1090-1121-0002)
文摘In this paper, we provide a comprehensive survey of key energy-efficient Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols for Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs). At the outset, we outline the crucial attributes of a good MAC protocol for WBAN. Several sources that contribute to the energy inefficiency of WBAN are identified, and features of the various MAC protocols qualitatively compared. Then, we further investigate some representative TDMA-based energy-efficient MAC protocols for WBAN by emphasizing their strengths and weaknesses. Finally, we conclude with a number of open research issues with regard to WBAN MAC layer.
文摘This paper introduces architectures of two types optical packet switched metropolitan area networks and their media access control protocols. We have designed related network simulation systems. With these simulation systems, the characteristics and performance of the two MANs can be achieved.
文摘The Smart Grid has three main characteristics, which are to some degree antagonistic. These characteristics are: provision of good power quality, energy cost reduction and improvement in the reliability of the grid. The need to ensure that they can be accomplished together demands a much richer ICT monitoring and control network than the current system. In this paper we particularly investigate the design and deployment of the ICT system in the urban environment, specifically in a university campus that is embedded in a city, thus it represents the Neighbourhood Area Network (NAN) level of the Smart Grid. In order to design an ICT infrastructure, we have introduced two related architectures: namely communications network architecture and a software architecture. Having access to the characteristics of a real NAN guides us to choose appropriate communication technologies and identify the actual requirements of the system. To implement these architectures at this level we need to gather and process information from environmental sensors (monitoring e.g. temperature, movement of people and vehicles) that can provide useful information about changes in the loading of the NAN, with information from instrumentation of the Power Grid itself. Energy constraints are one of the major limitations of the communication network in the Smart Grid, especially where wireless networking is proposed. Thus we analyse the most energy efficient method of collecting and sending data. The main contribution of this research is that we propose and implement an energy efficient ICT network and describe our software architecture at the NAN level, currently very underdeveloped. We also discuss our experimental results. To our knowledge, no such architectures have yet been implemented for collecting data which can provide the basis of Decision Support Tools (DSTs).
文摘The rapid expansion of intra-vehicle networks has increased the number of threats to such networks.Most modern vehicles implement various physical and data-link layer technologies.Vehicles are becoming increasingly autonomous and connected.Controller area network(CAN)is a serial bus system that is used to connect sensors and controllers(electronic control units-ECUs)within a vehicle.ECUs vary widely in processing power,storage,memory,and connectivity.The goal of this research is to design,implement,and test an efficient and effective intrusion detection system for intra-vehicle CANs.Classic cryptographic approaches are resource-intensive and increase processing delay,thereby not meeting CAN latency requirements.There is a need for a system that is capable of detecting intrusions in almost real-time with minimal resources.Our research proposes a long short-term memory(LSTM)network to detect anomalies and a decision engine to detect intrusions by using multiple contextual parameters.We have tested our anomaly detection algorithm and our decision engine using data from real automobiles.We present the results of our experiments and analyze our findings.After detailed evaluation of our system,we believe that we have designed a vehicle security solution that meets all the outlined requirements and goals.
文摘The rising number of electronic control units （ECUs） in vehicles and the decreasing time to market have led to the need for advanced methods of calibration. A multi-ECU calibration system was developed based on the explicit calibration protocol （XCP） and J1939 communication protocol to satisfy the need of calibrating multiple ECUs simultaneously. The messages in the controller area network （CAN） are defined in the J1939 protocol. Each CAN node can get its own calibration messages and information from other ECUs, and block other messages by qualifying the CAN messages with priority, source or destination address. The data field of the calibration message is designed with the XCP, with CAN acting as the transport layer. The calibration sessions are setup with the event-triggered XCP driver in the master node and the responding XCP driver in the slave nodes. Mirroring calibration variables from ROM to RAM enables the user to calibrate ECUs online. The application example shows that the multi-ECU calibration system can calibrate multiple ECUs simultaneously, and the main program can also accomplish its calculation and send commands to the actuators in time. By the multi-ECU calibration system, the calibration effort and time can be reduced and the variables in ECU can get a better match with the variables of other ECUs.
基金supported by Chongqing Big Data Engineering Laboratory for Children,Chongqing Electronics Engineering Technology Research Center for Interactive Learning,Project of Science and Technology Research Program of Chongqing Education Commission of China. (No.KJZD-K201801601).
文摘The attacks on in-vehicle Controller Area Network(CAN)bus messages severely disrupt normal communication between vehicles.Therefore,researches on intrusion detection models for CAN have positive business value for vehicle security,and the intrusion detection technology for CAN bus messages can effectively protect the invehicle network from unlawful attacks.Previous machine learning-based models are unable to effectively identify intrusive abnormal messages due to their inherent shortcomings.Hence,to address the shortcomings of the previous machine learning-based intrusion detection technique,we propose a novel method using Attention Mechanism and AutoEncoder for Intrusion Detection(AMAEID).The AMAEID model first converts the raw hexadecimal message data into binary format to obtain better input.Then the AMAEID model encodes and decodes the binary message data using a multi-layer denoising autoencoder model to obtain a hidden feature representation that can represent the potential features behind the message data at a deeper level.Finally,the AMAEID model uses the attention mechanism and the fully connected layer network to infer whether the message is an abnormal message or not.The experimental results with three evaluation metrics on a real in-vehicle CAN bus message dataset outperform some traditional machine learning algorithms,demonstrating the effectiveness of the AMAEID model.
文摘This paper introduced the design of the hybrid powertrain of the Fuel Cell City Bus demonstrated in 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. The configuration of the hybrid fuel cell powertrain was introduced. The safety of hydrogen storage and delivery system, the hydrogen leakage alarm system were developed. The real-time distributed control and diagnosis system based on the Time Trigger Controller Area Network （TTCAN） with 10 ms basic control period was developed. The concept and implementation of processor （or controller） monitor and process （or task） monitor technique based on the TYCAN were applied in this paper. The fault tolerant control algorithm of the fuel cell engine and the battery man- agement system were considered. The demonstration experience verified that the fault tolerant control was very important for the fuel cell city bus.
基金Supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Programme of China （No. （2008AA11 A146 ）, China Postdoctoral Science Foundation （20090450298）.
文摘Safety-critical applications such as the independently driving systems of electric vehicle （EV） require a high degree of reliability. The controller area network （CAN） is used extensively in the control sectors. A new real-time and reliable scheduling algorithm based on time-triggered scheduler with a focus on the CAN-based distributed control systems for independently driving EV is exploited. A distributed control network model for a dual-wheel independendy driving EV is established. The timing and reliabili- ty analysis in the worst case with the algorithm is used to evaluate the predictability and dependability and the simulation based on the algorithm with CANoe software is designed. The results indicate the algorithm is more predicable and dependable.
基金the National High Technology Research and Development Program (2007AA1Z24002003AA1Z2210).
文摘To guarantee the real-time transmission of a video stream, based on the stochastic optimal control method, a frame layer adaptive rate control algorithm for the wireless transcoder is proposed, which is capable of dynamically determining the transcoder＇s objective bit rate, according to the bandwidth variation of the wireless channel and the buffer occupancy. Then the transient performance, steady performance, and computational complexity of the algorithm are analyzed. Finally, the experiment results demonstrate that the algorithm can improve the synthetic performance of rate control through the compromise between the end-to-end delay and the playout quality.
文摘汽车除雾过程中,手动操作除雾按钮易导致驾驶员分心,针对此问题设计了基于STM32的自动除雾控制系统。首先,进行自动除雾控制系统的总体设计,包括设计自动除雾的功能、总体架构和除雾方案;然后,进行硬件选型研究,设计了以STM32芯片为核心的硬件电路原理图,开发了自动除雾控制系统的主程序、模数(analog-to-digital,AD)转换采集程序以及控制器局域网(controller area network,CAN)总线通信程序;最后,利用LabVIEW开发出数据监控界面,可实时监控系统运行状态。实验结果表明:该自动除雾控制系统性能可靠,数据精准,可长时间稳定运行。
