The offshore pipeline network in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico is the largest and most transparent system in the world. A review of deepwater projects in the region provides insight into construction cost and installation m...The offshore pipeline network in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico is the largest and most transparent system in the world. A review of deepwater projects in the region provides insight into construction cost and installation methods and the evolution of contract strategies. Pipeline projects are identified as export systems, infield flowline systems, and combined export and infield systems, and three dozen deepwater pipeline installations from 1980–2014 are described based on Offshore Technology Conference(OTC) and Society of Petroleum Engineers(SPE) industry publications and press release data. Export lines and infield flowlines are equally represented and many projects used a combination of J-lay, S-lay and reel methods with rigid steel, flexible line, and pipe-in-pipe systems. The average 2014 inflation-adjusted cost for pipeline projects based on OTC/SPE publications was $2.76 million/mi and ranged from $520 000/mi to $12.94 million/mi. High cost pipelines tend to be short segments or specialized pipeline. Excluding the two cost endpoints, the majority of projects ranged from $1 to $6 million/mi. The average inflation-adjusted cost to install deepwater pipelines in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico based on available public data is estimated at $3.1 million/mi.展开更多
该研究运用证据图系统梳理中成药治疗室性早搏的临床研究,了解该领域的证据分布。通过检索PubMed、Cochrane Library、Web of Science、中国知网(CNKI)、万方(Wanfang)、维普(VIP)数据库中关于中成药治疗室性早搏的文献,检索日期为2016...该研究运用证据图系统梳理中成药治疗室性早搏的临床研究,了解该领域的证据分布。通过检索PubMed、Cochrane Library、Web of Science、中国知网(CNKI)、万方(Wanfang)、维普(VIP)数据库中关于中成药治疗室性早搏的文献,检索日期为2016年1月至2022年12月。采用图表结合文字的方式对证据进行分析与展示。最终纳入文献164篇,包括干预性研究147篇、观察性研究4篇、系统评价13篇。结果共获得27种中成药,其中参松养心胶囊和稳心颗粒报告频次较高;临床用药存在超适应证使用现象;近年来国内外该领域发文量呈下降趋势;干预性研究的结局指标有8类,动态心电图、临床有效率、安全性、超声心动图报告频次较高,缺乏对β受体阻滞剂减停率、主要心血管事件和药物经济学指标的报告,评价维度单一;纳入文献整体质量较低,降低了研究结论的可信度。未来需更加规范临床用药,提高临床研究质量,开展临床综合评价,为中成药治疗室性早搏提供更健全的科学依据。展开更多
基金provided through the U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management
文摘The offshore pipeline network in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico is the largest and most transparent system in the world. A review of deepwater projects in the region provides insight into construction cost and installation methods and the evolution of contract strategies. Pipeline projects are identified as export systems, infield flowline systems, and combined export and infield systems, and three dozen deepwater pipeline installations from 1980–2014 are described based on Offshore Technology Conference(OTC) and Society of Petroleum Engineers(SPE) industry publications and press release data. Export lines and infield flowlines are equally represented and many projects used a combination of J-lay, S-lay and reel methods with rigid steel, flexible line, and pipe-in-pipe systems. The average 2014 inflation-adjusted cost for pipeline projects based on OTC/SPE publications was $2.76 million/mi and ranged from $520 000/mi to $12.94 million/mi. High cost pipelines tend to be short segments or specialized pipeline. Excluding the two cost endpoints, the majority of projects ranged from $1 to $6 million/mi. The average inflation-adjusted cost to install deepwater pipelines in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico based on available public data is estimated at $3.1 million/mi.
文摘该研究运用证据图系统梳理中成药治疗室性早搏的临床研究,了解该领域的证据分布。通过检索PubMed、Cochrane Library、Web of Science、中国知网(CNKI)、万方(Wanfang)、维普(VIP)数据库中关于中成药治疗室性早搏的文献,检索日期为2016年1月至2022年12月。采用图表结合文字的方式对证据进行分析与展示。最终纳入文献164篇,包括干预性研究147篇、观察性研究4篇、系统评价13篇。结果共获得27种中成药,其中参松养心胶囊和稳心颗粒报告频次较高;临床用药存在超适应证使用现象;近年来国内外该领域发文量呈下降趋势;干预性研究的结局指标有8类,动态心电图、临床有效率、安全性、超声心动图报告频次较高,缺乏对β受体阻滞剂减停率、主要心血管事件和药物经济学指标的报告,评价维度单一;纳入文献整体质量较低,降低了研究结论的可信度。未来需更加规范临床用药,提高临床研究质量,开展临床综合评价,为中成药治疗室性早搏提供更健全的科学依据。
