Titanium and titanium-palladium alloys are important potential materials for nuclear waste container,which will endure both intenseγ-irradiation and groundwater erosion.Therefore,it is very important to investigate t...Titanium and titanium-palladium alloys are important potential materials for nuclear waste container,which will endure both intenseγ-irradiation and groundwater erosion.Therefore,it is very important to investigate the corrosion behavior of the container materials.In this research,the cumulative dose effect of TA8-1 type titanium-palladium alloy(TA8-1)and TA2-type pure titanium(TA2)underγ-irradiation was studied based on the geological disposal of nuclear wastes.The irradiation experiments were performed at room temperature using^(60)Co gamma sources with a 5.0-kGy·h^(-1)intensity for 40,80 or 160 days,respectively.The pH value and conductivity of Beishan groundwater were investigated.The results showed that the pH value changed from alkaline(8.22)to acidic(2.46 for TA8-1 and 2.44 for TA2),while the un-irradiated solution remained alkaline(8.17 for TA8-1 and 8.20 for TA2)after 160 days.With the increase of irradiation dose,the conductivity increases rapidly and then tends to become stable,which indicates that the titanium dioxide corrosion layer formed on the surface of the sample surface effectively prevents further corrosion.Meanwhile,XRD and SEM-EDS analysis results show that the main components of corrosion products are TiO_(2) and TiO.The titanium on the surface of the sample is oxidized,resulting in slight uneven local corrosion.The results show that TA8-1 and TA2 are suitable to be used as candidate materials for high-level waste(HLW)disposal containers due to their excellent performance under long-term and high-dose irradiation corrosion.展开更多
The demand for high-temperature electromagnetic wave absorption(EWA)materials has significantly increased alongside advancements in aerospace and communication technologies.Although traditional magnetic absorbers,such...The demand for high-temperature electromagnetic wave absorption(EWA)materials has significantly increased alongside advancements in aerospace and communication technologies.Although traditional magnetic absorbers,such as ferrites and metal powders,show excellent magnetic loss performance at room temperature,they have significant limitations in harsh environments due to their high density,low Curie temperature,and susceptibility to oxidation.In contrast,carbon-containing materials have emerged as promising candidates for high-temperature EWA applications,owing to their high melting point,low density,tunable dielectric loss mechanisms,and superior thermal stability.Unlike magnetic materials,carbon-based systems primarily dissipate electromagnetic energy through conductance loss,dipole polarization,and interfacial polarization,thereby avoiding performance degradation at elevated temperatures.However,several critical challenges remain,including insufficient oxidation resistance,mechanical reliability issues,and the need for stable impedance matching.To address these limitations,recent strategies such as defect engineering,heterointerface construction,and metamaterial design have been proposed to enhance thermal stability and functional performance.This review provides a systematic summary of recent advances in carbon-containing absorbers,with a focus on dielectric loss mechanisms,optimization strategies,and multiscale structural design principles.By elucidating the structure–property relationships of carbon materials,carbide ceramics,and novel carbon hybrids,this study aims to offer theoretical and technical guidance for the development of advanced high-temperature electromagnetic wave absorbers,thereby promoting their practical applications in aerospace and telecommunications.展开更多
ZrB2 in MgO-C composite materials obtained by both microwave sintering synthesis and in-situ reaction at lower temperature was investigated. The test result shows that 66.67 % of reactant changed into Zrb2, and the ot...ZrB2 in MgO-C composite materials obtained by both microwave sintering synthesis and in-situ reaction at lower temperature was investigated. The test result shows that 66.67 % of reactant changed into Zrb2, and the other form Al2O3, which could optimize the properties of carbon containing materials. Therefore, the method of in situ synthesizing ZrB2 acting as antioxidant in carbon containing materials is considered as one of best ways to reduce the cost and ZrB2 as refractories is used on a large-scale.展开更多
Objective Consuming phthalates may be due to the presence of food contact materials, such as plastic containers. In this study, we investigated the association between plastic container use and phthalate exposure in 2...Objective Consuming phthalates may be due to the presence of food contact materials, such as plastic containers. In this study, we investigated the association between plastic container use and phthalate exposure in 2,140 Shanghai adults. Methods Participants completed a questionnaire on the frequency of using plastic containers in different scenarios in the previous year （e.g., daily, weekly） and on the consumption of plastic-packaged foods in the previous three days （yes or no）. Urinary phthalate metabolites were used to assess the association between phthalate exposure and the use of plastic containers. Results The metabolites of di-（2-ethylhexyl） phthalate （DEHP） were the most frequently detected in urine. The results revealed that phthalate exposure was associated with consumption of plastic-packaged breakfast or processed food items in the previous three days. The consumption of these two food items had strong synergistic effects on increasing urinary concentrations of most phthalate metabolites. Conclusion Our results of plastic-packaged breakfast and processed food may be explained by the use of flexible plastic containers, indicating the importance of risk assessment for the application of flexible plastic containers.展开更多
The corrosion behavior of NiCu low alloy steel and Q235 low carbon steel as the candidate materials for geological disposal containers of high-level radioactive waste in the simulated Beishan groundwater was comparati...The corrosion behavior of NiCu low alloy steel and Q235 low carbon steel as the candidate materials for geological disposal containers of high-level radioactive waste in the simulated Beishan groundwater was comparatively studied by weight loss test,electrochemical measurements,scanning electron microscope(SEM),electron probe microanalysis(EPMA),X-ray diffraction(XRD),Raman spectrum and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS).The electrochemical results showed that the corrosion potential of NiCu steel and Q235 steel gradually increased with the immersion time.Simultaneously,the cathodic process transited from hydrogen evolution reaction(HER) control to the rust reduction control,while the anodic process was always dominated by the active dissolution of iron.By comparison,both the cathodic resistance and the anodic dissolution resistance of NiCu steel corrosion were apparently higher than that of Q235 steel.The results of rust layer characterization indicated that Ni and Cu elements could be enriched in the inner rust layer of NiCu steel and the rust layer was more compact.As the main corrosion products,the content of α-FeOOH in the rust layer of NiCu steel was obviously increased more than that of Q235 steel.Fe_(6)(OH)_(12)SO_(4)stably existed in the corrosion products of NiCu steel because Ni(Ⅱ) or Cu(Ⅱ)could substitute Fe(Ⅱ) of Fe_(6)(OH)_(12)SO_(4)and increased its oxidation resistance,Moreover,Ni and Cu could also make Fe3O4ionic selective by doping.After the long-term immersion,the corrosion mass loss of NiCu steel was significantly lower than Q235 steel,which further confirmed the benefits of Ni and Cu alloying on improving the steel corrosion resistance.展开更多
The growth of lithium dendrites and its associated challenges pose significant obstacles to the widespread adoption of lithium metal anodes.Although numerous inorganic materials offer the potential for stabilizing lit...The growth of lithium dendrites and its associated challenges pose significant obstacles to the widespread adoption of lithium metal anodes.Although numerous inorganic materials offer the potential for stabilizing lithium metal anodes,trial-and-error experiments are time-consuming and cost-intensive.In this work,first,a high-throughput screening workflow integrated with machine learning and calculations has been used to identify possible materials,which incorporates several key indicators encompassing electronic conductivity,phase stability,mechanical properties,chemical stability,and lithium-ion transport performance.Four materials were used in experiments,and the results from both characterization and electrochemical testing show that HfO_(2)@PP exhibits the best performance,which includes having the highest Young’s modulus.Furthermore,an Li||Li symmetric cell assembled using HfO_(2)@PP operating at 1 mA cm^(−2)and 1 mA h cm^(−2)exhibited stable cycling for over 1000 h,while an Li||LFP cell assembled using HfO_(2)@PP has a capacity retention rate of more than 90%and an average coulombic efficiency of 99.7%after 200 cycles at 1 C.This work provides a design method and ideas for inorganic coating materials on separators for lithium metal anodes.展开更多
Catalysis,as such,is a subject of the wider scientific community,including chemical engineers.Coordination framework containing materials and metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)have drawn the attention of the modern scient...Catalysis,as such,is a subject of the wider scientific community,including chemical engineers.Coordination framework containing materials and metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)have drawn the attention of the modern scientific community because of their wider range of applications in interdisciplinary subject areas.Thus a collection of information on catalysis by metal organic framework containing materials would provide a critical view of possible catalytic approaches with MOFs to the wider scientific community,which can bring about novel thoughts and ideas for the development of unique MOF catalysts for chemical processes of industrial importance,as we know that an efficient catalyst can lower the temperature and/or pressure at which an important chemical transformation or process operates,by lowering the activation energy and thus saving fuel,which is the one of the major costs in large scale chemical processes.Even though thousands of coordination framework containing compounds have been reported to date in terms of their syntheses and characterizations,their catalytic applications are still limited.Therefore,a collection of information on catalysis by MOFs in the form of a review article would be an important contribution to the contemporary scientific community to bring about new strategies to develop innovative catalytic systems with such framework-containing materials.Finally,the presented article will appeal to a wider scientific community including the catalysis community,the inorganic chemistry community,the materials science community and the chemical engineering community.展开更多
Legacy asbestos in built-up urban areas poses a risk of exposure to the surrounding community through environmental exposure pathways.Better understanding the exposure risk of in-situ asbestos containing materials(ACM...Legacy asbestos in built-up urban areas poses a risk of exposure to the surrounding community through environmental exposure pathways.Better understanding the exposure risk of in-situ asbestos containing materials(ACM)presents to surrounding communities through these pathways can better inform its management and reduce asbestos-related diseases.Remote sensing imagery and computer vision techniques facilitate the automated detection of ACM roofs across urban areas.Identifying ACM roofs coupled with GIS-based approaches to evaluate urban community characteristics provides an assessment of community exposure risk to asbestos in a scenario where ACM roofs are disturbed or degraded.This study develops a novel Asbestos-Community Exposure Risk Assessment(A-CERA)framework and associated method and then applies it to a case study urban area located in Australia.A-CERA was developed and applied using a three-phase study method.Phase 1 develops a framework of asbestos exposure risk from literature and subject matter expert focus groups.Phase two formulates the techniques and methods underpinning A-CERA,including autonomous computer vision ACM roof detection,GIS-based land-use feature extraction,and community exposure risk quantification and assessment.Phase 3 applies the developed A-CERA framework to an urban area covering 320 square kilometres with 2,512 detected industrial ACM roofs.Each ACM roof was ranked from the highest assessed level of community exposure risk to the lowest.A-CERA advances the way ACM materials are managed within the urban footprint to reduce asbestos-related diseases.展开更多
A copper coating was deposited by electroless plating on the surfaces of urea-formaldehyde microcap- sules containing paraffin （UFP） particles. This composite microcapsule structure had low infrared OR） emissivity ...A copper coating was deposited by electroless plating on the surfaces of urea-formaldehyde microcap- sules containing paraffin （UFP） particles. This composite microcapsule structure had low infrared OR） emissivity and maintained a constant temperature, and could be used in IR stealth applications. The eiectroless copper layer formation and its micro-appearance, and the effect of the copper layer on the IR emissivity and thermal properties of the composite microcapsules were investigated. The IR emissivity of the composite microcapsules at wavelengths of 1-14 μm gradually decreased with increasing copper mass on the surface. After formation of an integrated copper layer, the rate of IR emissivity decrease was lower. This is because the copper coating improves the surface conductivity of the UFP; a high conductivity results in high reflectivity, which leads to a decrease in IR emissivity. The lowest IR emissivity achieved was 0.68. The phase-change enthalpy of the composite microcapsules decreased with increasing amount of copper coated on the surface because of the high density of copper. When the mass increase of the UFP after electroless copper plating was about 300%, the composite microcapsules had low IR emissivity （about 0.8） and a high phase-change enthalpy （80J/g）.展开更多
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51471160,11775102,and 11965001)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(Lanzhou University,Grant No.lzujbky-2018-19).
文摘Titanium and titanium-palladium alloys are important potential materials for nuclear waste container,which will endure both intenseγ-irradiation and groundwater erosion.Therefore,it is very important to investigate the corrosion behavior of the container materials.In this research,the cumulative dose effect of TA8-1 type titanium-palladium alloy(TA8-1)and TA2-type pure titanium(TA2)underγ-irradiation was studied based on the geological disposal of nuclear wastes.The irradiation experiments were performed at room temperature using^(60)Co gamma sources with a 5.0-kGy·h^(-1)intensity for 40,80 or 160 days,respectively.The pH value and conductivity of Beishan groundwater were investigated.The results showed that the pH value changed from alkaline(8.22)to acidic(2.46 for TA8-1 and 2.44 for TA2),while the un-irradiated solution remained alkaline(8.17 for TA8-1 and 8.20 for TA2)after 160 days.With the increase of irradiation dose,the conductivity increases rapidly and then tends to become stable,which indicates that the titanium dioxide corrosion layer formed on the surface of the sample surface effectively prevents further corrosion.Meanwhile,XRD and SEM-EDS analysis results show that the main components of corrosion products are TiO_(2) and TiO.The titanium on the surface of the sample is oxidized,resulting in slight uneven local corrosion.The results show that TA8-1 and TA2 are suitable to be used as candidate materials for high-level waste(HLW)disposal containers due to their excellent performance under long-term and high-dose irradiation corrosion.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52572086 and 52502371)the Natural Science Foundation of Henan(242300421010)+2 种基金Scientific and Technological Innovation Talents in Colleges and Universities in Henan Province(22HASTIT001)the Henan Province Natural Science Foundation Outstanding Youth Fund Project(242300421009)the Henan Province science and technology research project(252102320354and 252102230037)。
文摘The demand for high-temperature electromagnetic wave absorption(EWA)materials has significantly increased alongside advancements in aerospace and communication technologies.Although traditional magnetic absorbers,such as ferrites and metal powders,show excellent magnetic loss performance at room temperature,they have significant limitations in harsh environments due to their high density,low Curie temperature,and susceptibility to oxidation.In contrast,carbon-containing materials have emerged as promising candidates for high-temperature EWA applications,owing to their high melting point,low density,tunable dielectric loss mechanisms,and superior thermal stability.Unlike magnetic materials,carbon-based systems primarily dissipate electromagnetic energy through conductance loss,dipole polarization,and interfacial polarization,thereby avoiding performance degradation at elevated temperatures.However,several critical challenges remain,including insufficient oxidation resistance,mechanical reliability issues,and the need for stable impedance matching.To address these limitations,recent strategies such as defect engineering,heterointerface construction,and metamaterial design have been proposed to enhance thermal stability and functional performance.This review provides a systematic summary of recent advances in carbon-containing absorbers,with a focus on dielectric loss mechanisms,optimization strategies,and multiscale structural design principles.By elucidating the structure–property relationships of carbon materials,carbide ceramics,and novel carbon hybrids,this study aims to offer theoretical and technical guidance for the development of advanced high-temperature electromagnetic wave absorbers,thereby promoting their practical applications in aerospace and telecommunications.
基金ItemSponsored by National"863"Plan (2002AA335060) National Natural Science Foundation of China (50332010)
文摘ZrB2 in MgO-C composite materials obtained by both microwave sintering synthesis and in-situ reaction at lower temperature was investigated. The test result shows that 66.67 % of reactant changed into Zrb2, and the other form Al2O3, which could optimize the properties of carbon containing materials. Therefore, the method of in situ synthesizing ZrB2 acting as antioxidant in carbon containing materials is considered as one of best ways to reduce the cost and ZrB2 as refractories is used on a large-scale.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2016YFD0400602)
文摘Objective Consuming phthalates may be due to the presence of food contact materials, such as plastic containers. In this study, we investigated the association between plastic container use and phthalate exposure in 2,140 Shanghai adults. Methods Participants completed a questionnaire on the frequency of using plastic containers in different scenarios in the previous year （e.g., daily, weekly） and on the consumption of plastic-packaged foods in the previous three days （yes or no）. Urinary phthalate metabolites were used to assess the association between phthalate exposure and the use of plastic containers. Results The metabolites of di-（2-ethylhexyl） phthalate （DEHP） were the most frequently detected in urine. The results revealed that phthalate exposure was associated with consumption of plastic-packaged breakfast or processed food items in the previous three days. The consumption of these two food items had strong synergistic effects on increasing urinary concentrations of most phthalate metabolites. Conclusion Our results of plastic-packaged breakfast and processed food may be explained by the use of flexible plastic containers, indicating the importance of risk assessment for the application of flexible plastic containers.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.U1867216,52173304 and 51701222)。
文摘The corrosion behavior of NiCu low alloy steel and Q235 low carbon steel as the candidate materials for geological disposal containers of high-level radioactive waste in the simulated Beishan groundwater was comparatively studied by weight loss test,electrochemical measurements,scanning electron microscope(SEM),electron probe microanalysis(EPMA),X-ray diffraction(XRD),Raman spectrum and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS).The electrochemical results showed that the corrosion potential of NiCu steel and Q235 steel gradually increased with the immersion time.Simultaneously,the cathodic process transited from hydrogen evolution reaction(HER) control to the rust reduction control,while the anodic process was always dominated by the active dissolution of iron.By comparison,both the cathodic resistance and the anodic dissolution resistance of NiCu steel corrosion were apparently higher than that of Q235 steel.The results of rust layer characterization indicated that Ni and Cu elements could be enriched in the inner rust layer of NiCu steel and the rust layer was more compact.As the main corrosion products,the content of α-FeOOH in the rust layer of NiCu steel was obviously increased more than that of Q235 steel.Fe_(6)(OH)_(12)SO_(4)stably existed in the corrosion products of NiCu steel because Ni(Ⅱ) or Cu(Ⅱ)could substitute Fe(Ⅱ) of Fe_(6)(OH)_(12)SO_(4)and increased its oxidation resistance,Moreover,Ni and Cu could also make Fe3O4ionic selective by doping.After the long-term immersion,the corrosion mass loss of NiCu steel was significantly lower than Q235 steel,which further confirmed the benefits of Ni and Cu alloying on improving the steel corrosion resistance.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2021YFB3800300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22309010,92372128)the Xiaomi Innovation Joint Fund of Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation(L223012).
文摘The growth of lithium dendrites and its associated challenges pose significant obstacles to the widespread adoption of lithium metal anodes.Although numerous inorganic materials offer the potential for stabilizing lithium metal anodes,trial-and-error experiments are time-consuming and cost-intensive.In this work,first,a high-throughput screening workflow integrated with machine learning and calculations has been used to identify possible materials,which incorporates several key indicators encompassing electronic conductivity,phase stability,mechanical properties,chemical stability,and lithium-ion transport performance.Four materials were used in experiments,and the results from both characterization and electrochemical testing show that HfO_(2)@PP exhibits the best performance,which includes having the highest Young’s modulus.Furthermore,an Li||Li symmetric cell assembled using HfO_(2)@PP operating at 1 mA cm^(−2)and 1 mA h cm^(−2)exhibited stable cycling for over 1000 h,while an Li||LFP cell assembled using HfO_(2)@PP has a capacity retention rate of more than 90%and an average coulombic efficiency of 99.7%after 200 cycles at 1 C.This work provides a design method and ideas for inorganic coating materials on separators for lithium metal anodes.
基金We thank SERB,DST,Government of India(Project No.SB/S1/IC-34/2013)for financial supportWe also acknowledge UPE(phase II),University of Hyderabad.G.K.thanks the University Grants Commission(UGC)for the award of the Dr D.S.Kothari postdoctoral fellowship(Higher)(Ref.No.F.4-2/2006(BSR)/CH/13-14/0192).
文摘Catalysis,as such,is a subject of the wider scientific community,including chemical engineers.Coordination framework containing materials and metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)have drawn the attention of the modern scientific community because of their wider range of applications in interdisciplinary subject areas.Thus a collection of information on catalysis by metal organic framework containing materials would provide a critical view of possible catalytic approaches with MOFs to the wider scientific community,which can bring about novel thoughts and ideas for the development of unique MOF catalysts for chemical processes of industrial importance,as we know that an efficient catalyst can lower the temperature and/or pressure at which an important chemical transformation or process operates,by lowering the activation energy and thus saving fuel,which is the one of the major costs in large scale chemical processes.Even though thousands of coordination framework containing compounds have been reported to date in terms of their syntheses and characterizations,their catalytic applications are still limited.Therefore,a collection of information on catalysis by MOFs in the form of a review article would be an important contribution to the contemporary scientific community to bring about new strategies to develop innovative catalytic systems with such framework-containing materials.Finally,the presented article will appeal to a wider scientific community including the catalysis community,the inorganic chemistry community,the materials science community and the chemical engineering community.
文摘Legacy asbestos in built-up urban areas poses a risk of exposure to the surrounding community through environmental exposure pathways.Better understanding the exposure risk of in-situ asbestos containing materials(ACM)presents to surrounding communities through these pathways can better inform its management and reduce asbestos-related diseases.Remote sensing imagery and computer vision techniques facilitate the automated detection of ACM roofs across urban areas.Identifying ACM roofs coupled with GIS-based approaches to evaluate urban community characteristics provides an assessment of community exposure risk to asbestos in a scenario where ACM roofs are disturbed or degraded.This study develops a novel Asbestos-Community Exposure Risk Assessment(A-CERA)framework and associated method and then applies it to a case study urban area located in Australia.A-CERA was developed and applied using a three-phase study method.Phase 1 develops a framework of asbestos exposure risk from literature and subject matter expert focus groups.Phase two formulates the techniques and methods underpinning A-CERA,including autonomous computer vision ACM roof detection,GIS-based land-use feature extraction,and community exposure risk quantification and assessment.Phase 3 applies the developed A-CERA framework to an urban area covering 320 square kilometres with 2,512 detected industrial ACM roofs.Each ACM roof was ranked from the highest assessed level of community exposure risk to the lowest.A-CERA advances the way ACM materials are managed within the urban footprint to reduce asbestos-related diseases.
文摘A copper coating was deposited by electroless plating on the surfaces of urea-formaldehyde microcap- sules containing paraffin （UFP） particles. This composite microcapsule structure had low infrared OR） emissivity and maintained a constant temperature, and could be used in IR stealth applications. The eiectroless copper layer formation and its micro-appearance, and the effect of the copper layer on the IR emissivity and thermal properties of the composite microcapsules were investigated. The IR emissivity of the composite microcapsules at wavelengths of 1-14 μm gradually decreased with increasing copper mass on the surface. After formation of an integrated copper layer, the rate of IR emissivity decrease was lower. This is because the copper coating improves the surface conductivity of the UFP; a high conductivity results in high reflectivity, which leads to a decrease in IR emissivity. The lowest IR emissivity achieved was 0.68. The phase-change enthalpy of the composite microcapsules decreased with increasing amount of copper coated on the surface because of the high density of copper. When the mass increase of the UFP after electroless copper plating was about 300%, the composite microcapsules had low IR emissivity （about 0.8） and a high phase-change enthalpy （80J/g）.
