Background: Light management plays an important role in the growth and behavior of broiler chickens. Constant light in early post hatch stage has been a common practice in broiler industry for improving growth perform...Background: Light management plays an important role in the growth and behavior of broiler chickens. Constant light in early post hatch stage has been a common practice in broiler industry for improving growth performance,while whether and how constant light in early life affects the behavior of broiler chickens is rarely reported.Results: In this study, newly hatched chicks were kept in either constant(24 L:0 D, LL) or(12 L:12 D, LD) photoperiod for 7 d and then maintained in 12 L:12 D thereafter until 21 days of age. Constant light increased the average daily feed intake but not the body weight, which led to higher feed conversion ratio. Chickens in LL group exhibited fear-related behaviors, which was associated with higher corticosterone, lower melatonin and 5-HT levels. Concurrently, constant light exposure increased the mRNA expression of clock-related genes and suppressed the expression of antioxidative genes in the hippocampus. Moreover, brain derived neurotrophic factor/extracel ular signal-regulated kinase(BDNF/ERK) pathway was suppressed in the hippocampus of chickens exposed to constant light in the first week post hatching.Conclusions: These findings indicate that constant light exposure in early life suppress melatonin secretion and disrupts hippocampal expression of genes involved in circadian clock and BDNF/ERK pathway, thereby contributing to fear-related behaviors in the chicken.展开更多
Background:Long-term exposure to constant light is becoming a prevalent lifestyle that is associated with irritable bowel syndrome(IBS),a chronic functional gastrointestinal disorder.Intestinal stem cells(ISCs)are an ...Background:Long-term exposure to constant light is becoming a prevalent lifestyle that is associated with irritable bowel syndrome(IBS),a chronic functional gastrointestinal disorder.Intestinal stem cells(ISCs)are an important population of cells that maintain homeostasis and function of intestinal tissues.The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of long-term constant light exposure on gastrointestinal function and the potential mechanisms of sympathetic activity on ISC.Methods:Rats housed in a 24 h constant light chamber for 4 weeks were used as the constant light exposure animal model.Hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunohistochemical examination were used to determine the pathological changes of the intestine.Propranolol(ARs inhibitor;40 mg/kg/day),metoprolol(ADRβ1 inhibitor;50 mg/kg/day),and Box5(Wnt5a inhibitor;2μg/day)were used to examine the effect of sympathoexcitation and Wnt signaling pathway on constant light-induced gastrointestinal disorders.Results:We found that 4 weeks of constant light exposure in rats resulted in a decrease in the number of ISC and an increase in sympathetic activity.Intestinal β1-adrenoceptor expression and reactive oxygen species(ROS)were significantly increased,but Wnt5a expression decreased in the continuous light-exposed rats.Similarly,we found that administration of the β1-adrenoceptor antagonist metoprolol for 4 weeks attenuated the effects of continuous light exposure on the intestine,which was rescued by the reintroduction of Wnt5a.Conclusion:Taken together,these data indicate that sympathoexcitation is critical for disruption of ISC under constant light exposure,suggesting that targeting β1-adrenoceptor/oxidative stress/Wnt5a axis may be a potential strategy for ISC disruption induced by prolonged sustained light exposure,providing a new direction for IBS treatment.展开更多
The angular light-scattering measurement（ALSM） method combined with an improved artificial bee colony algorithm is introduced to determine aerosol optical constants and aerosol size distribution（ASD） simultaneousl...The angular light-scattering measurement（ALSM） method combined with an improved artificial bee colony algorithm is introduced to determine aerosol optical constants and aerosol size distribution（ASD） simultaneously. Meanwhile, an optimized selection principle of the ALSM signals based on the sensitivity analysis and principle component analysis（PCA）is proposed to improve the accuracy of the retrieval results. The sensitivity analysis of the ALSM signals to the optical constants or characteristic parameters in the ASD is studied first to find the optimized selection region of measurement angles. Then, the PCA is adopted to select the optimized measurement angles within the optimized selection region obtained by sensitivity analysis. The investigation reveals that, compared with random selection measurement angles, the optimized selection measurement angles can provide more useful measurement information to ensure the retrieval accuracy. Finally,the aerosol optical constants and the ASDs are reconstructed simultaneously. The results show that the retrieval accuracy of refractive indices is better than that of absorption indices, while the characteristic parameters in ASDs have similar retrieval accuracy. Moreover, the retrieval accuracy in studying L-N distribution is a little better than that in studying Gamma distribution for the difference of corresponding correlation coefficient matrixes of the ALSM signals. All the results confirm that the proposed technique is an effective and reliable technique in estimating the aerosol optical constants and ASD simultaneously.展开更多
New data from FRB’s have provided an exciting new window on the cosmos. For the first time we have both Dispersion Measure (DM) from distant sources and their red-shift. This gives us the opportunity to determine the...New data from FRB’s have provided an exciting new window on the cosmos. For the first time we have both Dispersion Measure (DM) from distant sources and their red-shift. This gives us the opportunity to determine the average electron number density in intergalactic space and thus test New Tired Light predictions. Here, in an alternative cosmology, the universe is static and redshifts are produced by an interaction between photons and the electrons in the intergalactic medium. In a paper published in summer 2006 New Tired Light (NTL) predicted an average electron number density of n = 0.5 m<sup>-3</sup>. In 2016 a paper was published reporting that for the first time the DM of a FRB and the redshift of the host galaxy had been found. Using standard physics this confirmed the electron number density as n = 0.5 m<sup>-3</sup>. The prediction NTL made ten years earlier was proved to be correct. Using this measured electron number density enabled a definitive value of the Hubble constant to be made by New Tired Light and the value is 63 km/s per Mpc which compares well with currently accepted values. Importantly, since in NTL the redshift and dispersion are both due to the electrons in IG space, a relationship between DM’s and redshift can be predicted. NTL predicts that DM and LN(1 + z) will be directly proportional and related by the formula DM = mec/2hr<sub>e</sub>(3.086 × 1022) where me, re are the rest mass and classical radius of the electron, c is the speed of light in a vacuum and h is the plank constant. The numerical term is to change units from pccm<sup>-3</sup> to m<sup>-2</sup>. This reduces to DM = 2380LN(1 + z). Using data from five FRB’s this is tested and a linear relation is seen of the form DM = 1830LN(1 + z). The gradient of the plot from the observed data is within 23% of that predicted by NTL. Recently the Tolman Surface Brightness test has been applied to the HUDF and the results support a static universe whilst the possibility of two differing types of SN Ia whose distribution changes with distances means that tired light models can no longer be ruled out. Using SDF we know the distance to the Atlia galaxy cluster as 1.26 × 10<sup>24</sup> m. With the average electron number density of n = 0.5 m<sup>-3</sup> found from the Dispersion Measures of the FRB’s, from first principles, New Tired Light gives a calculated predicted redshift of 0.0086. This compares well with the value found spectroscopically of 0.0087—a difference of approximately 1%. It is shown that if the energy transferred to a recoiling electron when a UV photon of wavelength λ = 5 × 10<sup>-8</sup> m interacts with it is emitted as a secondary photon that photon will have a wavelength of 2.2 mm— the wavelength at which the CMB curve peaks.展开更多
Every four years the Committee on Data for Science and Technology (CODATA) supplies a self-consistent set of values of the basic constants and conversion factors of physics recommended for international use. In 2013, ...Every four years the Committee on Data for Science and Technology (CODATA) supplies a self-consistent set of values of the basic constants and conversion factors of physics recommended for international use. In 2013, the World-Universe Model (WUM) proposed a principally different depiction of the World as an alternative to the picture of the Big Bang Model. This article: 1) Gives the short history of Classical Physics before Special Relativity;2) Calculates Fundamental Physical Constants based on experimentally measured Rydberg constant, Electrodynamic constant, Electron Charge-to-Mass Ratio, and Planck constant;3) Discusses Electrodynamic constant and Speed of Light;4) Considers Dimensionless Fundamental Parameters (Dirac Large Number Q and Dimensionless Rydberg Constant α);5) Calculates Newtonian Constant of Gravitation based on the Inter-connectivity of Primary Physical Parameters;6) Makes a detailed analysis of the Self-consistency of Fundamental Physical Constants and Primary Physical Parameters through the prism of WUM. The performed analysis suggests: 1) Discontinuing using the notion “Vacuum” and its characteristics (Speed of Light in Vacuum, Characteristic Impedance of Vacuum, Vacuum Magnetic Permeability, Vacuum Electric Permittivity);2) Accepting the exact numerical values of Electrodynamic constant, Planck constant, Elementary charge, and Dimensionless Rydberg Constant α. WUM recommends the predicted value of Newtonian Constant of Gravitation in 2018 to be considered in CODATA Recommend Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants 2022.展开更多
We previously revealed a quantitative relation by which the fine-structure constant α can be described by the temperature T of cosmic microwave background (CMB) with several other fundamental constants, including the...We previously revealed a quantitative relation by which the fine-structure constant α can be described by the temperature T of cosmic microwave background (CMB) with several other fundamental constants, including the elementary charge e, the Boltzmann constant k, the Planck constant h, and the light of speed in vacuum c. Given that the value of α is quite conserved but T is variable across CMBs, we propose that c changes with T and can be given by T, the present CMB temperature T<sub>0</sub> and the present light speed c<sub>0</sub>. As T is continuously decreasing, c is thus predicted to decrease at a rate of ~2.15 centimeters/second (cm/s) per year. Moreover, we provide a lot of evidence to support this finding. In conclusion, this study suggests a possibility of variable speed of light in vacuum.展开更多
We previously revealed that the speed of light in vacuum c, the gravitational constant G, the vacuum permittivity ε, and the vacuum permeability μ can be defined by the temperature T (or the expected average frequen...We previously revealed that the speed of light in vacuum c, the gravitational constant G, the vacuum permittivity ε, and the vacuum permeability μ can be defined by the temperature T (or the expected average frequency f) of cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation. Given that CMB is continuously cooling, that is, T is continuously decreasing, we proposed that the above “constants” are variable and their values at some space-time with CMB temperature T (c<sub>T</sub>, G<sub>T</sub>, ε<sub>T</sub>, and μ<sub>T</sub>) can be described using their values (c<sub>0</sub>, G<sub>0</sub>, ε<sub>0</sub>, and μ<sub>0</sub>) and the temperature (T<sub>0</sub>) of CMB at present space-time. Based on the above observation, a number of physical equations related with these constants are re-described in this study, including relativity equation, mass-energy equation, and Maxwell’s equations, etc.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31972638)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD)+1 种基金the Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province (KYCX18_0716)Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing,Quality,Safety Control
文摘Background: Light management plays an important role in the growth and behavior of broiler chickens. Constant light in early post hatch stage has been a common practice in broiler industry for improving growth performance,while whether and how constant light in early life affects the behavior of broiler chickens is rarely reported.Results: In this study, newly hatched chicks were kept in either constant(24 L:0 D, LL) or(12 L:12 D, LD) photoperiod for 7 d and then maintained in 12 L:12 D thereafter until 21 days of age. Constant light increased the average daily feed intake but not the body weight, which led to higher feed conversion ratio. Chickens in LL group exhibited fear-related behaviors, which was associated with higher corticosterone, lower melatonin and 5-HT levels. Concurrently, constant light exposure increased the mRNA expression of clock-related genes and suppressed the expression of antioxidative genes in the hippocampus. Moreover, brain derived neurotrophic factor/extracel ular signal-regulated kinase(BDNF/ERK) pathway was suppressed in the hippocampus of chickens exposed to constant light in the first week post hatching.Conclusions: These findings indicate that constant light exposure in early life suppress melatonin secretion and disrupts hippocampal expression of genes involved in circadian clock and BDNF/ERK pathway, thereby contributing to fear-related behaviors in the chicken.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[Nos.32100905 and 82270467]China Postdoctoral Science Foundation[No.2022M713841].
文摘Background:Long-term exposure to constant light is becoming a prevalent lifestyle that is associated with irritable bowel syndrome(IBS),a chronic functional gastrointestinal disorder.Intestinal stem cells(ISCs)are an important population of cells that maintain homeostasis and function of intestinal tissues.The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of long-term constant light exposure on gastrointestinal function and the potential mechanisms of sympathetic activity on ISC.Methods:Rats housed in a 24 h constant light chamber for 4 weeks were used as the constant light exposure animal model.Hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunohistochemical examination were used to determine the pathological changes of the intestine.Propranolol(ARs inhibitor;40 mg/kg/day),metoprolol(ADRβ1 inhibitor;50 mg/kg/day),and Box5(Wnt5a inhibitor;2μg/day)were used to examine the effect of sympathoexcitation and Wnt signaling pathway on constant light-induced gastrointestinal disorders.Results:We found that 4 weeks of constant light exposure in rats resulted in a decrease in the number of ISC and an increase in sympathetic activity.Intestinal β1-adrenoceptor expression and reactive oxygen species(ROS)were significantly increased,but Wnt5a expression decreased in the continuous light-exposed rats.Similarly,we found that administration of the β1-adrenoceptor antagonist metoprolol for 4 weeks attenuated the effects of continuous light exposure on the intestine,which was rescued by the reintroduction of Wnt5a.Conclusion:Taken together,these data indicate that sympathoexcitation is critical for disruption of ISC under constant light exposure,suggesting that targeting β1-adrenoceptor/oxidative stress/Wnt5a axis may be a potential strategy for ISC disruption induced by prolonged sustained light exposure,providing a new direction for IBS treatment.
基金Project supported by the Jiangsu Provincial Natural Science Foundation,China(Grant Nos.BK20170800 and BK20160794)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51606095)
文摘The angular light-scattering measurement（ALSM） method combined with an improved artificial bee colony algorithm is introduced to determine aerosol optical constants and aerosol size distribution（ASD） simultaneously. Meanwhile, an optimized selection principle of the ALSM signals based on the sensitivity analysis and principle component analysis（PCA）is proposed to improve the accuracy of the retrieval results. The sensitivity analysis of the ALSM signals to the optical constants or characteristic parameters in the ASD is studied first to find the optimized selection region of measurement angles. Then, the PCA is adopted to select the optimized measurement angles within the optimized selection region obtained by sensitivity analysis. The investigation reveals that, compared with random selection measurement angles, the optimized selection measurement angles can provide more useful measurement information to ensure the retrieval accuracy. Finally,the aerosol optical constants and the ASDs are reconstructed simultaneously. The results show that the retrieval accuracy of refractive indices is better than that of absorption indices, while the characteristic parameters in ASDs have similar retrieval accuracy. Moreover, the retrieval accuracy in studying L-N distribution is a little better than that in studying Gamma distribution for the difference of corresponding correlation coefficient matrixes of the ALSM signals. All the results confirm that the proposed technique is an effective and reliable technique in estimating the aerosol optical constants and ASD simultaneously.
文摘New data from FRB’s have provided an exciting new window on the cosmos. For the first time we have both Dispersion Measure (DM) from distant sources and their red-shift. This gives us the opportunity to determine the average electron number density in intergalactic space and thus test New Tired Light predictions. Here, in an alternative cosmology, the universe is static and redshifts are produced by an interaction between photons and the electrons in the intergalactic medium. In a paper published in summer 2006 New Tired Light (NTL) predicted an average electron number density of n = 0.5 m<sup>-3</sup>. In 2016 a paper was published reporting that for the first time the DM of a FRB and the redshift of the host galaxy had been found. Using standard physics this confirmed the electron number density as n = 0.5 m<sup>-3</sup>. The prediction NTL made ten years earlier was proved to be correct. Using this measured electron number density enabled a definitive value of the Hubble constant to be made by New Tired Light and the value is 63 km/s per Mpc which compares well with currently accepted values. Importantly, since in NTL the redshift and dispersion are both due to the electrons in IG space, a relationship between DM’s and redshift can be predicted. NTL predicts that DM and LN(1 + z) will be directly proportional and related by the formula DM = mec/2hr<sub>e</sub>(3.086 × 1022) where me, re are the rest mass and classical radius of the electron, c is the speed of light in a vacuum and h is the plank constant. The numerical term is to change units from pccm<sup>-3</sup> to m<sup>-2</sup>. This reduces to DM = 2380LN(1 + z). Using data from five FRB’s this is tested and a linear relation is seen of the form DM = 1830LN(1 + z). The gradient of the plot from the observed data is within 23% of that predicted by NTL. Recently the Tolman Surface Brightness test has been applied to the HUDF and the results support a static universe whilst the possibility of two differing types of SN Ia whose distribution changes with distances means that tired light models can no longer be ruled out. Using SDF we know the distance to the Atlia galaxy cluster as 1.26 × 10<sup>24</sup> m. With the average electron number density of n = 0.5 m<sup>-3</sup> found from the Dispersion Measures of the FRB’s, from first principles, New Tired Light gives a calculated predicted redshift of 0.0086. This compares well with the value found spectroscopically of 0.0087—a difference of approximately 1%. It is shown that if the energy transferred to a recoiling electron when a UV photon of wavelength λ = 5 × 10<sup>-8</sup> m interacts with it is emitted as a secondary photon that photon will have a wavelength of 2.2 mm— the wavelength at which the CMB curve peaks.
文摘Every four years the Committee on Data for Science and Technology (CODATA) supplies a self-consistent set of values of the basic constants and conversion factors of physics recommended for international use. In 2013, the World-Universe Model (WUM) proposed a principally different depiction of the World as an alternative to the picture of the Big Bang Model. This article: 1) Gives the short history of Classical Physics before Special Relativity;2) Calculates Fundamental Physical Constants based on experimentally measured Rydberg constant, Electrodynamic constant, Electron Charge-to-Mass Ratio, and Planck constant;3) Discusses Electrodynamic constant and Speed of Light;4) Considers Dimensionless Fundamental Parameters (Dirac Large Number Q and Dimensionless Rydberg Constant α);5) Calculates Newtonian Constant of Gravitation based on the Inter-connectivity of Primary Physical Parameters;6) Makes a detailed analysis of the Self-consistency of Fundamental Physical Constants and Primary Physical Parameters through the prism of WUM. The performed analysis suggests: 1) Discontinuing using the notion “Vacuum” and its characteristics (Speed of Light in Vacuum, Characteristic Impedance of Vacuum, Vacuum Magnetic Permeability, Vacuum Electric Permittivity);2) Accepting the exact numerical values of Electrodynamic constant, Planck constant, Elementary charge, and Dimensionless Rydberg Constant α. WUM recommends the predicted value of Newtonian Constant of Gravitation in 2018 to be considered in CODATA Recommend Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants 2022.
文摘We previously revealed a quantitative relation by which the fine-structure constant α can be described by the temperature T of cosmic microwave background (CMB) with several other fundamental constants, including the elementary charge e, the Boltzmann constant k, the Planck constant h, and the light of speed in vacuum c. Given that the value of α is quite conserved but T is variable across CMBs, we propose that c changes with T and can be given by T, the present CMB temperature T<sub>0</sub> and the present light speed c<sub>0</sub>. As T is continuously decreasing, c is thus predicted to decrease at a rate of ~2.15 centimeters/second (cm/s) per year. Moreover, we provide a lot of evidence to support this finding. In conclusion, this study suggests a possibility of variable speed of light in vacuum.
文摘We previously revealed that the speed of light in vacuum c, the gravitational constant G, the vacuum permittivity ε, and the vacuum permeability μ can be defined by the temperature T (or the expected average frequency f) of cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation. Given that CMB is continuously cooling, that is, T is continuously decreasing, we proposed that the above “constants” are variable and their values at some space-time with CMB temperature T (c<sub>T</sub>, G<sub>T</sub>, ε<sub>T</sub>, and μ<sub>T</sub>) can be described using their values (c<sub>0</sub>, G<sub>0</sub>, ε<sub>0</sub>, and μ<sub>0</sub>) and the temperature (T<sub>0</sub>) of CMB at present space-time. Based on the above observation, a number of physical equations related with these constants are re-described in this study, including relativity equation, mass-energy equation, and Maxwell’s equations, etc.
