The broad-leaved Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis) forest is one of the most biodiverse zonal communities in the North Temperate Zone and an important habitat for many endangered species.Broad-leaved Korean pine forests(B...The broad-leaved Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis) forest is one of the most biodiverse zonal communities in the North Temperate Zone and an important habitat for many endangered species.Broad-leaved Korean pine forests(BKPFs) are shrinking quickly due to deforestation and rapid urbanization. Thus, scientific protection strategies are urgently needed to change this status. Changbai Mountains contains one of the largest BKPFs and is considered a priority biodiversity conservation area in China. Guided by systematic conservation planning(SCP) methods and procedures, we chose representative species and communities in BKPFs ecosystem as priority conservation objects, and set quantitative conservation target, which is in the light of the biodiversity characteristic of BKPFs. The watershed area is used as planning unit. We used CPlan software to calculate the irreplaceability(Ir)value of each planning unit and the contribution value(Ti) of each conservation object to(1) assess the conservation efficiency;(2) identify the conservation gap of the existing conservation network. Then wecalculated a human disturbance index(HDI) for planning units in the conservation gaps and combine this with the Ir value to design three conservation scenarios to optimize the conservation network.Results show that planning units with high conservation value 14.16% of the total area, with3084.36 km2 were covered by the existing conservation network. 79.28% of planning units with high conservation value have not been protected which were concentrated mainly in the eight gap areas.Only 25.3% of protection objects achieved their conservation target with the existing conservation network. Conservation efficiency is low. Three conservation scenarios are constituted, each prioritizing a different aim:(1) ecological value;(2)species rescue; and(3) economical avoidance. The three conservation schemes potentially enable 93%,88% and 51% of conservation objects, respectively, to achieve identified conservation targets, thereby improving conservation efficiency significantly.展开更多
Bird diversity is often used as surrogates for other species diversity,but there is a limited understanding of the extent of this surrogate in identifying representative priority conservation areas(PCAs).We used Yunna...Bird diversity is often used as surrogates for other species diversity,but there is a limited understanding of the extent of this surrogate in identifying representative priority conservation areas(PCAs).We used Yunnan Province in China as a case to measure the surrogacy of birds in systematic conservation planning.Here,we collected distribution records of mammals,amphibians,reptiles,and birds from public databases and literature,and applied systematic conservation planning methods to identify PCAs.We targeted four taxonomic groups at conservation targets of 17%,31%,and 50%of the total study area,and used the Jaccard similarity index to evaluate the surrogate extent of bird PCAs for the other three groups.Then,we overlapped different portfolios of PCAs with six categories of protected areas(PAs)in Yunnan,calculated the protection rates,and evaluated the effect of sustainable-use PAs on improving the protection rate of strict Nature Reserves.The results showed that bird PCAs generally had the highest surrogacy for representing PCAs of the other three taxa.At the 50%conservation target,the Jaccard indices between birds and the other taxa reached about 0.50.Moreover,amphibian PCAs had a good surrogacy for conserving reptiles,with a Jaccard index of 0.30,0.44 and 0.51 at the 17%,31%and 50%conservation targets,respectively.The existing PA system had quite low coverages for PCAs of these four taxa,and the average protection rates were 22.97%,19.78%and 16.52%at the three levels of conservation targets,respectively.The sustainable-use PAs can greatly complement the strict Nature Reserves by achieving average increased PA coverages of 10.00%,9.20%and 7.90%at the three conservation targets.Our findings provide a basis for surrogate-based conservation planning for areas with insufficient biodiversity information.展开更多
The planning of prior conservation areas is an important part of nature re- serve system, ：it is of great significance for biodiversity conservation. The methods of priority planning include hot-spots analysis, gap a...The planning of prior conservation areas is an important part of nature re- serve system, ：it is of great significance for biodiversity conservation. The methods of priority planning include hot-spots analysis, gap analysis, systematic conservation planning analysis and multi-criteria decision analysis. The key issues of priority area planning include the determination of the protect objects, the analyses of the protec- tion value and protection cost, the win-win development of protection and economy, and the changes of the management strategies of the protected areas. In this study, the features and research progress of different conservation methods were analyzed, and based on the discussion on the key issues of the planning of the protected areas, the application prospect of different methods was analyzed.展开更多
Climate change has been linked to well-documented changes in physiology, phenology, species distributions, and in some cases, extinction. Projections of future change point to dramatic shifts in the states of many eco...Climate change has been linked to well-documented changes in physiology, phenology, species distributions, and in some cases, extinction. Projections of future change point to dramatic shifts in the states of many ecosystems. Aceommodating these shifts to effectively conserve biodiversity in the context of uncertain climate regimes represents one of the most difficult challenges faced by conservation planners. A number of adaptation strategies have been proposed for managing species and ecosystems in a changing climate. However, there has been little guidance available on integrating climate change adaptation strategies into contemporary conservation planning frameworks. The paper reviews the different approaches being used to integrate climate change adaptation into conservation planning, broadly categorizing strategies as continuing and extending on ＂best practice＂ principles and those that integrate species vulnerability assessments into conservation planning. We describe the characteristics of a good adaptation strategy emphasizing the importance of incorporating clear principles of flexibility and efficiency, accounting for uncertainty, integrating human response to climate change and understanding trade-offs.展开更多
The conservation plan for the famous historical and cultural city of Nanjing was prepared since several yearsago.The plan,being an integral component to enrich comprehensive planning of the city,has been workingeffect...The conservation plan for the famous historical and cultural city of Nanjing was prepared since several yearsago.The plan,being an integral component to enrich comprehensive planning of the city,has been workingeffectively through the planning structure to direct the development of Nanjing.However,upon further analysis,au-thors of this article feel that this plan still has its own deficiences and drawbacks in exploring indepth the city’scultural origin,in selecting the essentials while discarding the dross and in blazing new trails based on the rich legacyof the past.These aspects need to be further investigated and to illustrate these points,two scenic belts are proposedto be included into the conservation plan.展开更多
China boasts over 10,000 native useful vascular plants(NUVPs),spanning eight families and serving twelve dis-tinct uses.Given the importance of NUVPs,widely-confirmed in-situ conservation policies,such as establishing...China boasts over 10,000 native useful vascular plants(NUVPs),spanning eight families and serving twelve dis-tinct uses.Given the importance of NUVPs,widely-confirmed in-situ conservation policies,such as establishing nature reserves,have been broadly implemented to protect them.However,the effectiveness of in-situ conser-vation efforts for NUVPs in China remains uncertain.Highlighting the importance of multi-family and multi-use plants,this research identified the spatial distribution pattern and diversity hotspots of NUVPs,evaluated the in-situ conservation effectiveness and provided the future conservation priority scheme.The results revealed that the spatial concentration of NUVPs is predominantly in the southwestern lowlands of China(<3,000 m),peaking around 109°E and 25°N.Importantly,diversity hotspots exhibited a significant spatial mismatch(over 80%)with the National Nature Reserve(NNR)network.Only about 17.7%and 13.3%of these hotspots are protected by NNR initiatives for endemic and nonendemic species,respectively.Additionally,the proposed Plants Conserva-tion Effectiveness Index(PCEI)proved more representative in addressing the two main crises faced by the studied species-species loss and human pressure,and found a decline in conservation effectiveness as the number of uses increased.Finally,future conservation priorities based on the PCEI highlight the Nanling Mountains,Heng-duan Mountains,Jiuwandashan,and Qilian Mountains as highly prioritized regions requiring focused efforts to address the impacts of climate change.Conversely,in sparsely distributed regions experiencing increasing human pressure,it is imperative to mitigate the expanding human footprint.展开更多
In this report, a conservation priority scenario for endemic birds of China's Mainland is proposed from a phylogenetic perspective. By utilizing and comparing seven phylogenetic diversity (PD) indices, the study s...In this report, a conservation priority scenario for endemic birds of China's Mainland is proposed from a phylogenetic perspective. By utilizing and comparing seven phylogenetic diversity (PD) indices, the study shows that the top ifve endemic birds with high conservation priority are Ar-borophila ardens, A. gingica, A. ruifpectus, Lophophorus lhuysii and Alectoris magna respectively. The ranking of species, based on the IUCN Red List and PD indices, were compared by means of a Wilcox signed rank test and Pearson’s correlation, drawing the inference that the PD ranking of endemic birds for China's Mainland shows a distinct and statistically signiifcant difference from the IUCN rank-ing. Therefore, the ranking of conservation priority for endemic birds of China using PD indices might offer new insights on species conservation from an evolutionary-heritage perspective, serving as a complement to the IUCN ranking.展开更多
Traditional villages are the foundation of human history, the crystallization of agricultural civilization, the important carder of homeland feelings, and the spiritual homeland of the Chinese nation. In the important...Traditional villages are the foundation of human history, the crystallization of agricultural civilization, the important carder of homeland feelings, and the spiritual homeland of the Chinese nation. In the important period of attaching importance to the protection of traditional villages and making active plans for the protection and development of traditional villages, the planning of conservation has been stereotyped, which only cares about quantity and speed. Every traditional village has its unique value and soul, and ignoring its internal cultural connotation and value characteristics can result in the lack of scientific and comprehensive planning, making it unable not be implemented in practice. In this paper, taking Heshe Village in Jiangxi Province as an example, the value characteristics oriented planning strategy for traditional villages were proposed through the refinement of its value characteristics based on the scientific planning principles.展开更多
In order to ensure that the water conservancy project can better respond to the national call for sustainable development and protect the ecological environment around the project, it is necessary to analyze the impac...In order to ensure that the water conservancy project can better respond to the national call for sustainable development and protect the ecological environment around the project, it is necessary to analyze the impact of the water conservancy project planning on the ecological environment carefully. In view of these influences, the project planning scheme is continuously optimized to fundamentally improve the ecological benefits of water conservancy projects. Based on this, this paper analyzes the ecological benefit characteristics of the actual project planning, puts forward the impact of water conservancy project planning on the ecological environment, and finally finds out the key points of water conservancy project planning and design for reference.展开更多
Mapping human footprint(HF)is crucial for understanding the cumulative anthropogenic pressures on the envi-ronment.However,its effectiveness is often hampered by the absence of fine-scale,high-quality spatio-temporal ...Mapping human footprint(HF)is crucial for understanding the cumulative anthropogenic pressures on the envi-ronment.However,its effectiveness is often hampered by the absence of fine-scale,high-quality spatio-temporal datasets.Addressing this gap,we present the first annual HF maps for the Qingzang Plateau(QP)from 1990 to 2020,at a 100 m×100 m resolution,boasting an accuracy exceeding 80%.Our findings reveal that the QP’s human-induced modifications were relatively low,with a median HF of 3.39 in 2020,significantly lower than the global average of 7.56.The northeast and mid-south regions of the QP emerged as hotspots for anthropogenic impact.Notably,over two-thirds(68.2%)of the QP registered an HF score below 4,classifying them as largely intact.However,the QP’s average HF score has escalated more swiftly than the global mean(0.0348/yr vs.0.0186/yr),particularly in the last decade,indicating escalating human pressures.In terms of stability,montane grasslands and shrublands comprised 75.1%of moderately or highly altered biomes in 2020.In contrast,tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests witnessed the most substantial HF increases.Encouragingly,26.29%of the QP experienced HF reductions over the past thirty years,highlighting potential conservation opportunities.展开更多
Although China has established more than 600 wetland nature reserves, conservation gaps still exist for many species, especially for freshwater fishes. Underlying this problem is the fact that top-level planning is mi...Although China has established more than 600 wetland nature reserves, conservation gaps still exist for many species, especially for freshwater fishes. Underlying this problem is the fact that top-level planning is missing in the construction of nature reserves. To promote the development of nature reserves for fishes, this study took the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin(MLYRB) as an example to carry out top-level reserve network planning for fishes using approaches of systematic conservation planning. Typical fish species living in freshwater habitats were defined and considered in the planning. Based on sample data collected from large quantities of literatures, continuous distribution patterns of 142 fishes were obtained with species distribution modeling and subsequent processing, and the distributions of another eleven species were artificially designated. With the distribution pattern of species, Marxan was used to carry out conservation planning. To obtain ideal solutions with representativeness, persistence, and efficiency, parameters were set with careful consideration regarding existing wetland reserves, human disturbances, hydrological connectivity, and representation targets of species. Marxan produced the selection frequency of planning units(PUs) and a best solution. Selection frequency indicates the relative protection importance of a PU. The best solution is a representative of ideal fish reserve networks. Both of the PUs with high selection frequency and those in the best solution have low proportions included in existing wetland nature reserves, suggesting that there are significant conservation gaps for fish species in MLYRB. The best solution could serve as a reference for establishing a fish reserve network in the MLYRB. There is great flexibility for replacing selected PUs in the solution, and such flexibility facilitates the implementation of the solution in reality in case of unexpected obstacles. Further, we suggested adopting a freshwater management framework in the implementation of such solution.展开更多
Background:Understanding geographic distributions of species is a crucial step in spatial planning for biodiversity conservation, particularly as regards changes in response to global climate change.This information i...Background:Understanding geographic distributions of species is a crucial step in spatial planning for biodiversity conservation, particularly as regards changes in response to global climate change.This information is especially important for species of global conservation concern that are susceptible to the effects of habitat loss and climate change. In this study, we used ecological niche modeling to assess the current and future geographic distributional potential of White.breasted Guineafowl (Agelastes meleagrides)(Vulnerable) across West Africa. Methods:We used primary occurrence data obtained from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility and national parks in Liberia and Sierra Leone, and two independent environmental datasets (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer normalized difference vegetation index at 250 m spatial resolution, and Worldclim climate data at 2.5' spatial resolution for two representative concentration pathway emissions scenarios and 27 general circulation models for 2050) to build ecological niche models in Maxent. Results: From the projections, White.breasted Guineafowl showed a broader potential distribution across the region compared to the current IUCN range estimate for the species. Suitable areas were concentrated in the Gola rainforests in northwestern Liberia and southeastern Sierra Leone, the Tai.Sapo corridor in southeastern Liberia and southwestern Cote d'lvoire, and the Nimba Mountains in northern Liberia, southeastern Guinea, and northwestern Cote d'lvoire.Future climate.driven projections anticipated minimal range shifts in response to climate change. Conclusions: By combining remotely sensed data and climatic data, our results suggest that forest cover, rather than climate is the major driver of the species' current distribution. Thus, conservation efforts should prioritize forest protection and mitigation of other anthropogenic threats (e.g.hunting pressure) affecting the species.展开更多
Ecosystem maps are vital to represent ecological patterns and processes in a region. It enables the use of ecosystem goods and services as a robust unit for a variety of applications, including conservation planning, ...Ecosystem maps are vital to represent ecological patterns and processes in a region. It enables the use of ecosystem goods and services as a robust unit for a variety of applications, including conservation planning, climate change adaptation and mitigation measures, resource management, and the economic estimation of ecosystem benefits. As different elements of eco-geological components, such as the geological, soil, and biotic assemblages organize an ecosystem;here, we developed an ecosystem map of the State of Selangor, Peninsular Malaysia, using geology, soil, elevation, and land-use data. Landsat ETM+ images, ASTER Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data, and digitized soil and geological data were integrated to develop a map of the types of ecosystem for 2005. We found 19 different natural ecosystems in the studied region that represented approximately 35% of the total land area. Among the natural ecosystems, peat-swamp forest represents highest (at ~10%), while montane ericaceous forest representing the lowest (at ~0.008%) and the hill dipterocarp quartz forest, lowland dipterocarp sandstone forest, upper dipterocarp quartz forest, and mangrove forest are representing approximately 6.4%, 4.6%, 3% and 2.6% of the total land area respectively. These data can be used to prioritize the areas deserving attention due to their value for biodiversity conservation and for the production of goods and supply of ecosystem services. In addition to a variety of ecological and environmental aspects, such an ecosystem map has potential use for the sustainable management of natural resources at the national, regional, continental, and global scales.展开更多
Introduction Values-based approaches are among the best practices for management and conservation planning.However,cultural significance assessments(of the attributes and values of cultural heritage)have generally bee...Introduction Values-based approaches are among the best practices for management and conservation planning.However,cultural significance assessments(of the attributes and values of cultural heritage)have generally been performed by experts(top-down)instead of including expert and nonexpert communities(top-down and bottom-up).Objectives This paper presents a multitechnique approach in which different strategies are applied to assess the perceptions of cultural significance held by several actors(users,managers,staff,experts,children,students,virtual community)within the framework of the Keeping It Modern Grant awarded by the Getty Foundation(2020–2023)for the Ocean Swimming Pool(1960–1966)designed byálvaro Siza in Matosinhos,Portugal.Method Interviews,surveys,social media analysis,and workshops with children,students,and experts were adopted for the method,and,whenever possible,the‘Imagine Ballarat’Love,Change and Imagine questions were utilised as a resourceful instrument for assessing the significance attributed by multiple stakeholders.Results Based on the results,stakeholders’opinions and values regarding the heritage site could be compared,which revealed the relationship between the values and the groups of actors,thereby deepening the complexity of heritage sites as National Monuments.Conclusion By using this integrated perspective,we could define the cultural significance of a modern heritage site through an inclusive methodology while also establishing the grounds for conservation policies within a more broadly participative management of change.展开更多
Conservation planning in areas prone to human–wildlife interactions requires strong integration between biodiversity protection and other human society needs.Livestock depredation by felids is one of the most reporte...Conservation planning in areas prone to human–wildlife interactions requires strong integration between biodiversity protection and other human society needs.Livestock depredation by felids is one of the most reported human–wildlife conflicts in Xizang,reinforced by expanding rangeland and rebounding of wildlife populations.展开更多
This paper tells us a complex story on the historic evolution of preventive conser vation of architectural heritage in Italy.Firstly,it introduces Cesare Brandi's Theory of Resto ration,pointing out the peculiar s...This paper tells us a complex story on the historic evolution of preventive conser vation of architectural heritage in Italy.Firstly,it introduces Cesare Brandi's Theory of Resto ration,pointing out the peculiar sense of the word Restoration in Brandi's system other than the common sense in the international discourse,the limits of Brandi's theory to architectural conservation and his prophecy on preventive restoration.Then it talks about the differentframework and practices of preventive conservation in the field of built heritage compared to the museum sector,the milestone of Giovanni Urbani's pilot project on programmed conser.vation and the leading role of the Risk Map of Cultural Heritage.Finally,based on the discus-sions of the durable change in the architectural conservation field after the Venice Charter,including the teaching in Milan School,the debate and re-definition of architectural conserva-tion and the advance definitions of conservation,prevention,maintenance and restoration in the 2004 National Code of Cultural Heritage and Landscape,it gives us an agenda for futuretrends of planned conservation with aims to conserve the material authenticity and promote.the co-evolutional strategy.展开更多
Purpose The tensions and threats in historic urban landscapes brought about by heritage tourism are still regional,global,general,and dynamic issues.For Kulangsu,there is an obvious problem in the connection between t...Purpose The tensions and threats in historic urban landscapes brought about by heritage tourism are still regional,global,general,and dynamic issues.For Kulangsu,there is an obvious problem in the connection between the current conservation plan and public policy.To a large extent,public policy cannot effectively,specifically,and flexibly respond to the dynamic problems in the implementation of the conservation plan,which seems insufficient concerning the effect of these conservation plans and public policies on promoting the adaptive reuse and sustainable tourism of the historic urban in Kulangsu heritage sites.Thus,giving more consideration to the combination of public policies and conservation plans of historic urban landscapes under the heritage tourism milieu,ensuring a balanced,sustainable,and integrated development pattern still calls for new discussions in achieving good performance of sustainable heritage tourism.This study conceptually discusses the equilibrium model of historic urban landscapes with a range of strategies under a sustainable heritage tourism background and responds to the synthetic contradiction of the imbalances among public policy,conservation plans,and development practices.Design/methodology/approach The study is based on a range of prepared desktop studies(public policy studies,conservation plans),field surveys,participant observations,and randomised interviews to respond to the insufficiency of the current heritagepractices.Findings This study discusses the equilibrium model of sustainable heritage tourism at heritage sites.It takes Kulangsu Island,a UNESCO World Heritage site in Southeast China,as an example to discuss the equilibrium model,which encompasses a convergent parallel framework and three dimensions concerning heritage management and policymaking.The equilibrium model of historic urban landscapes is a dynamic framework that integrates social,economic,environmental,and cultural concerns into a holistic collaborative framework under a sustainable heritage tourism background.Originality/value In line with the requirements of the Historic Urban Landscape(HUL)approach and general principles in support of sustainable urban heritage management promoted by UNESCO and ICOMOS,the study points out the peculiarities and potential of the equilibrium mode in solving the current challenges of historic urban landscapes for sustainable heritage tourism.Finding ways of linking policymaking,conservation,development,heritage tourism,and different interest groups to a holistic framework can stimulate effective means and management mechanisms for the complicated and changeable issues of sustainable heritage tourism.展开更多
In order to use science to manage human-nature interactions,we need much more nuanced,and when possible,quantitative,analyses of the interplay among ecosystem services(ES),human well-being(HWB),and drivers of both eco...In order to use science to manage human-nature interactions,we need much more nuanced,and when possible,quantitative,analyses of the interplay among ecosystem services(ES),human well-being(HWB),and drivers of both ecosystem structure and function,as well as HWB.Despite a growing interest and extensive efforts in ES research in the past decade,systematic and quantitative work on the linkages between ES and HWB is rare in existing literature,largely due to the lack of use of quantitative indicators and integrated models.Here,we integrated indicators of human dependence on ES,of HWB,and of direct and indirect drivers of both using data from household surveys carried out atWolong Nature Reserve,China.We examined how human dependence on ES and HWB might be affected by direct drivers,such as a natural disaster,and how human dependence on ES and direct and indirect drivers might affect HWB.Our results show that the direct driver(i.e.,Wenchuan Earthquake)significantly affected both households’dependence on ES and their well-being.Such impacts differed across various dimensions of ES and well-being as indicated by subindices.Those disadvantaged households with lower access to multiple forms of capital,more property damages,or larger revenue reductions also experienced greater losses in HWB.Diversifying human dependence on ES helps to mitigate disaster impacts on HWB.Our findings offer strong empirical evidence that the construction of quantitative indicators for ES and HWB,especially integrated models using them,is a viable approach for advancing the understanding of linkages between ES and HWB.展开更多
The Galápagos are considered a model oceanic archipelago,with unique flora and fauna currently threatened by alien invasive species.Seed dispersal is an important ecosystem function with consequences for plant po...The Galápagos are considered a model oceanic archipelago,with unique flora and fauna currently threatened by alien invasive species.Seed dispersal is an important ecosystem function with consequences for plant population dynamics and vegetation structure.Hence,understanding the seed dispersal abilities of the assemblages of frugivores will inform scientists and managers of the dynamics of plant invasions and improve management planning.Here we provide the first comprehensive review of published information on frugivory and animal seed dispersal in the Galápagos.We collected data from a variety of sources,including notes of the first naturalist expeditions,gray literature available only in Galápagos collections,and peer-reviewed journal articles.Plant–animal frugivorous interactions were retrieved from 43 studies and compiled into an interaction matrix describing 366 unique interactions.Most studies focused on fruit consumption as a driving force for natural selection,but seed fate was seldom considered.Although most(71%)of the interactions involved native plants,more than one-quarter(28%)involved introduced species.Interactions involving birds are considerably more common than those of reptiles and mammals,probably reflecting a research bias towards birds.Despite the historical importance of the archipelago as the laboratory for evolutionary and ecological research,understanding of its seed dispersal systems is limited.We end the review by suggesting 3 priority areas of research on frugivory and seed dispersal in the Galápagos:(i)target research to close knowledge gaps;(ii)the use of a network approach to frame seed dispersal at the community level;and(iii)evaluation of the effect of seed dispersal as a selective pressure acting upon plants and frugivores.Finally,the output of this research has to be properly delivered to the Galápagos National Park Services to help increase management effectiveness.展开更多
基金supported by the 12th fiveyear National Science and Technology plan of China (2012BAC01B03)
文摘The broad-leaved Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis) forest is one of the most biodiverse zonal communities in the North Temperate Zone and an important habitat for many endangered species.Broad-leaved Korean pine forests(BKPFs) are shrinking quickly due to deforestation and rapid urbanization. Thus, scientific protection strategies are urgently needed to change this status. Changbai Mountains contains one of the largest BKPFs and is considered a priority biodiversity conservation area in China. Guided by systematic conservation planning(SCP) methods and procedures, we chose representative species and communities in BKPFs ecosystem as priority conservation objects, and set quantitative conservation target, which is in the light of the biodiversity characteristic of BKPFs. The watershed area is used as planning unit. We used CPlan software to calculate the irreplaceability(Ir)value of each planning unit and the contribution value(Ti) of each conservation object to(1) assess the conservation efficiency;(2) identify the conservation gap of the existing conservation network. Then wecalculated a human disturbance index(HDI) for planning units in the conservation gaps and combine this with the Ir value to design three conservation scenarios to optimize the conservation network.Results show that planning units with high conservation value 14.16% of the total area, with3084.36 km2 were covered by the existing conservation network. 79.28% of planning units with high conservation value have not been protected which were concentrated mainly in the eight gap areas.Only 25.3% of protection objects achieved their conservation target with the existing conservation network. Conservation efficiency is low. Three conservation scenarios are constituted, each prioritizing a different aim:(1) ecological value;(2)species rescue; and(3) economical avoidance. The three conservation schemes potentially enable 93%,88% and 51% of conservation objects, respectively, to achieve identified conservation targets, thereby improving conservation efficiency significantly.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32071650)the Candidates of the Young and Middle-Aged Academic Leaders of Yunnan Province(202105AC160070)+1 种基金the Program for Excellent Young Talents of Yunnan Universitythe Postgraduate Research and Innovation Foundation of Yunnan University(2021Y039)。
文摘Bird diversity is often used as surrogates for other species diversity,but there is a limited understanding of the extent of this surrogate in identifying representative priority conservation areas(PCAs).We used Yunnan Province in China as a case to measure the surrogacy of birds in systematic conservation planning.Here,we collected distribution records of mammals,amphibians,reptiles,and birds from public databases and literature,and applied systematic conservation planning methods to identify PCAs.We targeted four taxonomic groups at conservation targets of 17%,31%,and 50%of the total study area,and used the Jaccard similarity index to evaluate the surrogate extent of bird PCAs for the other three groups.Then,we overlapped different portfolios of PCAs with six categories of protected areas(PAs)in Yunnan,calculated the protection rates,and evaluated the effect of sustainable-use PAs on improving the protection rate of strict Nature Reserves.The results showed that bird PCAs generally had the highest surrogacy for representing PCAs of the other three taxa.At the 50%conservation target,the Jaccard indices between birds and the other taxa reached about 0.50.Moreover,amphibian PCAs had a good surrogacy for conserving reptiles,with a Jaccard index of 0.30,0.44 and 0.51 at the 17%,31%and 50%conservation targets,respectively.The existing PA system had quite low coverages for PCAs of these four taxa,and the average protection rates were 22.97%,19.78%and 16.52%at the three levels of conservation targets,respectively.The sustainable-use PAs can greatly complement the strict Nature Reserves by achieving average increased PA coverages of 10.00%,9.20%and 7.90%at the three conservation targets.Our findings provide a basis for surrogate-based conservation planning for areas with insufficient biodiversity information.
基金Supported by Scientific and Technological Projects of Anhui ProvinceNational Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization of Anhui Agricultural University~~
文摘The planning of prior conservation areas is an important part of nature re- serve system, ：it is of great significance for biodiversity conservation. The methods of priority planning include hot-spots analysis, gap analysis, systematic conservation planning analysis and multi-criteria decision analysis. The key issues of priority area planning include the determination of the protect objects, the analyses of the protec- tion value and protection cost, the win-win development of protection and economy, and the changes of the management strategies of the protected areas. In this study, the features and research progress of different conservation methods were analyzed, and based on the discussion on the key issues of the planning of the protected areas, the application prospect of different methods was analyzed.
文摘Climate change has been linked to well-documented changes in physiology, phenology, species distributions, and in some cases, extinction. Projections of future change point to dramatic shifts in the states of many ecosystems. Aceommodating these shifts to effectively conserve biodiversity in the context of uncertain climate regimes represents one of the most difficult challenges faced by conservation planners. A number of adaptation strategies have been proposed for managing species and ecosystems in a changing climate. However, there has been little guidance available on integrating climate change adaptation strategies into contemporary conservation planning frameworks. The paper reviews the different approaches being used to integrate climate change adaptation into conservation planning, broadly categorizing strategies as continuing and extending on ＂best practice＂ principles and those that integrate species vulnerability assessments into conservation planning. We describe the characteristics of a good adaptation strategy emphasizing the importance of incorporating clear principles of flexibility and efficiency, accounting for uncertainty, integrating human response to climate change and understanding trade-offs.
文摘The conservation plan for the famous historical and cultural city of Nanjing was prepared since several yearsago.The plan,being an integral component to enrich comprehensive planning of the city,has been workingeffectively through the planning structure to direct the development of Nanjing.However,upon further analysis,au-thors of this article feel that this plan still has its own deficiences and drawbacks in exploring indepth the city’scultural origin,in selecting the essentials while discarding the dross and in blazing new trails based on the rich legacyof the past.These aspects need to be further investigated and to illustrate these points,two scenic belts are proposedto be included into the conservation plan.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42330205)the Open Fund of State Key Labora-tory of Remote Sensing Science and Beijing Engineering Research Center for Global Land Remote Sensing Products(Grant No.OF202206).
文摘China boasts over 10,000 native useful vascular plants(NUVPs),spanning eight families and serving twelve dis-tinct uses.Given the importance of NUVPs,widely-confirmed in-situ conservation policies,such as establishing nature reserves,have been broadly implemented to protect them.However,the effectiveness of in-situ conser-vation efforts for NUVPs in China remains uncertain.Highlighting the importance of multi-family and multi-use plants,this research identified the spatial distribution pattern and diversity hotspots of NUVPs,evaluated the in-situ conservation effectiveness and provided the future conservation priority scheme.The results revealed that the spatial concentration of NUVPs is predominantly in the southwestern lowlands of China(<3,000 m),peaking around 109°E and 25°N.Importantly,diversity hotspots exhibited a significant spatial mismatch(over 80%)with the National Nature Reserve(NNR)network.Only about 17.7%and 13.3%of these hotspots are protected by NNR initiatives for endemic and nonendemic species,respectively.Additionally,the proposed Plants Conserva-tion Effectiveness Index(PCEI)proved more representative in addressing the two main crises faced by the studied species-species loss and human pressure,and found a decline in conservation effectiveness as the number of uses increased.Finally,future conservation priorities based on the PCEI highlight the Nanling Mountains,Heng-duan Mountains,Jiuwandashan,and Qilian Mountains as highly prioritized regions requiring focused efforts to address the impacts of climate change.Conversely,in sparsely distributed regions experiencing increasing human pressure,it is imperative to mitigate the expanding human footprint.
基金supported by the University of British Columbiasupported by China Scholarship Council
文摘In this report, a conservation priority scenario for endemic birds of China's Mainland is proposed from a phylogenetic perspective. By utilizing and comparing seven phylogenetic diversity (PD) indices, the study shows that the top ifve endemic birds with high conservation priority are Ar-borophila ardens, A. gingica, A. ruifpectus, Lophophorus lhuysii and Alectoris magna respectively. The ranking of species, based on the IUCN Red List and PD indices, were compared by means of a Wilcox signed rank test and Pearson’s correlation, drawing the inference that the PD ranking of endemic birds for China's Mainland shows a distinct and statistically signiifcant difference from the IUCN rank-ing. Therefore, the ranking of conservation priority for endemic birds of China using PD indices might offer new insights on species conservation from an evolutionary-heritage perspective, serving as a complement to the IUCN ranking.
文摘Traditional villages are the foundation of human history, the crystallization of agricultural civilization, the important carder of homeland feelings, and the spiritual homeland of the Chinese nation. In the important period of attaching importance to the protection of traditional villages and making active plans for the protection and development of traditional villages, the planning of conservation has been stereotyped, which only cares about quantity and speed. Every traditional village has its unique value and soul, and ignoring its internal cultural connotation and value characteristics can result in the lack of scientific and comprehensive planning, making it unable not be implemented in practice. In this paper, taking Heshe Village in Jiangxi Province as an example, the value characteristics oriented planning strategy for traditional villages were proposed through the refinement of its value characteristics based on the scientific planning principles.
文摘In order to ensure that the water conservancy project can better respond to the national call for sustainable development and protect the ecological environment around the project, it is necessary to analyze the impact of the water conservancy project planning on the ecological environment carefully. In view of these influences, the project planning scheme is continuously optimized to fundamentally improve the ecological benefits of water conservancy projects. Based on this, this paper analyzes the ecological benefit characteristics of the actual project planning, puts forward the impact of water conservancy project planning on the ecological environment, and finally finds out the key points of water conservancy project planning and design for reference.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foun-dation of China(Grant No.42071238)the Second Qingzang Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program(STEP)(Grant No.2019QZKK0402).
文摘Mapping human footprint(HF)is crucial for understanding the cumulative anthropogenic pressures on the envi-ronment.However,its effectiveness is often hampered by the absence of fine-scale,high-quality spatio-temporal datasets.Addressing this gap,we present the first annual HF maps for the Qingzang Plateau(QP)from 1990 to 2020,at a 100 m×100 m resolution,boasting an accuracy exceeding 80%.Our findings reveal that the QP’s human-induced modifications were relatively low,with a median HF of 3.39 in 2020,significantly lower than the global average of 7.56.The northeast and mid-south regions of the QP emerged as hotspots for anthropogenic impact.Notably,over two-thirds(68.2%)of the QP registered an HF score below 4,classifying them as largely intact.However,the QP’s average HF score has escalated more swiftly than the global mean(0.0348/yr vs.0.0186/yr),particularly in the last decade,indicating escalating human pressures.In terms of stability,montane grasslands and shrublands comprised 75.1%of moderately or highly altered biomes in 2020.In contrast,tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests witnessed the most substantial HF increases.Encouragingly,26.29%of the QP experienced HF reductions over the past thirty years,highlighting potential conservation opportunities.
基金supported by fund of State Forestry Administration of China-United Nations Development Program/Global Environment Facility(83911 NP-2014-007)
文摘Although China has established more than 600 wetland nature reserves, conservation gaps still exist for many species, especially for freshwater fishes. Underlying this problem is the fact that top-level planning is missing in the construction of nature reserves. To promote the development of nature reserves for fishes, this study took the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin(MLYRB) as an example to carry out top-level reserve network planning for fishes using approaches of systematic conservation planning. Typical fish species living in freshwater habitats were defined and considered in the planning. Based on sample data collected from large quantities of literatures, continuous distribution patterns of 142 fishes were obtained with species distribution modeling and subsequent processing, and the distributions of another eleven species were artificially designated. With the distribution pattern of species, Marxan was used to carry out conservation planning. To obtain ideal solutions with representativeness, persistence, and efficiency, parameters were set with careful consideration regarding existing wetland reserves, human disturbances, hydrological connectivity, and representation targets of species. Marxan produced the selection frequency of planning units(PUs) and a best solution. Selection frequency indicates the relative protection importance of a PU. The best solution is a representative of ideal fish reserve networks. Both of the PUs with high selection frequency and those in the best solution have low proportions included in existing wetland nature reserves, suggesting that there are significant conservation gaps for fish species in MLYRB. The best solution could serve as a reference for establishing a fish reserve network in the MLYRB. There is great flexibility for replacing selected PUs in the solution, and such flexibility facilitates the implementation of the solution in reality in case of unexpected obstacles. Further, we suggested adopting a freshwater management framework in the implementation of such solution.
基金supported by Conservation International through a Global Environment Facility-funded Grant No.GEF-5810.
文摘Background:Understanding geographic distributions of species is a crucial step in spatial planning for biodiversity conservation, particularly as regards changes in response to global climate change.This information is especially important for species of global conservation concern that are susceptible to the effects of habitat loss and climate change. In this study, we used ecological niche modeling to assess the current and future geographic distributional potential of White.breasted Guineafowl (Agelastes meleagrides)(Vulnerable) across West Africa. Methods:We used primary occurrence data obtained from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility and national parks in Liberia and Sierra Leone, and two independent environmental datasets (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer normalized difference vegetation index at 250 m spatial resolution, and Worldclim climate data at 2.5' spatial resolution for two representative concentration pathway emissions scenarios and 27 general circulation models for 2050) to build ecological niche models in Maxent. Results: From the projections, White.breasted Guineafowl showed a broader potential distribution across the region compared to the current IUCN range estimate for the species. Suitable areas were concentrated in the Gola rainforests in northwestern Liberia and southeastern Sierra Leone, the Tai.Sapo corridor in southeastern Liberia and southwestern Cote d'lvoire, and the Nimba Mountains in northern Liberia, southeastern Guinea, and northwestern Cote d'lvoire.Future climate.driven projections anticipated minimal range shifts in response to climate change. Conclusions: By combining remotely sensed data and climatic data, our results suggest that forest cover, rather than climate is the major driver of the species' current distribution. Thus, conservation efforts should prioritize forest protection and mitigation of other anthropogenic threats (e.g.hunting pressure) affecting the species.
文摘Ecosystem maps are vital to represent ecological patterns and processes in a region. It enables the use of ecosystem goods and services as a robust unit for a variety of applications, including conservation planning, climate change adaptation and mitigation measures, resource management, and the economic estimation of ecosystem benefits. As different elements of eco-geological components, such as the geological, soil, and biotic assemblages organize an ecosystem;here, we developed an ecosystem map of the State of Selangor, Peninsular Malaysia, using geology, soil, elevation, and land-use data. Landsat ETM+ images, ASTER Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data, and digitized soil and geological data were integrated to develop a map of the types of ecosystem for 2005. We found 19 different natural ecosystems in the studied region that represented approximately 35% of the total land area. Among the natural ecosystems, peat-swamp forest represents highest (at ~10%), while montane ericaceous forest representing the lowest (at ~0.008%) and the hill dipterocarp quartz forest, lowland dipterocarp sandstone forest, upper dipterocarp quartz forest, and mangrove forest are representing approximately 6.4%, 4.6%, 3% and 2.6% of the total land area respectively. These data can be used to prioritize the areas deserving attention due to their value for biodiversity conservation and for the production of goods and supply of ecosystem services. In addition to a variety of ecological and environmental aspects, such an ecosystem map has potential use for the sustainable management of natural resources at the national, regional, continental, and global scales.
基金supported by the Getty Foundation under“Keeping It Modern”Grant[number R-ORG-202047064]as well as by the European Regional Development Fund(ERDF)through 820 COMPETE 2020-Operational Programme for Competitiveness and Internationalisation 821(OPCI)by national funds through FCT/MCTES(PIDDAC),under the scope of the projects POCI-01-0145-FEDER-822007744,2020.01980.CEECIND,and SIZA/ETM/0023/2019.
文摘Introduction Values-based approaches are among the best practices for management and conservation planning.However,cultural significance assessments(of the attributes and values of cultural heritage)have generally been performed by experts(top-down)instead of including expert and nonexpert communities(top-down and bottom-up).Objectives This paper presents a multitechnique approach in which different strategies are applied to assess the perceptions of cultural significance held by several actors(users,managers,staff,experts,children,students,virtual community)within the framework of the Keeping It Modern Grant awarded by the Getty Foundation(2020–2023)for the Ocean Swimming Pool(1960–1966)designed byálvaro Siza in Matosinhos,Portugal.Method Interviews,surveys,social media analysis,and workshops with children,students,and experts were adopted for the method,and,whenever possible,the‘Imagine Ballarat’Love,Change and Imagine questions were utilised as a resourceful instrument for assessing the significance attributed by multiple stakeholders.Results Based on the results,stakeholders’opinions and values regarding the heritage site could be compared,which revealed the relationship between the values and the groups of actors,thereby deepening the complexity of heritage sites as National Monuments.Conclusion By using this integrated perspective,we could define the cultural significance of a modern heritage site through an inclusive methodology while also establishing the grounds for conservation policies within a more broadly participative management of change.
基金jointly supported by the Dynamic Monitoring of Distribution,Quantity and Activity of Typical Large and Medium-sized Mammals in the Yarlung Tsangpo River Basin(54000022T000000071200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32271736 and 3231101307)+3 种基金the Survey of Wildlife Resources in Key Areas of Tibet(ZL202203601)the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program(2019QZKK0402 and 2019QZKK0501)the Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province(2022NSFSC1726 and 2022NSFSC0123)the Second National Survey of Terrestrial Wildlife Resources in Tibet of China,and the Abundance,Distribution and Habitat of Leopards and Their Main Prey Populations in Eastern Tibet(2020LC-3-04)
文摘Conservation planning in areas prone to human–wildlife interactions requires strong integration between biodiversity protection and other human society needs.Livestock depredation by felids is one of the most reported human–wildlife conflicts in Xizang,reinforced by expanding rangeland and rebounding of wildlife populations.
文摘This paper tells us a complex story on the historic evolution of preventive conser vation of architectural heritage in Italy.Firstly,it introduces Cesare Brandi's Theory of Resto ration,pointing out the peculiar sense of the word Restoration in Brandi's system other than the common sense in the international discourse,the limits of Brandi's theory to architectural conservation and his prophecy on preventive restoration.Then it talks about the differentframework and practices of preventive conservation in the field of built heritage compared to the museum sector,the milestone of Giovanni Urbani's pilot project on programmed conser.vation and the leading role of the Risk Map of Cultural Heritage.Finally,based on the discus-sions of the durable change in the architectural conservation field after the Venice Charter,including the teaching in Milan School,the debate and re-definition of architectural conserva-tion and the advance definitions of conservation,prevention,maintenance and restoration in the 2004 National Code of Cultural Heritage and Landscape,it gives us an agenda for futuretrends of planned conservation with aims to conserve the material authenticity and promote.the co-evolutional strategy.
基金This study is supported by The National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project No.42171219)The Provincal Science Fundation of Fujian(Project No.2020J01011)The research project of Xiamen Academy of Social Sciences:Research on the Activation and Utilization of Gulangyu Cultural Heritage(Project No.General Project of XASS[2023]C27).
文摘Purpose The tensions and threats in historic urban landscapes brought about by heritage tourism are still regional,global,general,and dynamic issues.For Kulangsu,there is an obvious problem in the connection between the current conservation plan and public policy.To a large extent,public policy cannot effectively,specifically,and flexibly respond to the dynamic problems in the implementation of the conservation plan,which seems insufficient concerning the effect of these conservation plans and public policies on promoting the adaptive reuse and sustainable tourism of the historic urban in Kulangsu heritage sites.Thus,giving more consideration to the combination of public policies and conservation plans of historic urban landscapes under the heritage tourism milieu,ensuring a balanced,sustainable,and integrated development pattern still calls for new discussions in achieving good performance of sustainable heritage tourism.This study conceptually discusses the equilibrium model of historic urban landscapes with a range of strategies under a sustainable heritage tourism background and responds to the synthetic contradiction of the imbalances among public policy,conservation plans,and development practices.Design/methodology/approach The study is based on a range of prepared desktop studies(public policy studies,conservation plans),field surveys,participant observations,and randomised interviews to respond to the insufficiency of the current heritagepractices.Findings This study discusses the equilibrium model of sustainable heritage tourism at heritage sites.It takes Kulangsu Island,a UNESCO World Heritage site in Southeast China,as an example to discuss the equilibrium model,which encompasses a convergent parallel framework and three dimensions concerning heritage management and policymaking.The equilibrium model of historic urban landscapes is a dynamic framework that integrates social,economic,environmental,and cultural concerns into a holistic collaborative framework under a sustainable heritage tourism background.Originality/value In line with the requirements of the Historic Urban Landscape(HUL)approach and general principles in support of sustainable urban heritage management promoted by UNESCO and ICOMOS,the study points out the peculiarities and potential of the equilibrium mode in solving the current challenges of historic urban landscapes for sustainable heritage tourism.Finding ways of linking policymaking,conservation,development,heritage tourism,and different interest groups to a holistic framework can stimulate effective means and management mechanisms for the complicated and changeable issues of sustainable heritage tourism.
基金financial support from the National Science Foundation,the National Aeronautics and Space Administration,Michigan State University AgBioResearch,and fellowships from Envi-ronmental Science and Policy Program,Graduate Office,and the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources at Michigan State University
文摘In order to use science to manage human-nature interactions,we need much more nuanced,and when possible,quantitative,analyses of the interplay among ecosystem services(ES),human well-being(HWB),and drivers of both ecosystem structure and function,as well as HWB.Despite a growing interest and extensive efforts in ES research in the past decade,systematic and quantitative work on the linkages between ES and HWB is rare in existing literature,largely due to the lack of use of quantitative indicators and integrated models.Here,we integrated indicators of human dependence on ES,of HWB,and of direct and indirect drivers of both using data from household surveys carried out atWolong Nature Reserve,China.We examined how human dependence on ES and HWB might be affected by direct drivers,such as a natural disaster,and how human dependence on ES and direct and indirect drivers might affect HWB.Our results show that the direct driver(i.e.,Wenchuan Earthquake)significantly affected both households’dependence on ES and their well-being.Such impacts differed across various dimensions of ES and well-being as indicated by subindices.Those disadvantaged households with lower access to multiple forms of capital,more property damages,or larger revenue reductions also experienced greater losses in HWB.Diversifying human dependence on ES helps to mitigate disaster impacts on HWB.Our findings offer strong empirical evidence that the construction of quantitative indicators for ES and HWB,especially integrated models using them,is a viable approach for advancing the understanding of linkages between ES and HWB.
基金The present study was part of a biodiversity project funded by the BBVA Foundation(Spain).
文摘The Galápagos are considered a model oceanic archipelago,with unique flora and fauna currently threatened by alien invasive species.Seed dispersal is an important ecosystem function with consequences for plant population dynamics and vegetation structure.Hence,understanding the seed dispersal abilities of the assemblages of frugivores will inform scientists and managers of the dynamics of plant invasions and improve management planning.Here we provide the first comprehensive review of published information on frugivory and animal seed dispersal in the Galápagos.We collected data from a variety of sources,including notes of the first naturalist expeditions,gray literature available only in Galápagos collections,and peer-reviewed journal articles.Plant–animal frugivorous interactions were retrieved from 43 studies and compiled into an interaction matrix describing 366 unique interactions.Most studies focused on fruit consumption as a driving force for natural selection,but seed fate was seldom considered.Although most(71%)of the interactions involved native plants,more than one-quarter(28%)involved introduced species.Interactions involving birds are considerably more common than those of reptiles and mammals,probably reflecting a research bias towards birds.Despite the historical importance of the archipelago as the laboratory for evolutionary and ecological research,understanding of its seed dispersal systems is limited.We end the review by suggesting 3 priority areas of research on frugivory and seed dispersal in the Galápagos:(i)target research to close knowledge gaps;(ii)the use of a network approach to frame seed dispersal at the community level;and(iii)evaluation of the effect of seed dispersal as a selective pressure acting upon plants and frugivores.Finally,the output of this research has to be properly delivered to the Galápagos National Park Services to help increase management effectiveness.
