Northern Scotland's advanced dry-stone Iron-Age brochs,also known as broch towers,exhibit a relatively advanced technological culture.However,the uncertainty prevails because there is no consensus on a standard br...Northern Scotland's advanced dry-stone Iron-Age brochs,also known as broch towers,exhibit a relatively advanced technological culture.However,the uncertainty prevails because there is no consensus on a standard broch scheme,and additional archaeological research is required.A typological analysis of the plans and sections of brochs can uncover potential hidden architectural connections among features such as staircases,entrances,and central areas.Examining the architecture of Scottish brochs illustrates the decision-making process for each element,which a standard broch model influences.This study found that brochs are not merely replicas of ordinary buildings but rather constructions that adhere to a specific concept,a set design,a method of organizing living spaces,and a blend of practical construction techniques.From the critical conservation viewpoint,this paper argues that conserving brochs should involve both archaeological and architectural values,treating the monuments as typological collections that should differ from conserving a single site.Thus,the conservation practice should aim at the readable integrity of these architectural features in the context of continuous fabric modifications,where typological methods have been used to initiate a discussion on how architects engage in preserving brochs with archaeologists.展开更多
China is experiencing conflicts between its large population and scarce arable land,and between a demand for high productivity and the severe soil erosion of arable land.Since 1949,China has committed to soil and wate...China is experiencing conflicts between its large population and scarce arable land,and between a demand for high productivity and the severe soil erosion of arable land.Since 1949,China has committed to soil and water conservation(SWC),for which eight regions and 41 subregions have been developed to improve the environment and increase land productivity.To obtain information from the regional planning and strategies for SWC and to explore whether SWC practices simultaneously contribute to soil conservation,ecosystem functioning,and the livelihoods of local farmers,and to summarize the successful experiences of various SWC paradigms with distinct characteristics and mechanisms of soil erosion,this paper systematically presents seven SWC regions(excluding the Tibetan Plateau region)and 14 typical SWC paradigms,focusing on erosion mechanisms and the key challenges or issues in the seven regions as well as on the core problems,main objectives,key technologies,and the performance of the 14 typical paradigms.In summary,the 14 typical SWC paradigms successfully prevent and control local soil erosion,and have largely enhanced,or at least do not harm,the livelihoods of local farmers.However,there remain many challenges and issues on SWC and socioeconomic development that need to be addressed in the seven SWC regions.China,thus,still has a long way to go in successfully gaining the win-win objective of SWC and human aspects of development.展开更多
基金funded by Shanghai Post-doctoral Excellence Program(Grant No.2022547)the 14th Five Year Plan for National Key Research and Development,China(Grant No.2023YFC3805505)。
文摘Northern Scotland's advanced dry-stone Iron-Age brochs,also known as broch towers,exhibit a relatively advanced technological culture.However,the uncertainty prevails because there is no consensus on a standard broch scheme,and additional archaeological research is required.A typological analysis of the plans and sections of brochs can uncover potential hidden architectural connections among features such as staircases,entrances,and central areas.Examining the architecture of Scottish brochs illustrates the decision-making process for each element,which a standard broch model influences.This study found that brochs are not merely replicas of ordinary buildings but rather constructions that adhere to a specific concept,a set design,a method of organizing living spaces,and a blend of practical construction techniques.From the critical conservation viewpoint,this paper argues that conserving brochs should involve both archaeological and architectural values,treating the monuments as typological collections that should differ from conserving a single site.Thus,the conservation practice should aim at the readable integrity of these architectural features in the context of continuous fabric modifications,where typological methods have been used to initiate a discussion on how architects engage in preserving brochs with archaeologists.
基金Under the auspices of Strategic Priority Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)(No.XDA20040200)the National Key Research and Development Program(No.2016YFC0501707)。
文摘China is experiencing conflicts between its large population and scarce arable land,and between a demand for high productivity and the severe soil erosion of arable land.Since 1949,China has committed to soil and water conservation(SWC),for which eight regions and 41 subregions have been developed to improve the environment and increase land productivity.To obtain information from the regional planning and strategies for SWC and to explore whether SWC practices simultaneously contribute to soil conservation,ecosystem functioning,and the livelihoods of local farmers,and to summarize the successful experiences of various SWC paradigms with distinct characteristics and mechanisms of soil erosion,this paper systematically presents seven SWC regions(excluding the Tibetan Plateau region)and 14 typical SWC paradigms,focusing on erosion mechanisms and the key challenges or issues in the seven regions as well as on the core problems,main objectives,key technologies,and the performance of the 14 typical paradigms.In summary,the 14 typical SWC paradigms successfully prevent and control local soil erosion,and have largely enhanced,or at least do not harm,the livelihoods of local farmers.However,there remain many challenges and issues on SWC and socioeconomic development that need to be addressed in the seven SWC regions.China,thus,still has a long way to go in successfully gaining the win-win objective of SWC and human aspects of development.
