Strategically coupling nanoparticle hybrids and internal thermosensitive molecular switches establishes an innovative paradigm for constructing micro/nanoscale-reconfigurable robots,facilitating energyefficient CO_(2)...Strategically coupling nanoparticle hybrids and internal thermosensitive molecular switches establishes an innovative paradigm for constructing micro/nanoscale-reconfigurable robots,facilitating energyefficient CO_(2) management in life-support systems of confined space.Here,a micro/nano-reconfigurable robot is constructed from the CO_(2) molecular hunters,temperature-sensitive molecular switch,solar photothermal conversion,and magnetically-driven function engines.The molecular hunters within the molecular extension state can capture 6.19 mmol g^(−1) of CO_(2) to form carbamic acid and ammonium bicarbonate.Interestingly,the molecular switch of the robot activates a molecular curling state that facilitates CO_(2) release through nano-reconfiguration,which is mediated by the temperature-sensitive curling of Pluronic F127 molecular chains during the photothermal desorption.Nano-reconfiguration of robot alters the amino microenvironment,including increasing surface electrostatic potential of the amino group and decreasing overall lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy level.This weakened the nucleophilic attack ability of the amino group toward the adsorption product derivatives,thereby inhibiting the side reactions that generate hard-to-decompose urea structures,achieving the lowest regeneration temperature of 55℃ reported to date.The engine of the robot possesses non-contact magnetically-driven micro-reconfiguration capability to achieve efficient photothermal regeneration while avoiding local overheating.Notably,the robot successfully prolonged the survival time of mice in the sealed container by up to 54.61%,effectively addressing the issue of carbon suffocation in confined spaces.This work significantly enhances life-support systems for deep-space exploration,while stimulating innovations in sustainable carbon management technologies for terrestrial extreme environments.展开更多
Highly dispersed negative carboxyl groups can be formed on carbon black （CB） surface modified with strong nitric acid. Therefore positive cations can be uniformly absorbed by carboxyl groups and precipitated within ...Highly dispersed negative carboxyl groups can be formed on carbon black （CB） surface modified with strong nitric acid. Therefore positive cations can be uniformly absorbed by carboxyl groups and precipitated within a confinement space on modified CB surface to prepare highly dispersed nanomaterials. In this paper, the formation and dispersion status of surface negative carboxyl groups, adsorption status of Ce^3＋, surface confinement nucleation, crystallization and calcination process were studied by EDS, SEM, and laser particle size analysis. The results show that the carboxyl groups formed on modified CB surface are highly dispersed, and Ce^3＋ cations can be uniformly anchored by carboxyl groups. Therefore, highly dispersed Ce^3＋ can react with OH^- within a confinement surface region to form positive nano-Ce（OH）4 nuclei which also can be adsorbed by electrostatic attraction. After independent growth of Ce（OH）4 without agglomeration, highly dispersed CeO2 nanoparticles without agglomeration can be prepared together with the help of effectively isolates by CO2 released in the combustion of CB.展开更多
The detonation of fuel-rich explosives yields combustible products that persistently burn upon mixing with ambient oxygen,releasing additional energy through a phenomenon known as the afterburning effect.This process ...The detonation of fuel-rich explosives yields combustible products that persistently burn upon mixing with ambient oxygen,releasing additional energy through a phenomenon known as the afterburning effect.This process greatly influences the evolution of confined blast loading and the subsequent structural response,which is crucial in confined blast scenarios.Given the complex nature of the reaction process,accurate analysis of the afterburning effect remains challenging.Previous studies have either overlooked the mechanisms of detonation product combustion or failed to provide experimental validation.This study introduces a three-dimensional model to effectively characterize the combustion of detonation products.The model integrates chemical reaction source terms into the governing equations to consider the combustion processes.Numerical simulations and experimental tests were conducted to analyze the combustion and energy release from the detonation products of fuel-rich explosives in confined spaces.Approximately 50%of the energy was released during the combustion of detonation products in a confined TNT explosion.Although the combustion of these products was much slower than the detonation process,it aligned with the dynamic response of the structure,which enhanced the explosive yield.Excluding afterburning from the analysis reduced the center-point deformation of the structure by 30%.Following the inclusion of afterburning,the simulated quasistatic pressure increased by approximately 45%.Subsequent comparisons highlighted the merits of the proposed approach over conventional methods.This approach eliminates the reliance on empirical parameters,such as the amount and rate of energy release during afterburning,thereby laying the foundation for understanding load evolution in more complex environments,such as ships,buildings,and underground tunnels.展开更多
Flows and transport phenomena in confined spaces have emerged as a key direction in modern fluid dynamics research[1].Scaling down the hydrodynamic length of a system does not simply lead to a laminar flow in low Reyn...Flows and transport phenomena in confined spaces have emerged as a key direction in modern fluid dynamics research[1].Scaling down the hydrodynamic length of a system does not simply lead to a laminar flow in low Reynolds number,but reveals plenty of new phenomena with novel technological implications.Unlike in macroscale systems,fluid behavior at micro-and nanoscales is governed by forces that act at or near the interfaces,including surface tension,wettability,van der Waals interactions,and electrostatic effects,etc.These interfacial forces produce new hydrodynamics and mass transport phenomena that have not been observed on large scales,which are widely used in multidisciplinary areas.展开更多
Hazardous gas intrusion in tightly sealed and geometrically complex confined spaces,such as armored tanks,poses a critical threat to occupant health.The intricate internal structure of these systems may lead to non-in...Hazardous gas intrusion in tightly sealed and geometrically complex confined spaces,such as armored tanks,poses a critical threat to occupant health.The intricate internal structure of these systems may lead to non-intuitive pollutant transport pathways.However,the spatial and temporal evolution of these structures,as well as the intrinsic mechanisms of the purification systems,remain poorly elucidated.In this study,a high-fidelity,transient three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics(CFD)model was developed to simulate the leakage and dispersion of carbon monoxide(CO)and nitrogen dioxide(NO_(2))using the RNG k-εturbulence model.Scenarios with and without an active purification system were systematically investigated under four leakage rate conditions:0.33,0.66,1.32,and 2.64 m·s^(−1).Our results reveal that,flow recirculation driven by the compartment’s geometry leads to the formation of stable,high-concentration“hazard zones”.Following the activation of the purification system,Log 10 CV decreases from 1 to 0.1,demonstrating that the primary value of the purification system lies in homogenizing the internal flow field and minimizing localized hazardous zones.At leakage rates below 1.32 m/s,the purification system ensures pollutant concentrations at all monitoring points are effectively controlled below limitation.When single-pass purification efficiency increases from 25%to 30%,pollutant concentrations at critical monitoring points decrease by approximately 30%.This work provides crucial mechanistic insights and a quantitative basis for the design of advanced ventilation systems in complex confined environments,advocating a design philosophy shift from simple air exchange to strategic flow-field management.展开更多
The concept of TNT(Trinitrotoluene,C_7H_5N_3O_6)equivalence is often invoked to evaluate the performance and predict the explosion parameters of different types of explosives.However,due to its low prediction accuracy...The concept of TNT(Trinitrotoluene,C_7H_5N_3O_6)equivalence is often invoked to evaluate the performance and predict the explosion parameters of different types of explosives.However,due to its low prediction accuracy and limited application range,the use of TNT equivalence for predicting explosion parameters in a confined space is rare.Compared with explosions in free fields,the process of explosive energy release in a confined space is closely related to various factors such as oxygen balance,combustible components content,and surrounding oxygen content.Studies have shown that in a confined space,negative oxygen balance explosives react with surrounding oxygen during afterburning,resulting in additional energy release and enhanced blast effects.The mechanism of energy release during afterburning is highly complex,making it challenging to determine the TNT equivalence for blast effects in a confined space.Therefore,this remains an active area of research.In this study,internal blast experiments were conducted using TNT and three other explosives under both air and N_2(Nitrogen)conditions to obtain explosion parameters including blast wave overpressure,quasi-static pressure,and temperature.The influences of oxygen balance and external oxygen content on energy release are analyzed.The author proposes principles for determining TNT equivalence for internal explosions while verifying the accuracy of obtained blast parameters through calculations based on TNT equivalence.These findings can serve as references for predicting blast performance.展开更多
Flexible surface micro-discharge plasma is a non-thermal plasma technique used for treating wounds in a painless way, with significant efficacy for chronic or hard-to-heal wounds. In this study, a confined space was d...Flexible surface micro-discharge plasma is a non-thermal plasma technique used for treating wounds in a painless way, with significant efficacy for chronic or hard-to-heal wounds. In this study, a confined space was designed to simulate wound conditions, with gelatin used to simulate wound tissue. The distinction between open and confined spaces was explored, and the effects of temperature, humidity, discharge power and the gap size within the confined space on the plasma characteristics were analyzed. It was found that temperature, humidity and discharge power are important factors that affect the concentration distribution of active components and the mode transition between ozone and nitrogen oxides. Compared to open space, the concentration of ozone in confined space was relatively lower, which facilitated the formation of nitrogen oxides. In open space, the discharge was dominated by ozone initially. As the temperature,humidity and discharge power increased, nitrogen oxides in the gas-phase products were gradually detected. In confined space, nitrogen oxides can be detected at an early stage and at much higher concentrations than ozone concentration. Furthermore, as the gap of the confined space decreased, the concentration of ozone was observed to decrease while that of nitrate increased, and the rate of this concentration change was further accelerated at higher temperature and higher power. It was shown that ozone concentration decreased from 0.11 to 0.03 μmol and the nitrate concentration increased from 20.5 to 24.5 μmol when the spacing in the confined space was reduced from 5 to 1 mm, the temperature of the external discharge was controlled at 40 ℃, and the discharge power was 12 W. In summary, this study reveals the formation and transformation mechanisms of active substances in air surface micro-discharge plasma within confined space, providing foundational data for its medical applications.展开更多
To investigate the coupling mechanisms of detonation energy release between the TiH_(2)/PTFE active shell and RDX explosive,an RDX-based active shell thermobaric explosive containing TiH_(2)/PTFE powders was prepared....To investigate the coupling mechanisms of detonation energy release between the TiH_(2)/PTFE active shell and RDX explosive,an RDX-based active shell thermobaric explosive containing TiH_(2)/PTFE powders was prepared.The effects of the TiH_(2)/PTFE mass ratio on the shock wave parameters and afterburning effect of the thermobaric explosives were investigated.The energy release characteristics of the optimal TiH_(2)/PTFE ratio under varying vacuum degrees were evaluated using a 0.9 m3 spherical explosive chamber and colorimetric thermometry method.The experimental results demonstrated that as the PTFE powders content in the active shell increased,the shock wave intensity,explosion fireball duration,and maximum average temperature of the thermobaric explosives initially increased and then decreased,peaking at a TiH_(2)/PTFE mass ratio of 1:1.Compared to the TiH_(2)-based thermobaric explosives without PTFE,the 1:1 TiH_(2)/PTFE formulation exhibited increases of 45.9%in peak overpressure,69.7%in fireball duration,and 7.2%in maximum average temperature.Thus,an optimal PTFE content significantly enhances the energy release efficiency of the RDX/TiH_(2)/PTFE thermobaric explosives.Furthermore,the energy release efficiency of thermobaric explosives was influenced by the vacuum degree,with the maximum average temperature,peak overpressure,positive impulse,positive pressure action time,and fireball duration decreasing by 10.8%,35.3%,52.1%,65.5%,and 46.4%,respectively,as the vacuum degree increased from 0 to 52.4%.展开更多
Nanosized NaY crystals have been prepared from metakaolin and sodium silicate by confined space synthesis with starch additive. It is found that the product has a narrow crystal size distribution (50-100 nm), high Si...Nanosized NaY crystals have been prepared from metakaolin and sodium silicate by confined space synthesis with starch additive. It is found that the product has a narrow crystal size distribution (50-100 nm), high Si/Al ratio (Si/Al=4.6-6.1), high surface area (1090 m2/g) and the average diameter of nanosized NaY (75 nm) synthesized is 30 nm, it is smaller than that of without starch additive.展开更多
In response to the demand for short-range detection of anti-smoke environment interference by laser fuzes,this study proposes a smoke environment simulation of non-uniform continuous point source diffusion and investi...In response to the demand for short-range detection of anti-smoke environment interference by laser fuzes,this study proposes a smoke environment simulation of non-uniform continuous point source diffusion and investigates an experimental laboratory smoke environment using an ammonium chloride smoke agent.The particle size distribution,composition,and mass flow distribution of the smoke were studied.Based on a discrete phase model and a kεturbulence model,a numerical simulation was developed to model the smoke generation and diffusion processes of the smoke agent in a confined space.The temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of the smoke mass concentration,velocity,and temperature in the space after smoke generation were analyzed,and the motion law governing the smoke diffusion throughout the entire space was summarized.Combined with the experimental verification of the smoke environment laboratory,the results showed that the smoke plume changed from fan-shaped to umbrella-shaped during smoke generation,and then continued to spread around.Meanwhile,the mass concentration of smoke in the space decreased from the middle outward;the changes in temperature and velocity were small and stable.In the diffusion stage(after 900 s),the mass concentration of smoke above 0.8 m was relatively uniform across an area of smoke that was 12 m thick.The concentration decreased over time,following a consistent decreasing trend,and the attenuation was negligible in a very short time.Therefore,this system was suitable for conducting experimental research on laser fuzes in a smoke environment.Owing to the stability of the equipment and facilities,the setup could reproduce the same experimental smoke environment by artificially controlling the smoke emission of the smoke agent.Overall,this work provides a theoretical reference for subsequent research efforts regarding the construction of uniform smoke environments and evaluating laser transmission characteristics in smoky environments.展开更多
A miniature process for separating the oil phase from dilute oil/water emulsion is developed.This process applies a confined space apparatus,which is a thin flow channel made of two parallel plastic plates.The space b...A miniature process for separating the oil phase from dilute oil/water emulsion is developed.This process applies a confined space apparatus,which is a thin flow channel made of two parallel plastic plates.The space between the two plates is rather narrow to improve the collisions between oil droplets and the plate surface.Oil droplets have an affinity for the plate surface and thus are captured,and then coalesce onto the surface.The droplet size distribution of the residual emulsion resulted from the separation process is remarkably changed.The oil layer on the plate weakens the further separation of oil droplets from the emulsion.Three types of plate materials,polypropylene(PP),polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE) and nylon 66,were used.It is found that PP is the best in terms of the oil separation efficiency and nylon 66 is the poorest.The interaction between droplets in the emulsion and plate surface is indicated by the spreading coefficient of oil droplet on the plate in aqueous environment,and the influences of formed oil layer and plate material on the separation efficiency are discussed.展开更多
One of the major hazards when working onboard Tankers is working in confined spaces, improving the procedures in working in such spaces is obvious, but developing the equipments used in rescue operation is rare to hap...One of the major hazards when working onboard Tankers is working in confined spaces, improving the procedures in working in such spaces is obvious, but developing the equipments used in rescue operation is rare to happen, that＇s why this paper is focusing on differentiating between the manual ＆ more developed equipments used specially in rescuing the crew in such an adequate time, to save the workers＇ life. The manual way is called ＂MUCKY CRANE＂ which is used for rescue purposes onboard tankers, in any of the confined spaces, should be replaced by excel crane which is air or hydraulic driven machine, to achieve better results. As safety precautions measures taken in such tasks are not enough for the required objective achievement. Such safety procedures have been discussed and critical situations have been pointed out.展开更多
Chemical functionalization of graphene is a topic of paramount importance to broaden its applications in chemistry,physics,and biological science but remains a great challenge due to its low chemical activity and poor...Chemical functionalization of graphene is a topic of paramount importance to broaden its applications in chemistry,physics,and biological science but remains a great challenge due to its low chemical activity and poor dispersion.Here,we report a strategy for the photosynergetic electrochemical functionalization of graphene(EFG).By using chloride ion(Cl^(-))as the intercalation anions and co-reactants,the electrogenerated radicals confined in the expanded graphite layers enable efficient radical addition reaction,thus grasping crystallineperfect EFG.We found that the ultraviolet irradiation and applied voltage have increased the surface/interface concentration of Cl,thus boosting the functionalization of graphene.Theoretical calculation and experimental results verified the oxygen evolution reaction(OER)on EFG has been improved by regulating the doping of chlorine atoms.In addition,the reduced interlayer distance and enhanced electrostatic repulsion near the basal plane endow the fabricated EFG-based membrane with high salt retention.This work highlights a method for the in situ functionalization of graphene and the subsequent applications in OER and water desalination.展开更多
The quantitative detection of biological metabolites is a crucial route for early diagnosis of human diseases.Exhaled ammonia(NH_(3)),originating from abnormal metabolism,is normally recognized as the biomarker for li...The quantitative detection of biological metabolites is a crucial route for early diagnosis of human diseases.Exhaled ammonia(NH_(3)),originating from abnormal metabolism,is normally recognized as the biomarker for liver and kidney lesions.Therefore,developing highly sensitive fluorescent sensing materials is expected to replace the traditional clinical blood tests and facilitate painless diagnosis and telemedicine for patients.How-ever,the weak interaction for ammonia and the small color switching range of fluorescence sensors become the most pressing problem at present.Herein,a porphyrin-based hydrogen-bonded organic framework(HOf-6)with abundant supermolecule interactions in the confined pore space is developed for highly sensitive ammonia detection.The strong interactions between ammonia and the framework greatly promote the electron rear-rangement and enhance the intensity of fluorescence,enabling HOF-6 to successfully achieve trace amounts of ammonia sensing with the limit detection of 0.2 ppm.With the ultrahigh selectivity for ammonia,HOF-6 can accurately determine the amount of ammonia in breath of patients,and the test results are highly consistent with blood ammonia levels.The tailor-made multiple interactions in the confined pore space provide an effective approach for highly sensitive ammonia detection,as well as brings good news to liver and kidney patients for non-invasive diagnosis and real-time health monitoring.展开更多
Light-emitting diodes(LEDs)based on halide perovskites have witnessed rapid advancement in recent years,benefiting from their exceptional optoelectronic properties,including high photoluminescence quantum yield(PLQY),...Light-emitting diodes(LEDs)based on halide perovskites have witnessed rapid advancement in recent years,benefiting from their exceptional optoelectronic properties,including high photoluminescence quantum yield(PLQY),widely tunable bandgap,and excellent color purity.A notable characteristic of conventional metal halide perovskites,however,is their small exciton binding energy,which weakens radiative recombination and thereby limits the external quantum efficiency(EQE)of perovskite LEDs(PeLEDs).展开更多
The synthesis of metal catalysts confined in porous materials is still a great challenge.Here,a framework sustained by bulky rigid polyoxometalate(POM)blocks[Mo_(36)O_(112)(H_(2)O)_(16)]^(8-)({Mo_(36)})is used to rest...The synthesis of metal catalysts confined in porous materials is still a great challenge.Here,a framework sustained by bulky rigid polyoxometalate(POM)blocks[Mo_(36)O_(112)(H_(2)O)_(16)]^(8-)({Mo_(36)})is used to restrict the size of Ag particles to obtain a novel composite of well-sized silver nanoparticles encapsulated in a POM framework.展开更多
Heteroepitaxy of high-quality GaN-based heterostructures with tunable band alignment and optical pro-perties is of central importance for their applications in electronics and optoelectronics.Incommensurate material g...Heteroepitaxy of high-quality GaN-based heterostructures with tunable band alignment and optical pro-perties is of central importance for their applications in electronics and optoelectronics.Incommensurate material growth on the GaN substrate with an abrupt interface is still a challenge due to the formation of high-density interface defects and structural disordering induced by the lattice mismatch.Herein,we report the heteroepitaxial growth of high-quality uniform CsPb(Br_(x)Cl_(1−x))_(3)perovskite alloy nanoplatelets on the c-GaN substrate with fully tunable compositions(0≤x≤1)via space-confined chemical vapor deposition.The formation of large-mismatch CsPb(Br_(x)Cl_(1−x))_(3)/GaN heterostructures arises from relatively weak interfacial interactions(0.58-0.61 J m^(−2))that reduce the impact of the lattice mismatch on the growth.The CsPb(Br_(x)Cl_(1−x))_(3)/GaN heterostructures exhibit type-Ⅱ band alignment with a tunable valence band offset from 0.85 to 1.34 eV and a conduction band offset from 0.45 to 0.61 eV,respectively.These heterostructures show remarkable photoluminescence quenching and reduced exciton lifetimes as com-pared with the CsPb(Br_(x)Cl_(1−x))_(3)nanoplatelets grown on mica,which are attributed to the enhanced carrier separation and extraction efficiencies.These findings of this work provide an efficient strategy for the advancement of the versatile synthesis of large-mismatch perovskite/GaN heterostructures and exhibit their excellent potential for various functional optoelectronics.展开更多
The rational design and synthesis of noble-metal-free electrocatalysts for water splitting is always important for the future hydrogen economy.Therefore,it is necessary to design an effective transition metal sulfide ...The rational design and synthesis of noble-metal-free electrocatalysts for water splitting is always important for the future hydrogen economy.Therefore,it is necessary to design an effective transition metal sulfide down to a molecular level.In this work,a multi-level spatial confinement strategy was developed to fabricate Co-promoted 1T-MoS_(2)(1T-Co-MoS_(2))by employing Evans-Showell-type polyoxometalates(POMs)[Co_(2)Mo_(10)O_(38)H_(4)]as molecular precursor.Highly dispersed 1T-Co-MoS_(2) nanoclusters with few layers(1-3 layers)and ultrasmall size(<5 nm)were synthesized within the hollow mesoporous carbon sphere(HMCS)by in situ vapor phase sulfurization.During the preparation,coordination bonds,organic cations and mesopores provide a triple-confinement environment to limit the growth of 1T-Co-MoS_(2) from the atomic level,molecular level to mesoscopic scale.The obtained 1T-Co-MoS_(2)@HMCS exhibits remarkable electrocatalytic activity and excellent long-term durability for hydrogen evolution reaction(HER),with overpotentials of 220 and 245 mV to achieve the current density of 200 mA cm^(-2) in 1 M KOH and 0.5 M H_(2)SO_(4),respectively.The corresponding theoretical calculations indicate that Co-S edge sites are the most active sites of 1T-Co-MoS_(2) for HER,reflecting the major significance of Co doping.The superior HER performance could be attributed to the high intrinsic activity from Co-doped 1T-MoS_(2) sites,abundant exposed active sites from ultra-dispersed nanosheets,and enhanced charge and mass transfer within the HMCS substrate.This work provides a novel design concept via hierarchical multiple-level confinement for the synthesis of high-quality 1T-Co-MoS_(2) and achieves outstanding performance in electrocatalytic HER.展开更多
Abstract The microlayer or nanolayer coextrusion of hundreds or thousands of alternating low density polyethylene （LDPE）/polystyrene （PS） microlayers or nanolayers were used to study the orientation of LDPE crysta...Abstract The microlayer or nanolayer coextrusion of hundreds or thousands of alternating low density polyethylene （LDPE）/polystyrene （PS） microlayers or nanolayers were used to study the orientation of LDPE crystals in the confined quasi-two-dimensional or two-dimensional space. The clear and continuous layer structures from microscale to nanoscale can be found in SEM images. The morphology evolution of LDPE crystals in the confined microlayer or nanolayer can he varied from 3D spherulites, 2D spherulites, stacked edge-on lamellar, to single edge-on lamellar. Due to the orientation of the LDPE crystals, the tensile strength of the films increases obviously when the layer thickness reduces to nanoscale. The 2D small angle X-ray scattering （SAXS） patterns can reflect the average degree of orientation of LDPE in the confined layers. The stacking of LDPE lamellae is suppressed in interlamination and oppositely in parallel to the extrusion direction. The specific orientation function f can be calculated from the patterns. The infrared dichroism further confirms the mutation of the orientation of LDPE crystals from microscale to nanoscale in the confined space.展开更多
Aiming at the four issues of underground storage state,exploitation mechanism,crude oil flow and efficient recovery,the key theoretical and technical issues and countermeasures for effective development of Gulong shal...Aiming at the four issues of underground storage state,exploitation mechanism,crude oil flow and efficient recovery,the key theoretical and technical issues and countermeasures for effective development of Gulong shale oil are put forward.Through key exploration and research on fluid occurrence,fluid phase change,exploitation mechanism,oil start-up mechanism,flow regime/pattern,exploitation mode and enhanced oil recovery(EOR)of shale reservoirs with different storage spaces,multi-scale occurrence states of shale oil and phase behavior of fluid in nano confined space were provided,the multi-phase,multi-scale flow mode and production mechanism with hydraulic fracture-shale bedding fracture-matrix infiltration as the core was clarified,and a multi-scale flow mathematical model and recoverable reserves evaluation method were preliminarily established.The feasibility of development mode with early energy replenishment and recovery factor of 3o%was discussed.Based on these,the researches of key theories and technologies for effective development of Gulong shale oil are proposed to focus on:(1)in-situ sampling and non-destructive testing of core and fluid;(2)high-temperature,high-pressure,nano-scale laboratory simulation experiment;(3)fusion of multi-scale multi-flow regime numerical simulation technology and large-scale application software;(4)waterless(CO_(2))fracturing technique and the fracturing technique for increasing the vertical fracture height;(5)early energy replenishment to enhance oil recovery;(6)lifecycle technical and economic evaluation.Moreover,a series of exploitation tests should be performed on site as soon as possible to verify the theoretical understanding,optimize the exploitation mode,form supporting technologies,and provide a generalizable development model,thereby supporting and guiding the effective development and production of Gulong shale oil.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22168008,22378085)the Guangxi Natural Science Foundation(2024GXNSFDA010053)+1 种基金the Technology Development Project of Guangxi Bossco Environmental Protection Technology Co.,Ltd(202100039)Innovation Project of Guangxi Graduate Education(YCBZ2024065).
文摘Strategically coupling nanoparticle hybrids and internal thermosensitive molecular switches establishes an innovative paradigm for constructing micro/nanoscale-reconfigurable robots,facilitating energyefficient CO_(2) management in life-support systems of confined space.Here,a micro/nano-reconfigurable robot is constructed from the CO_(2) molecular hunters,temperature-sensitive molecular switch,solar photothermal conversion,and magnetically-driven function engines.The molecular hunters within the molecular extension state can capture 6.19 mmol g^(−1) of CO_(2) to form carbamic acid and ammonium bicarbonate.Interestingly,the molecular switch of the robot activates a molecular curling state that facilitates CO_(2) release through nano-reconfiguration,which is mediated by the temperature-sensitive curling of Pluronic F127 molecular chains during the photothermal desorption.Nano-reconfiguration of robot alters the amino microenvironment,including increasing surface electrostatic potential of the amino group and decreasing overall lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy level.This weakened the nucleophilic attack ability of the amino group toward the adsorption product derivatives,thereby inhibiting the side reactions that generate hard-to-decompose urea structures,achieving the lowest regeneration temperature of 55℃ reported to date.The engine of the robot possesses non-contact magnetically-driven micro-reconfiguration capability to achieve efficient photothermal regeneration while avoiding local overheating.Notably,the robot successfully prolonged the survival time of mice in the sealed container by up to 54.61%,effectively addressing the issue of carbon suffocation in confined spaces.This work significantly enhances life-support systems for deep-space exploration,while stimulating innovations in sustainable carbon management technologies for terrestrial extreme environments.
基金This work was supported by the National Key R＆D Program of China （2016YFB0301602） and the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant Nos. 21776018 and 21627813）.
文摘Highly dispersed negative carboxyl groups can be formed on carbon black （CB） surface modified with strong nitric acid. Therefore positive cations can be uniformly absorbed by carboxyl groups and precipitated within a confinement space on modified CB surface to prepare highly dispersed nanomaterials. In this paper, the formation and dispersion status of surface negative carboxyl groups, adsorption status of Ce^3＋, surface confinement nucleation, crystallization and calcination process were studied by EDS, SEM, and laser particle size analysis. The results show that the carboxyl groups formed on modified CB surface are highly dispersed, and Ce^3＋ cations can be uniformly anchored by carboxyl groups. Therefore, highly dispersed Ce^3＋ can react with OH^- within a confinement surface region to form positive nano-Ce（OH）4 nuclei which also can be adsorbed by electrostatic attraction. After independent growth of Ce（OH）4 without agglomeration, highly dispersed CeO2 nanoparticles without agglomeration can be prepared together with the help of effectively isolates by CO2 released in the combustion of CB.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52171318 and 12202329)Joint Foundation of the Ministry of Education(Grant No.8091B022105)。
文摘The detonation of fuel-rich explosives yields combustible products that persistently burn upon mixing with ambient oxygen,releasing additional energy through a phenomenon known as the afterburning effect.This process greatly influences the evolution of confined blast loading and the subsequent structural response,which is crucial in confined blast scenarios.Given the complex nature of the reaction process,accurate analysis of the afterburning effect remains challenging.Previous studies have either overlooked the mechanisms of detonation product combustion or failed to provide experimental validation.This study introduces a three-dimensional model to effectively characterize the combustion of detonation products.The model integrates chemical reaction source terms into the governing equations to consider the combustion processes.Numerical simulations and experimental tests were conducted to analyze the combustion and energy release from the detonation products of fuel-rich explosives in confined spaces.Approximately 50%of the energy was released during the combustion of detonation products in a confined TNT explosion.Although the combustion of these products was much slower than the detonation process,it aligned with the dynamic response of the structure,which enhanced the explosive yield.Excluding afterburning from the analysis reduced the center-point deformation of the structure by 30%.Following the inclusion of afterburning,the simulated quasistatic pressure increased by approximately 45%.Subsequent comparisons highlighted the merits of the proposed approach over conventional methods.This approach eliminates the reliance on empirical parameters,such as the amount and rate of energy release during afterburning,thereby laying the foundation for understanding load evolution in more complex environments,such as ships,buildings,and underground tunnels.
文摘Flows and transport phenomena in confined spaces have emerged as a key direction in modern fluid dynamics research[1].Scaling down the hydrodynamic length of a system does not simply lead to a laminar flow in low Reynolds number,but reveals plenty of new phenomena with novel technological implications.Unlike in macroscale systems,fluid behavior at micro-and nanoscales is governed by forces that act at or near the interfaces,including surface tension,wettability,van der Waals interactions,and electrostatic effects,etc.These interfacial forces produce new hydrodynamics and mass transport phenomena that have not been observed on large scales,which are widely used in multidisciplinary areas.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.:2022YFE0210200).
文摘Hazardous gas intrusion in tightly sealed and geometrically complex confined spaces,such as armored tanks,poses a critical threat to occupant health.The intricate internal structure of these systems may lead to non-intuitive pollutant transport pathways.However,the spatial and temporal evolution of these structures,as well as the intrinsic mechanisms of the purification systems,remain poorly elucidated.In this study,a high-fidelity,transient three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics(CFD)model was developed to simulate the leakage and dispersion of carbon monoxide(CO)and nitrogen dioxide(NO_(2))using the RNG k-εturbulence model.Scenarios with and without an active purification system were systematically investigated under four leakage rate conditions:0.33,0.66,1.32,and 2.64 m·s^(−1).Our results reveal that,flow recirculation driven by the compartment’s geometry leads to the formation of stable,high-concentration“hazard zones”.Following the activation of the purification system,Log 10 CV decreases from 1 to 0.1,demonstrating that the primary value of the purification system lies in homogenizing the internal flow field and minimizing localized hazardous zones.At leakage rates below 1.32 m/s,the purification system ensures pollutant concentrations at all monitoring points are effectively controlled below limitation.When single-pass purification efficiency increases from 25%to 30%,pollutant concentrations at critical monitoring points decrease by approximately 30%.This work provides crucial mechanistic insights and a quantitative basis for the design of advanced ventilation systems in complex confined environments,advocating a design philosophy shift from simple air exchange to strategic flow-field management.
文摘The concept of TNT(Trinitrotoluene,C_7H_5N_3O_6)equivalence is often invoked to evaluate the performance and predict the explosion parameters of different types of explosives.However,due to its low prediction accuracy and limited application range,the use of TNT equivalence for predicting explosion parameters in a confined space is rare.Compared with explosions in free fields,the process of explosive energy release in a confined space is closely related to various factors such as oxygen balance,combustible components content,and surrounding oxygen content.Studies have shown that in a confined space,negative oxygen balance explosives react with surrounding oxygen during afterburning,resulting in additional energy release and enhanced blast effects.The mechanism of energy release during afterburning is highly complex,making it challenging to determine the TNT equivalence for blast effects in a confined space.Therefore,this remains an active area of research.In this study,internal blast experiments were conducted using TNT and three other explosives under both air and N_2(Nitrogen)conditions to obtain explosion parameters including blast wave overpressure,quasi-static pressure,and temperature.The influences of oxygen balance and external oxygen content on energy release are analyzed.The author proposes principles for determining TNT equivalence for internal explosions while verifying the accuracy of obtained blast parameters through calculations based on TNT equivalence.These findings can serve as references for predicting blast performance.
基金supported by Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province (No. 1003016001)。
文摘Flexible surface micro-discharge plasma is a non-thermal plasma technique used for treating wounds in a painless way, with significant efficacy for chronic or hard-to-heal wounds. In this study, a confined space was designed to simulate wound conditions, with gelatin used to simulate wound tissue. The distinction between open and confined spaces was explored, and the effects of temperature, humidity, discharge power and the gap size within the confined space on the plasma characteristics were analyzed. It was found that temperature, humidity and discharge power are important factors that affect the concentration distribution of active components and the mode transition between ozone and nitrogen oxides. Compared to open space, the concentration of ozone in confined space was relatively lower, which facilitated the formation of nitrogen oxides. In open space, the discharge was dominated by ozone initially. As the temperature,humidity and discharge power increased, nitrogen oxides in the gas-phase products were gradually detected. In confined space, nitrogen oxides can be detected at an early stage and at much higher concentrations than ozone concentration. Furthermore, as the gap of the confined space decreased, the concentration of ozone was observed to decrease while that of nitrate increased, and the rate of this concentration change was further accelerated at higher temperature and higher power. It was shown that ozone concentration decreased from 0.11 to 0.03 μmol and the nitrate concentration increased from 20.5 to 24.5 μmol when the spacing in the confined space was reduced from 5 to 1 mm, the temperature of the external discharge was controlled at 40 ℃, and the discharge power was 12 W. In summary, this study reveals the formation and transformation mechanisms of active substances in air surface micro-discharge plasma within confined space, providing foundational data for its medical applications.
基金supported by the Natural Science Research Excellent Youth Project of Anhui Educational Committee(Grant No.2023AH020026)and the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12272001)the authors would like to thank the foundation for the financial supports.
文摘To investigate the coupling mechanisms of detonation energy release between the TiH_(2)/PTFE active shell and RDX explosive,an RDX-based active shell thermobaric explosive containing TiH_(2)/PTFE powders was prepared.The effects of the TiH_(2)/PTFE mass ratio on the shock wave parameters and afterburning effect of the thermobaric explosives were investigated.The energy release characteristics of the optimal TiH_(2)/PTFE ratio under varying vacuum degrees were evaluated using a 0.9 m3 spherical explosive chamber and colorimetric thermometry method.The experimental results demonstrated that as the PTFE powders content in the active shell increased,the shock wave intensity,explosion fireball duration,and maximum average temperature of the thermobaric explosives initially increased and then decreased,peaking at a TiH_(2)/PTFE mass ratio of 1:1.Compared to the TiH_(2)-based thermobaric explosives without PTFE,the 1:1 TiH_(2)/PTFE formulation exhibited increases of 45.9%in peak overpressure,69.7%in fireball duration,and 7.2%in maximum average temperature.Thus,an optimal PTFE content significantly enhances the energy release efficiency of the RDX/TiH_(2)/PTFE thermobaric explosives.Furthermore,the energy release efficiency of thermobaric explosives was influenced by the vacuum degree,with the maximum average temperature,peak overpressure,positive impulse,positive pressure action time,and fireball duration decreasing by 10.8%,35.3%,52.1%,65.5%,and 46.4%,respectively,as the vacuum degree increased from 0 to 52.4%.
文摘Nanosized NaY crystals have been prepared from metakaolin and sodium silicate by confined space synthesis with starch additive. It is found that the product has a narrow crystal size distribution (50-100 nm), high Si/Al ratio (Si/Al=4.6-6.1), high surface area (1090 m2/g) and the average diameter of nanosized NaY (75 nm) synthesized is 30 nm, it is smaller than that of without starch additive.
基金the Central University Special Funding for Basic Scientific Research(Grant No.30918012201)the Foundation of JWKJW Field(Grant 2020-JCJQ-JJ-392)the Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(Grant No.KYCX20_0315).
文摘In response to the demand for short-range detection of anti-smoke environment interference by laser fuzes,this study proposes a smoke environment simulation of non-uniform continuous point source diffusion and investigates an experimental laboratory smoke environment using an ammonium chloride smoke agent.The particle size distribution,composition,and mass flow distribution of the smoke were studied.Based on a discrete phase model and a kεturbulence model,a numerical simulation was developed to model the smoke generation and diffusion processes of the smoke agent in a confined space.The temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of the smoke mass concentration,velocity,and temperature in the space after smoke generation were analyzed,and the motion law governing the smoke diffusion throughout the entire space was summarized.Combined with the experimental verification of the smoke environment laboratory,the results showed that the smoke plume changed from fan-shaped to umbrella-shaped during smoke generation,and then continued to spread around.Meanwhile,the mass concentration of smoke in the space decreased from the middle outward;the changes in temperature and velocity were small and stable.In the diffusion stage(after 900 s),the mass concentration of smoke above 0.8 m was relatively uniform across an area of smoke that was 12 m thick.The concentration decreased over time,following a consistent decreasing trend,and the attenuation was negligible in a very short time.Therefore,this system was suitable for conducting experimental research on laser fuzes in a smoke environment.Owing to the stability of the equipment and facilities,the setup could reproduce the same experimental smoke environment by artificially controlling the smoke emission of the smoke agent.Overall,this work provides a theoretical reference for subsequent research efforts regarding the construction of uniform smoke environments and evaluating laser transmission characteristics in smoky environments.
基金Supported by the Eleventh Five-Year Plan of national support (2007BAI26B03-04)
文摘A miniature process for separating the oil phase from dilute oil/water emulsion is developed.This process applies a confined space apparatus,which is a thin flow channel made of two parallel plastic plates.The space between the two plates is rather narrow to improve the collisions between oil droplets and the plate surface.Oil droplets have an affinity for the plate surface and thus are captured,and then coalesce onto the surface.The droplet size distribution of the residual emulsion resulted from the separation process is remarkably changed.The oil layer on the plate weakens the further separation of oil droplets from the emulsion.Three types of plate materials,polypropylene(PP),polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE) and nylon 66,were used.It is found that PP is the best in terms of the oil separation efficiency and nylon 66 is the poorest.The interaction between droplets in the emulsion and plate surface is indicated by the spreading coefficient of oil droplet on the plate in aqueous environment,and the influences of formed oil layer and plate material on the separation efficiency are discussed.
文摘One of the major hazards when working onboard Tankers is working in confined spaces, improving the procedures in working in such spaces is obvious, but developing the equipments used in rescue operation is rare to happen, that＇s why this paper is focusing on differentiating between the manual ＆ more developed equipments used specially in rescuing the crew in such an adequate time, to save the workers＇ life. The manual way is called ＂MUCKY CRANE＂ which is used for rescue purposes onboard tankers, in any of the confined spaces, should be replaced by excel crane which is air or hydraulic driven machine, to achieve better results. As safety precautions measures taken in such tasks are not enough for the required objective achievement. Such safety procedures have been discussed and critical situations have been pointed out.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Province(2021GXNSFBA220077,GUIKE AD23026050)National Natural Science Foundation of China(22102035 and 22162006)Innovation Project of Guangxi Graduate Education(XYCBZ2024021).
文摘Chemical functionalization of graphene is a topic of paramount importance to broaden its applications in chemistry,physics,and biological science but remains a great challenge due to its low chemical activity and poor dispersion.Here,we report a strategy for the photosynergetic electrochemical functionalization of graphene(EFG).By using chloride ion(Cl^(-))as the intercalation anions and co-reactants,the electrogenerated radicals confined in the expanded graphite layers enable efficient radical addition reaction,thus grasping crystallineperfect EFG.We found that the ultraviolet irradiation and applied voltage have increased the surface/interface concentration of Cl,thus boosting the functionalization of graphene.Theoretical calculation and experimental results verified the oxygen evolution reaction(OER)on EFG has been improved by regulating the doping of chlorine atoms.In addition,the reduced interlayer distance and enhanced electrostatic repulsion near the basal plane endow the fabricated EFG-based membrane with high salt retention.This work highlights a method for the in situ functionalization of graphene and the subsequent applications in OER and water desalination.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22278287)Fundamental Research Program of Shanxi Province(Nos.202203021223004,202203021222342)+2 种基金Science and Technology Cooperation and Exchange Special Project of Shanxi Province(202304041101048)Research and Innovation Team Project for Scientific Breakthroughs at Shanxi Bethune Hospital(2024ZHAN-CHI06)Science and Technology Achievements Transformation Guidance Special Project of Shanxi Province(202404021301057).
文摘The quantitative detection of biological metabolites is a crucial route for early diagnosis of human diseases.Exhaled ammonia(NH_(3)),originating from abnormal metabolism,is normally recognized as the biomarker for liver and kidney lesions.Therefore,developing highly sensitive fluorescent sensing materials is expected to replace the traditional clinical blood tests and facilitate painless diagnosis and telemedicine for patients.How-ever,the weak interaction for ammonia and the small color switching range of fluorescence sensors become the most pressing problem at present.Herein,a porphyrin-based hydrogen-bonded organic framework(HOf-6)with abundant supermolecule interactions in the confined pore space is developed for highly sensitive ammonia detection.The strong interactions between ammonia and the framework greatly promote the electron rear-rangement and enhance the intensity of fluorescence,enabling HOF-6 to successfully achieve trace amounts of ammonia sensing with the limit detection of 0.2 ppm.With the ultrahigh selectivity for ammonia,HOF-6 can accurately determine the amount of ammonia in breath of patients,and the test results are highly consistent with blood ammonia levels.The tailor-made multiple interactions in the confined pore space provide an effective approach for highly sensitive ammonia detection,as well as brings good news to liver and kidney patients for non-invasive diagnosis and real-time health monitoring.
文摘Light-emitting diodes(LEDs)based on halide perovskites have witnessed rapid advancement in recent years,benefiting from their exceptional optoelectronic properties,including high photoluminescence quantum yield(PLQY),widely tunable bandgap,and excellent color purity.A notable characteristic of conventional metal halide perovskites,however,is their small exciton binding energy,which weakens radiative recombination and thereby limits the external quantum efficiency(EQE)of perovskite LEDs(PeLEDs).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC 21801226)the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(LY20B010002 and LQ22B010002)the Zhejiang Normal University Fund.
文摘The synthesis of metal catalysts confined in porous materials is still a great challenge.Here,a framework sustained by bulky rigid polyoxometalate(POM)blocks[Mo_(36)O_(112)(H_(2)O)_(16)]^(8-)({Mo_(36)})is used to restrict the size of Ag particles to obtain a novel composite of well-sized silver nanoparticles encapsulated in a POM framework.
基金supported in part by the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(Grant No.LZ22F040003 and LY22A040002)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.62174151 and 61775201)computational resources from the Shanghai Supercomputer Center are acknowledged.
文摘Heteroepitaxy of high-quality GaN-based heterostructures with tunable band alignment and optical pro-perties is of central importance for their applications in electronics and optoelectronics.Incommensurate material growth on the GaN substrate with an abrupt interface is still a challenge due to the formation of high-density interface defects and structural disordering induced by the lattice mismatch.Herein,we report the heteroepitaxial growth of high-quality uniform CsPb(Br_(x)Cl_(1−x))_(3)perovskite alloy nanoplatelets on the c-GaN substrate with fully tunable compositions(0≤x≤1)via space-confined chemical vapor deposition.The formation of large-mismatch CsPb(Br_(x)Cl_(1−x))_(3)/GaN heterostructures arises from relatively weak interfacial interactions(0.58-0.61 J m^(−2))that reduce the impact of the lattice mismatch on the growth.The CsPb(Br_(x)Cl_(1−x))_(3)/GaN heterostructures exhibit type-Ⅱ band alignment with a tunable valence band offset from 0.85 to 1.34 eV and a conduction band offset from 0.45 to 0.61 eV,respectively.These heterostructures show remarkable photoluminescence quenching and reduced exciton lifetimes as com-pared with the CsPb(Br_(x)Cl_(1−x))_(3)nanoplatelets grown on mica,which are attributed to the enhanced carrier separation and extraction efficiencies.These findings of this work provide an efficient strategy for the advancement of the versatile synthesis of large-mismatch perovskite/GaN heterostructures and exhibit their excellent potential for various functional optoelectronics.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21878336,21805308)the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation,China(ZR2018MB035)+1 种基金the Key Research and Development Project of Shandong Province(2019GSF109075)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(20CX02213A),and the China University of Petroleum,Huadong(YCX2021153).
文摘The rational design and synthesis of noble-metal-free electrocatalysts for water splitting is always important for the future hydrogen economy.Therefore,it is necessary to design an effective transition metal sulfide down to a molecular level.In this work,a multi-level spatial confinement strategy was developed to fabricate Co-promoted 1T-MoS_(2)(1T-Co-MoS_(2))by employing Evans-Showell-type polyoxometalates(POMs)[Co_(2)Mo_(10)O_(38)H_(4)]as molecular precursor.Highly dispersed 1T-Co-MoS_(2) nanoclusters with few layers(1-3 layers)and ultrasmall size(<5 nm)were synthesized within the hollow mesoporous carbon sphere(HMCS)by in situ vapor phase sulfurization.During the preparation,coordination bonds,organic cations and mesopores provide a triple-confinement environment to limit the growth of 1T-Co-MoS_(2) from the atomic level,molecular level to mesoscopic scale.The obtained 1T-Co-MoS_(2)@HMCS exhibits remarkable electrocatalytic activity and excellent long-term durability for hydrogen evolution reaction(HER),with overpotentials of 220 and 245 mV to achieve the current density of 200 mA cm^(-2) in 1 M KOH and 0.5 M H_(2)SO_(4),respectively.The corresponding theoretical calculations indicate that Co-S edge sites are the most active sites of 1T-Co-MoS_(2) for HER,reflecting the major significance of Co doping.The superior HER performance could be attributed to the high intrinsic activity from Co-doped 1T-MoS_(2) sites,abundant exposed active sites from ultra-dispersed nanosheets,and enhanced charge and mass transfer within the HMCS substrate.This work provides a novel design concept via hierarchical multiple-level confinement for the synthesis of high-quality 1T-Co-MoS_(2) and achieves outstanding performance in electrocatalytic HER.
基金financially supported by Major Program for Fundamental Research of Shanghai Science & Technology Commission(No.14JC1492700)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.0500219216)
文摘Abstract The microlayer or nanolayer coextrusion of hundreds or thousands of alternating low density polyethylene （LDPE）/polystyrene （PS） microlayers or nanolayers were used to study the orientation of LDPE crystals in the confined quasi-two-dimensional or two-dimensional space. The clear and continuous layer structures from microscale to nanoscale can be found in SEM images. The morphology evolution of LDPE crystals in the confined microlayer or nanolayer can he varied from 3D spherulites, 2D spherulites, stacked edge-on lamellar, to single edge-on lamellar. Due to the orientation of the LDPE crystals, the tensile strength of the films increases obviously when the layer thickness reduces to nanoscale. The 2D small angle X-ray scattering （SAXS） patterns can reflect the average degree of orientation of LDPE in the confined layers. The stacking of LDPE lamellae is suppressed in interlamination and oppositely in parallel to the extrusion direction. The specific orientation function f can be calculated from the patterns. The infrared dichroism further confirms the mutation of the orientation of LDPE crystals from microscale to nanoscale in the confined space.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U22B2075).
文摘Aiming at the four issues of underground storage state,exploitation mechanism,crude oil flow and efficient recovery,the key theoretical and technical issues and countermeasures for effective development of Gulong shale oil are put forward.Through key exploration and research on fluid occurrence,fluid phase change,exploitation mechanism,oil start-up mechanism,flow regime/pattern,exploitation mode and enhanced oil recovery(EOR)of shale reservoirs with different storage spaces,multi-scale occurrence states of shale oil and phase behavior of fluid in nano confined space were provided,the multi-phase,multi-scale flow mode and production mechanism with hydraulic fracture-shale bedding fracture-matrix infiltration as the core was clarified,and a multi-scale flow mathematical model and recoverable reserves evaluation method were preliminarily established.The feasibility of development mode with early energy replenishment and recovery factor of 3o%was discussed.Based on these,the researches of key theories and technologies for effective development of Gulong shale oil are proposed to focus on:(1)in-situ sampling and non-destructive testing of core and fluid;(2)high-temperature,high-pressure,nano-scale laboratory simulation experiment;(3)fusion of multi-scale multi-flow regime numerical simulation technology and large-scale application software;(4)waterless(CO_(2))fracturing technique and the fracturing technique for increasing the vertical fracture height;(5)early energy replenishment to enhance oil recovery;(6)lifecycle technical and economic evaluation.Moreover,a series of exploitation tests should be performed on site as soon as possible to verify the theoretical understanding,optimize the exploitation mode,form supporting technologies,and provide a generalizable development model,thereby supporting and guiding the effective development and production of Gulong shale oil.
