Organic semiconductors,especially polymer semiconductors,have attracted extensive attention as organic thermoelectric materials due to their capabilities for flexibility,low-cost fabrication,solution processability an...Organic semiconductors,especially polymer semiconductors,have attracted extensive attention as organic thermoelectric materials due to their capabilities for flexibility,low-cost fabrication,solution processability and low thermal conductivity.However,it is challenging to obtain high-performance organic thermoelectric materials because of the low intrinsic carrier concentration of organic semiconductors.The main method to control the carrier concentration of polymers is the chemical doping process by charge transfer between polymer and dopant.Therefore,the deep understanding of doping mechanisms from the point view of chemical structure has been highly desired to overcome the bottlenecks in polymeric thermoelectrics.In this contribution,we will briefly review the recently emerging progress for discovering the structure–property relationship of organic thermoelectric materials with high performance.Highlights include some achievements about doping strategies to effectively modulate the carrier concentration,the design rules of building blocks and side chains to enhance charge transport and improve the doping efficiency.Finally,we will give our viewpoints on the challenges and opportunities in the field of polymer thermoelectric materials.展开更多
The arc ignition based on charring conductive polymers has advantages of simple structure,low ignition power consumption and restart capacity,which bringing it broadly application prospect in hybrid propulsion system ...The arc ignition based on charring conductive polymers has advantages of simple structure,low ignition power consumption and restart capacity,which bringing it broadly application prospect in hybrid propulsion system of micro/nano satellite.In order to optimize the performance of arc ignition system,it is essential to have a deeper understanding of the ignition processes and ignition characteristics of charring conductive polymers.In this paper,the thermal decomposition,electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity characteristics of charring conductive polymers with different conductive additives and matrix materials were comprehensively evaluated.An experimental investigation was conducted to determine the ignition behaviors and characteristics of different charring conductive polymers in a visual ignition combustor.The experiment result showed that the ignition delay and external energy required for ignition are negatively correlated with voltage and initial temperature of the ignition grain,but positively correlated with oxidizer flow velocity.Compared with charring conductive polymers containing multi-walled carbon nanotube,the ignition delay of charring conductive polymers with carbon black is significantly higher and the pyrolysis time is relatively longer.However,the ignition and initial flame propagation of charring conductive polymers with carbon black is more violent and more inclined to carbon particle ignition.Finally,the restart characteristic of different charring conductive polymers was studied.The ignition delay and external energy required for ignition of different charring conductive polymers all reduced with the increasing of the number of ignitions.However,the ignition characteristics would not change a lot after repeated ignition.展开更多
The arc ignition system based on charring polymers has advantages of simple structure,low ignition power consumption and multiple ignitions,which bringing it broadly application prospect in hybrid propulsion system of...The arc ignition system based on charring polymers has advantages of simple structure,low ignition power consumption and multiple ignitions,which bringing it broadly application prospect in hybrid propulsion system of micro/nano satellite.However,charring polymers alone need a relatively high input voltage to achieve pyrolysis and ignition,which increases the burden and cost of the power system of micro/nano satellite in practical application.Adding conductive substance into charring polymers can effectively decrease the conducting voltage which can realize low voltage and low power consumption repeated ignition of arc ignition system.In this paper,a charring conductive polymer ignition grain with a cavity geometry in precombustion chamber,which is composed of PLA and multiwall carbon nanotubes(MWCNT)was proposed.The detailed ignition processes were analyzed and two different ignition mechanisms in the cavity of charring conductive polymers were revealed.The ignition characteristics of charring conductive polymers were also investigated at different input voltages,ignition grain structures,ignition locations and injection schemes in a visual ignition combustor.The results demonstrated that the ignition delay and external energy required for ignition were inversely correlated with the voltages applied to ignition grain.Moreover,the incremental depth of cavity shortened the ignition delay and external energy required for ignition while accelerated the propagation of flame.As the depth of cavity increased from 2 to 6 mm(at 50 V),the time of flame propagating out of ignition grain changed from 235.6 to 108 ms,and values of mean ignition delay time and mean external energy required for ignition decreased from 462.8 to 320 ms and 16.2 to 10.75 J,respectively.The rear side of the cavity was the ideal ignition position which had a shorter ignition delay and a faster flame propagation speed in comparison to other ignition positions.Compared to direct injection scheme,swirling injection provided a more favorable flow field environment in the cavity,which was beneficial to ignition and initial flame propagation,but the ignition position needed to be away from the outlet of swirling injector.At last,the repeated ignition characteristic of charring conductive polymers was also investigated.The ignition delay time and external energy required for ignition decreased with repeated ignition times but the variation was decreasing gradually.展开更多
PEDOT:PSS conductive polymers have received tremendous attention over the last two decades owing to their high conductivity,ease of processing,and biocompatibility.As a flexible versatile material,PEDOT:PSS can be dev...PEDOT:PSS conductive polymers have received tremendous attention over the last two decades owing to their high conductivity,ease of processing,and biocompatibility.As a flexible versatile material,PEDOT:PSS can be developed into various forms and has had a significant impact on emerging sensing applications.This review covers the development of PEDOT:PSS from material to physical sensors.We focus on the morphology of PEDOT:PSS in the forms of aqueous dispersions,solid films,and hydrogels.Manufacturing processes are summarized,including coating,printing,and lithography,and there is particular emphasis on nanoimprinting lithography that enables the production of PEDOT:PSS nanowires with superior sensing performance.Applications to various physical sensors,for humidity,temperature,pressure,and strain,are demonstrated.Finally,we discuss the challenges and propose new directions for the development of PEDOT:PSS.展开更多
Sulfide-based inorganic solid electrolytes are promising materials for high-performance safe solid-state batteries.The high ion conductivity,mechanical characteristics,and good processability of sulfide-based inorgani...Sulfide-based inorganic solid electrolytes are promising materials for high-performance safe solid-state batteries.The high ion conductivity,mechanical characteristics,and good processability of sulfide-based inorganic solid electrolytes are desirable properties for realizing high-performance safe solid-state batteries by replacing conventional liquid electrolytes.However,the low chemical and electrochemical stability of sulfide-based inorganic solid electrolytes hinder the commercialization of sulfide-based safe solid-state batteries.Particularly,the instability of sulfide-based inorganic solid electrolytes is intensified in the cathode,comprising various materials.In this study,carbonate-based ionic conductive polymers are introduced to the cathode to protect cathode materials and suppress the reactivity of sulfide electrolytes.Several instruments,including electrochemical spectroscopy,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,and scanning electron microscopy,confirm the chemical and electrochemical stability of the polymer electrolytes in contact with sulfide-based inorganic solid electrolytes.Sulfide-based solid-state cells show stable electrochemical performance over 100 cycles when the ionic conductive polymers were applied to the cathode.展开更多
Developing wearable sensors that can perform seamless,long-term electrophysiological monitoring requires materials that can bridge the mechanical and electrical gap between rigid electronics and soft biological tissue...Developing wearable sensors that can perform seamless,long-term electrophysiological monitoring requires materials that can bridge the mechanical and electrical gap between rigid electronics and soft biological tissues.Conductive polymers are well-placed to meet this demand thanks to their intrinsic flexibility,tunable conductivity,and biocompatibility.This review systematically analyses the progress in the design and application of conductive polymers for wearable electrophysiological sensing.First,we discuss how the fundamental sensing mechanisms of piezoresistive,capacitive,piezoelectric,and triboelectric are realized through various conductive polymer systems,including intrinsically conductive polymers,nanocomposites,and ion-conducting networks such as hydrogels and ionogels.The core of the review emphasizes the interplay between molecular-level material design and micro/nanoscale structural engineering to enhance critical performance metrics such as sensitivity,long-term stability,and electrode-skin interface quality.Finally,we address the persistent challenges of motion artefacts and material degradation,and provide an outlook on future directions.Continued innovation in multifunctional,self-powered,and biodegradable conductive polymers,when integrated with advanced data analytics,is set to drive the evolution of wearable sensing towards truly personalized and predictive healthcare.展开更多
In this study,we synthesized polymer composites by incorporating polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane(POSS)units into polythiophene to reduce the thermal conductivity of conductive polymers.The synthesized polymers we...In this study,we synthesized polymer composites by incorporating polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane(POSS)units into polythiophene to reduce the thermal conductivity of conductive polymers.The synthesized polymers were copolymers with various POSS incorporation rates,reflecting the monomer feed ratios.Introduction of POSS units proved highly effective in reducing the thermal conductivity of the polymer films by more than half and improving the Seebeck coefficient,although it markedly reduced the electrical conductivity.This composite approach shows promise in reducing the thermal conductivity of conductive polymers,suggesting the need for further research to improve electrical conductivity.展开更多
In the current transformative era of biomedicine,hydrogels have established their presence in biomaterials due to their superior biocompatibility,tuneability and resemblance with native tissue.However,hydrogels typica...In the current transformative era of biomedicine,hydrogels have established their presence in biomaterials due to their superior biocompatibility,tuneability and resemblance with native tissue.However,hydrogels typically exhibit poor conductivity due to their hydrophilic polymer structure.Electrical conductivity provides an important enhancement to the properties of hydrogel-based systems in various biomedical applications such as drug delivery and tissue engineering.Consequently,researchers are developing combinatorial strategies to develop electrically responsive“SMART”systems to improve the therapeutic efficacy of biomolecules.Electrically conductive hydrogels have been explored for various drug delivery applications,enabling higher loading of therapeutic cargo with on-demand delivery.This review emphasizes the properties,mechanisms,fabrication techniques and recent advancements of electrically responsive“SMART”systems aiding on-site drug delivery applications.Additionally,it covers prospects for the successful translation of these systems into clinical research.展开更多
Additive manufacturing,or three-dimensional(3D)printing,offers a unique solution for fabricating complex geometries with high tolerances.Currently,many commercial additive manufacturing machines focus on the printing ...Additive manufacturing,or three-dimensional(3D)printing,offers a unique solution for fabricating complex geometries with high tolerances.Currently,many commercial additive manufacturing machines focus on the printing of polymers with limited functionalities.However,conductive polymers(CPs)can be processed to enable the additive manufacturing of conductive,low-density,and low-cost parts for a myriad of applications.This review summarizes the relevant achievements in the additive manufacturing of conductive polymers(CPs)and conductive polymer nanocomposites,with a discussion of the advantages and limitations of processing and printing these materials compared with alternative traditional manufacturing methods and their properties.Finally,the prospective applications of these additive manufacturing printed conductive materials are explored.展开更多
Metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)have attracted significant interest as self-templates and precursors for the synthesis of carbon-based composites aimed at electromagnetic wave(EMW)absorption.However,the utilization of h...Metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)have attracted significant interest as self-templates and precursors for the synthesis of carbon-based composites aimed at electromagnetic wave(EMW)absorption.However,the utilization of high-temperature treatments has introduced uncertainties regarding the compositions and microstructures of resulting derivatives.Additionally,complete carbonization has led to diminished yields of the produced carbon composites,significantly limiting their practical applications.Consequently,the exploration of pristine MOF-based EMW absorbers presents an intriguing yet challenging endeavor,primarily due to inherently low electrical conductivity.In this study,we showcase the utilization of structurally robust Zr-MOFs as scaffolds to build highly conductive Zr-MOF/PPy composites via an inner-outer dual-modification approach,which involves the production of conducting polypyrrole(PPy)both within the confined nanoporous channels and the external surface of Zr-MOFs via post-synthetic modification.The interconnection of confined PPy and surface-lined PPy together leads to a consecutive and extensive conducting network to the maximum extent.This therefore entails outstanding conductivity up to~14.3 S cm^(-1) in Zr-MOF/PPy composites,which is approximately 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than that for conductive MOF nanocomposites constructed from either inner or outer modification.Benefiting from the strong and tunable conduction loss,as well as the induced dielectric polarization originated from the porous structures and MOF-polymer interfaces,Zr-MOF/PPy exhibits excellent microwave attenuation capabilities and a tunable absorption frequency range.Specifically,with only 15 wt.%loading,the minimum reflection loss(RLmin)can reach up to-67.4 dB,accompanied by an effective absorption bandwidth(EAB)extending to 6.74 GHz.Furthermore,the microwave absorption characteristics can be tailored from the C-band to the Ku-band by adjusting the loading of PPy.This work provides valuable insights into the fabrication of conductive MOF composites by presenting a straightforward pathway to enhance and reg-ulate electrical conduction in MOF-based nanocomposites,thus paving a way to facilely fabricate pristine MOF-based microwave absorbers.展开更多
Conductive polymer foam(CPF)with excellent compressibility and variable resistance has promising applications in electromagnetic interference(EMI)shielding and other integrated functions for wearable electronics.Howev...Conductive polymer foam(CPF)with excellent compressibility and variable resistance has promising applications in electromagnetic interference(EMI)shielding and other integrated functions for wearable electronics.However,its insufficient change amplitude of resistance with compressive strain generally leads to a degradation of shielding performance during deformation.Here,an innovative loading strategy of conductive materials on polymer foam is proposed to significantly increase the contact probability and contact area of conductive components under compression.Unique inter-skeleton conductive films are constructed by loading alginate-decorated magnetic liquid metal on the polymethacrylate films hanged between the foam skeleton(denoted as AMLM-PM foam).Traditional point contact between conductive skeletons under compression is upgraded to planar contact between conductive films.Therefore,the resistance change of AMLM-PM reaches four orders of magnitude under compression.Moreover,the inter-skeleton conductive films can improve the mechanical strength of foam,prevent the leakage of liquid metal and increase the scattering area of EM wave.AMLM-PM foam has strain-adaptive EMI shielding performance and shows compression-enhanced shielding effectiveness,solving the problem of traditional CPFs upon compression.The upgrade of resistance response also enables foam to achieve sensitive pressure sensing over a wide pressure range and compression-regulated Joule heating function.展开更多
Proton exchange membrane fuel cells(PEMFCs)have gained increasing interests as promising power sources due to their ability to convert hydrogen and oxygen directly into electricity with high efficiency and zero greenh...Proton exchange membrane fuel cells(PEMFCs)have gained increasing interests as promising power sources due to their ability to convert hydrogen and oxygen directly into electricity with high efficiency and zero greenhouse gas emissions.Bipolar plates(BPs)are considered as a critical component of PEMFCs,serving to collect current,separate gases,distribute the flow field,and conduct heat.This paper reviews the technical status and advancements in BP materials,with special focus on strategies for enhancing interfacial contact resistance(ICR)and corrosion resistance through conductive polymer(CP)coatings.First,commonly used BP materials in PEMFCs are summarized.Then,the advantages and limitations of various coatings for metallic BPs are discussed.Finally,recent progress in CP coatings for metallic BPs,aimed at achieving high corrosion resistance and low ICR,is comprehensively reviewed.展开更多
Conductive polymers have recently drawn tremendous attention due to their promising applications in electronic and energy-related devices.While p-type conductive polymers such as poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(...Conductive polymers have recently drawn tremendous attention due to their promising applications in electronic and energy-related devices.While p-type conductive polymers such as poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate)(PEDOT:PSS)have achieved commercialization,the development of stable,high-performance n-type polymers has lagged.Recently,the discovery of n-type polymer poly(benzodifurandione)(PBFDO)has greatly promoted the development and application of n-type conductive polymers.However,the synthesis process involves cumbersome post-processing,which greatly increases the cost and difficulty of mass production.Herein,a novel synthesis method for PBFDO has been developed,which was promoted by the combination of solvent dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO)and acetic anhydride(Ac_(2)O).This method exploits the oxidative capability of DMSO,activated by Ac_(2)O,which can promote the keto-enol tautomerism of 3,7-dihydrobenzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]difuran-2,6-dione(BFDO)and induce the rapid polymerization.The resulting PBFDO ink exhibits a high electronic conductivity of more than 2000 S cm^(-1)and excellent ambient stability.Significantly,the additives and by-products remain in a liquid state during the polymerization process and possess low boiling points,allowing for the production of pure PBFDO films through straightforward heating and drying.Furthermore,this approach holds considerable promise for in situ polymerization,as functional conductive films can be prepared by merely combining the monomers with the DMSO/Ac_(2)O mixture and applying heat.This efficient,purification-free strategy represents a significant step toward the industrial application of the highperformance n-type conductive polymer PBFDO.展开更多
We report on electrodes fabricated with EDOT-Pyrrole copolymer through electrophoretic deposition and used for recording and sensing bio-electrical signals. We measured the electrical properties of the copolymer depos...We report on electrodes fabricated with EDOT-Pyrrole copolymer through electrophoretic deposition and used for recording and sensing bio-electrical signals. We measured the electrical properties of the copolymer deposited on a stainless-steel substrate, and we performed Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) studies to characterize the morphological properties and copolymer distribution on the metal surface. We found that electrodes fabricated with EDOT-Pyrrole copolymer exhibit a high signal-to-noise ratio as well as an accurate and stable conductivity compared with other commonly used electroconductive polymers. Stainless-steel-coated EDOT-Pyrrole electrodes are suitable to record electrocardiograms in humans with high resolution comparable to standard silver-electrodes.展开更多
Conductive biomaterials based on conductive polymers,carbon nanomaterials,or conductive inorganic nanomaterials demonstrate great potential in wound healing and skin tissue engineering,owing to the similar conductivit...Conductive biomaterials based on conductive polymers,carbon nanomaterials,or conductive inorganic nanomaterials demonstrate great potential in wound healing and skin tissue engineering,owing to the similar conductivity to human skin,good antioxidant and antibacterial activities,electrically controlled drug delivery,and photothermal effect.However,a review highlights the design and application of conductive biomaterials for wound healing and skin tissue engineering is lacking.In this review,the design and fabrication methods of conductive biomaterials with various structural forms including film,nanofiber,membrane,hydrogel,sponge,foam,and acellular dermal matrix for applications in wound healing and skin tissue engineering and the corresponding mechanism in promoting the healing process were summarized.The approaches that conductive biomaterials realize their great value in healing wounds via three main strategies(electrotherapy,wound dressing,and wound assessment)were reviewed.The application of conductive biomaterials as wound dressing when facing different wounds including acute wound and chronic wound(infected wound and diabetic wound)and for wound monitoring is discussed in detail.The challenges and perspectives in designing and developing multifunctional conductive biomaterials are proposed as well.展开更多
Rapid development of energy,electrical and electronic technologies has put forward higher requirements for the thermal conductivities of polymers and their composites.However,the thermal conductivity coefficient(λ)va...Rapid development of energy,electrical and electronic technologies has put forward higher requirements for the thermal conductivities of polymers and their composites.However,the thermal conductivity coefficient(λ)values of prepared thermally conductive polymer composites are still difficult to achieve expectations,which has become the bottleneck in the fields of thermally conductive polymer composites.Aimed at that,based on the accumulation of the previous research works by related researchers and our research group,this paper proposes three possible directions for breaking through the bottlenecks:(1)preparing and synthesizing intrinsically thermally conductive polymers,(2)reducing the interfacial thermal resistance in thermally conductive polymer composites,and(3)establishing suitable thermal conduction models and studying inner thermal conduction mechanism to guide experimental optimization.Also,the future development trends of the three above-mentioned directions are foreseen,hoping to provide certain basis and guidance for the preparation,researches and development of thermally conductive polymers and their composites.展开更多
Highly conductive polymer composites(CPCs) with excellent mechanical flexibility are ideal materials for designing excellent electromagnetic interference(EMI) shielding materials,which can be used for the electromagne...Highly conductive polymer composites(CPCs) with excellent mechanical flexibility are ideal materials for designing excellent electromagnetic interference(EMI) shielding materials,which can be used for the electromagnetic interference protection of flexible electronic devices.It is extremely urgent to fabricate ultra-strong EMI shielding CPCs with efficient conductive networks.In this paper,a novel silver-plated polylactide short fiber(Ag@PL ASF,AAF) was fabricated and was integrated with carbon nanotubes(CNT) to construct a multi-scale conductive network in polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS) matrix.The multi-scale conductive network endowed the flexible PDMS/AAF/CNT composite with excellent electrical conductivity of 440 S m-1and ultra-strong EMI shielding effectiveness(EMI SE) of up to 113 dB,containing only 5.0 vol% of AAF and 3.0 vol% of CNT(11.1wt% conductive filler content).Due to its excellent flexibility,the composite still showed 94% and 90% retention rates of EMI SE even after subjected to a simulated aging strategy(60℃ for 7 days) and 10,000 bending-releasing cycles.This strategy provides an important guidance for designing excellent EMI shielding materials to protect the workspace,environment and sensitive circuits against radiation for flexible electronic devices.展开更多
In recent years,as a new class of two-dimensional polymer,covalent organic frameworks（COFs） have attracted intensive attention and developed rapidly.This review provides an overview of a type of COFs which can be ut...In recent years,as a new class of two-dimensional polymer,covalent organic frameworks（COFs） have attracted intensive attention and developed rapidly.This review provides an overview of a type of COFs which can be utilized as organic semiconductors.Carefully choosing monomers as the building blocks will bestow different types of semiconducting character on COFs.We summarize the p-type,n-type and ambipolar semiconducting COFs and highlight the effects of π-functional building blocks on the photoconductive behaviors of the semiconducting COFs.展开更多
Conductive polymers(CPs)are generally insoluble,and developing hydrophilic CPs is significant to broaden the applications of CPs.In this work,a mussel-inspired strategy was proposed to construct hydrophilic CP nanopar...Conductive polymers(CPs)are generally insoluble,and developing hydrophilic CPs is significant to broaden the applications of CPs.In this work,a mussel-inspired strategy was proposed to construct hydrophilic CP nanoparticles(CP NPs),while endowing the CP NPs with redox activity and biocompatibility.This is a universal strategy applicable for a series of CPs,including polyaniline,polypyrrole,and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene).The catechol/quinone contained sulfonated lignin(LS)was doped into various CPs to form CP/LS NPs with hydrophilicity,conductivity,and redox activity.These CP/LS NPs were used as versatile nanofillers to prepare the conductive hydrogels with long-term adhesiveness.The CP/LS NPs-incorporated hydrogels have a good conductivity because of the uniform distribution of the hydrophilic NPs in the hydrogel network,forming a well-connected electric path.The hydrogel exhibits long-term adhesiveness,which is attributed to the mussel-inspired dynamic redox balance of catechol/quinone groups on the CP/LS NPs.This conductive and adhesive hydrogel shows good electroactivity and biocompatibility and therefore has broad applications in electrostimulation of tissue regeneration and implantable bioelectronics.展开更多
Lithium-sulfur(Li-S) batteries and lithium-selenium(Li-Se) batteries,as environmental protection energy storage systems with outstanding theoretical specific capacities and high energy densities,have become the hotspo...Lithium-sulfur(Li-S) batteries and lithium-selenium(Li-Se) batteries,as environmental protection energy storage systems with outstanding theoretical specific capacities and high energy densities,have become the hotspots of current researches.Besides,elemental S(Se) raw materials are widely sourced and their production costs are both low,which make them considered one of the new generations of high energy density electrochemical energy storage systems with the most potential for development.However,poor conductivity of elemental S/Se and the notorious "shuttle effect" of lithium polysulfides(polyselenides) severely hinder the commercialization of Li-S/Se batteries.Thanks to the excellent electrical conductivity and strong absorption of lithium polysulfide(polyselenide) about electronically conducting polymer,some of the above thorny problems have been effectively alleviated.The review presents the fundamental studies and current development trends of common electronically conducting polymers in various components of Li-S/Se batteries,which involves polyaniline(PANI) polypyrrole(PPy),and polythiophene(PTh) with its derivatives,e.g.polyethoxythiophene(PEDOT) and poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate)(PEDOT:PSS).Finally,the review not only summarizes the research directions and challenges facing the application of electronically conducting polymers,but also looks forward to the development prospects of them,which will provide a way for the practical use of electronically conducting polymers in Li-S/Se batteries with outstanding electrochemical properties in the short run.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.21905294)the Shanghai Sailing Program。
文摘Organic semiconductors,especially polymer semiconductors,have attracted extensive attention as organic thermoelectric materials due to their capabilities for flexibility,low-cost fabrication,solution processability and low thermal conductivity.However,it is challenging to obtain high-performance organic thermoelectric materials because of the low intrinsic carrier concentration of organic semiconductors.The main method to control the carrier concentration of polymers is the chemical doping process by charge transfer between polymer and dopant.Therefore,the deep understanding of doping mechanisms from the point view of chemical structure has been highly desired to overcome the bottlenecks in polymeric thermoelectrics.In this contribution,we will briefly review the recently emerging progress for discovering the structure–property relationship of organic thermoelectric materials with high performance.Highlights include some achievements about doping strategies to effectively modulate the carrier concentration,the design rules of building blocks and side chains to enhance charge transport and improve the doping efficiency.Finally,we will give our viewpoints on the challenges and opportunities in the field of polymer thermoelectric materials.
基金Supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(No.30920041102)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.11802134).
文摘The arc ignition based on charring conductive polymers has advantages of simple structure,low ignition power consumption and restart capacity,which bringing it broadly application prospect in hybrid propulsion system of micro/nano satellite.In order to optimize the performance of arc ignition system,it is essential to have a deeper understanding of the ignition processes and ignition characteristics of charring conductive polymers.In this paper,the thermal decomposition,electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity characteristics of charring conductive polymers with different conductive additives and matrix materials were comprehensively evaluated.An experimental investigation was conducted to determine the ignition behaviors and characteristics of different charring conductive polymers in a visual ignition combustor.The experiment result showed that the ignition delay and external energy required for ignition are negatively correlated with voltage and initial temperature of the ignition grain,but positively correlated with oxidizer flow velocity.Compared with charring conductive polymers containing multi-walled carbon nanotube,the ignition delay of charring conductive polymers with carbon black is significantly higher and the pyrolysis time is relatively longer.However,the ignition and initial flame propagation of charring conductive polymers with carbon black is more violent and more inclined to carbon particle ignition.Finally,the restart characteristic of different charring conductive polymers was studied.The ignition delay and external energy required for ignition of different charring conductive polymers all reduced with the increasing of the number of ignitions.However,the ignition characteristics would not change a lot after repeated ignition.
基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.30920041102)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.11802134).
文摘The arc ignition system based on charring polymers has advantages of simple structure,low ignition power consumption and multiple ignitions,which bringing it broadly application prospect in hybrid propulsion system of micro/nano satellite.However,charring polymers alone need a relatively high input voltage to achieve pyrolysis and ignition,which increases the burden and cost of the power system of micro/nano satellite in practical application.Adding conductive substance into charring polymers can effectively decrease the conducting voltage which can realize low voltage and low power consumption repeated ignition of arc ignition system.In this paper,a charring conductive polymer ignition grain with a cavity geometry in precombustion chamber,which is composed of PLA and multiwall carbon nanotubes(MWCNT)was proposed.The detailed ignition processes were analyzed and two different ignition mechanisms in the cavity of charring conductive polymers were revealed.The ignition characteristics of charring conductive polymers were also investigated at different input voltages,ignition grain structures,ignition locations and injection schemes in a visual ignition combustor.The results demonstrated that the ignition delay and external energy required for ignition were inversely correlated with the voltages applied to ignition grain.Moreover,the incremental depth of cavity shortened the ignition delay and external energy required for ignition while accelerated the propagation of flame.As the depth of cavity increased from 2 to 6 mm(at 50 V),the time of flame propagating out of ignition grain changed from 235.6 to 108 ms,and values of mean ignition delay time and mean external energy required for ignition decreased from 462.8 to 320 ms and 16.2 to 10.75 J,respectively.The rear side of the cavity was the ideal ignition position which had a shorter ignition delay and a faster flame propagation speed in comparison to other ignition positions.Compared to direct injection scheme,swirling injection provided a more favorable flow field environment in the cavity,which was beneficial to ignition and initial flame propagation,but the ignition position needed to be away from the outlet of swirling injector.At last,the repeated ignition characteristic of charring conductive polymers was also investigated.The ignition delay time and external energy required for ignition decreased with repeated ignition times but the variation was decreasing gradually.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.62001325,91743110,52075384,and 21861132001)the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2018YFE0118700)+2 种基金Tianjin Applied Basic Research and Advanced Technology(Grant No.17JCJQJC43600)the Foundation for Talent Scientists of Nanchang Institute for Microtechnology of Tianjin Universitythe“111”Project(Grant No.B07014).
文摘PEDOT:PSS conductive polymers have received tremendous attention over the last two decades owing to their high conductivity,ease of processing,and biocompatibility.As a flexible versatile material,PEDOT:PSS can be developed into various forms and has had a significant impact on emerging sensing applications.This review covers the development of PEDOT:PSS from material to physical sensors.We focus on the morphology of PEDOT:PSS in the forms of aqueous dispersions,solid films,and hydrogels.Manufacturing processes are summarized,including coating,printing,and lithography,and there is particular emphasis on nanoimprinting lithography that enables the production of PEDOT:PSS nanowires with superior sensing performance.Applications to various physical sensors,for humidity,temperature,pressure,and strain,are demonstrated.Finally,we discuss the challenges and propose new directions for the development of PEDOT:PSS.
基金supported by the Enhancement of Performance and Production Technology of Lithium-based Next-generation Rechargeable Battery(project number 20012371)from the Ministry of Trade,Industry and Energy(MOTIE)of Koreasupported by project number KS2322-20(A Study on the Convergence Materials for Off-Grid Energy Conversion/Storage Integrated Devices)of the Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology(KRICT).
文摘Sulfide-based inorganic solid electrolytes are promising materials for high-performance safe solid-state batteries.The high ion conductivity,mechanical characteristics,and good processability of sulfide-based inorganic solid electrolytes are desirable properties for realizing high-performance safe solid-state batteries by replacing conventional liquid electrolytes.However,the low chemical and electrochemical stability of sulfide-based inorganic solid electrolytes hinder the commercialization of sulfide-based safe solid-state batteries.Particularly,the instability of sulfide-based inorganic solid electrolytes is intensified in the cathode,comprising various materials.In this study,carbonate-based ionic conductive polymers are introduced to the cathode to protect cathode materials and suppress the reactivity of sulfide electrolytes.Several instruments,including electrochemical spectroscopy,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,and scanning electron microscopy,confirm the chemical and electrochemical stability of the polymer electrolytes in contact with sulfide-based inorganic solid electrolytes.Sulfide-based solid-state cells show stable electrochemical performance over 100 cycles when the ionic conductive polymers were applied to the cathode.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52573019,22305033,52433003)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.2232024A-05)。
文摘Developing wearable sensors that can perform seamless,long-term electrophysiological monitoring requires materials that can bridge the mechanical and electrical gap between rigid electronics and soft biological tissues.Conductive polymers are well-placed to meet this demand thanks to their intrinsic flexibility,tunable conductivity,and biocompatibility.This review systematically analyses the progress in the design and application of conductive polymers for wearable electrophysiological sensing.First,we discuss how the fundamental sensing mechanisms of piezoresistive,capacitive,piezoelectric,and triboelectric are realized through various conductive polymer systems,including intrinsically conductive polymers,nanocomposites,and ion-conducting networks such as hydrogels and ionogels.The core of the review emphasizes the interplay between molecular-level material design and micro/nanoscale structural engineering to enhance critical performance metrics such as sensitivity,long-term stability,and electrode-skin interface quality.Finally,we address the persistent challenges of motion artefacts and material degradation,and provide an outlook on future directions.Continued innovation in multifunctional,self-powered,and biodegradable conductive polymers,when integrated with advanced data analytics,is set to drive the evolution of wearable sensing towards truly personalized and predictive healthcare.
基金partially supported by a grant from Tanikawa Fund Promotion of Thermal Technology(Tanikawa Fund).
文摘In this study,we synthesized polymer composites by incorporating polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane(POSS)units into polythiophene to reduce the thermal conductivity of conductive polymers.The synthesized polymers were copolymers with various POSS incorporation rates,reflecting the monomer feed ratios.Introduction of POSS units proved highly effective in reducing the thermal conductivity of the polymer films by more than half and improving the Seebeck coefficient,although it markedly reduced the electrical conductivity.This composite approach shows promise in reducing the thermal conductivity of conductive polymers,suggesting the need for further research to improve electrical conductivity.
基金the Ministry of Human Resource and Development (MHRD) Government of India for funding
文摘In the current transformative era of biomedicine,hydrogels have established their presence in biomaterials due to their superior biocompatibility,tuneability and resemblance with native tissue.However,hydrogels typically exhibit poor conductivity due to their hydrophilic polymer structure.Electrical conductivity provides an important enhancement to the properties of hydrogel-based systems in various biomedical applications such as drug delivery and tissue engineering.Consequently,researchers are developing combinatorial strategies to develop electrically responsive“SMART”systems to improve the therapeutic efficacy of biomolecules.Electrically conductive hydrogels have been explored for various drug delivery applications,enabling higher loading of therapeutic cargo with on-demand delivery.This review emphasizes the properties,mechanisms,fabrication techniques and recent advancements of electrically responsive“SMART”systems aiding on-site drug delivery applications.Additionally,it covers prospects for the successful translation of these systems into clinical research.
文摘Additive manufacturing,or three-dimensional(3D)printing,offers a unique solution for fabricating complex geometries with high tolerances.Currently,many commercial additive manufacturing machines focus on the printing of polymers with limited functionalities.However,conductive polymers(CPs)can be processed to enable the additive manufacturing of conductive,low-density,and low-cost parts for a myriad of applications.This review summarizes the relevant achievements in the additive manufacturing of conductive polymers(CPs)and conductive polymer nanocomposites,with a discussion of the advantages and limitations of processing and printing these materials compared with alternative traditional manufacturing methods and their properties.Finally,the prospective applications of these additive manufacturing printed conductive materials are explored.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Nos.2232023D-01 and 2232023D-07)the Shanghai Science&Technology Committee(No.22ZR1403300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52372040).
文摘Metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)have attracted significant interest as self-templates and precursors for the synthesis of carbon-based composites aimed at electromagnetic wave(EMW)absorption.However,the utilization of high-temperature treatments has introduced uncertainties regarding the compositions and microstructures of resulting derivatives.Additionally,complete carbonization has led to diminished yields of the produced carbon composites,significantly limiting their practical applications.Consequently,the exploration of pristine MOF-based EMW absorbers presents an intriguing yet challenging endeavor,primarily due to inherently low electrical conductivity.In this study,we showcase the utilization of structurally robust Zr-MOFs as scaffolds to build highly conductive Zr-MOF/PPy composites via an inner-outer dual-modification approach,which involves the production of conducting polypyrrole(PPy)both within the confined nanoporous channels and the external surface of Zr-MOFs via post-synthetic modification.The interconnection of confined PPy and surface-lined PPy together leads to a consecutive and extensive conducting network to the maximum extent.This therefore entails outstanding conductivity up to~14.3 S cm^(-1) in Zr-MOF/PPy composites,which is approximately 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than that for conductive MOF nanocomposites constructed from either inner or outer modification.Benefiting from the strong and tunable conduction loss,as well as the induced dielectric polarization originated from the porous structures and MOF-polymer interfaces,Zr-MOF/PPy exhibits excellent microwave attenuation capabilities and a tunable absorption frequency range.Specifically,with only 15 wt.%loading,the minimum reflection loss(RLmin)can reach up to-67.4 dB,accompanied by an effective absorption bandwidth(EAB)extending to 6.74 GHz.Furthermore,the microwave absorption characteristics can be tailored from the C-band to the Ku-band by adjusting the loading of PPy.This work provides valuable insights into the fabrication of conductive MOF composites by presenting a straightforward pathway to enhance and reg-ulate electrical conduction in MOF-based nanocomposites,thus paving a way to facilely fabricate pristine MOF-based microwave absorbers.
基金supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YBF3501304)National Natural Science Foundation of China(52222106,52371171,51971008,52121001)Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality(2212033).
文摘Conductive polymer foam(CPF)with excellent compressibility and variable resistance has promising applications in electromagnetic interference(EMI)shielding and other integrated functions for wearable electronics.However,its insufficient change amplitude of resistance with compressive strain generally leads to a degradation of shielding performance during deformation.Here,an innovative loading strategy of conductive materials on polymer foam is proposed to significantly increase the contact probability and contact area of conductive components under compression.Unique inter-skeleton conductive films are constructed by loading alginate-decorated magnetic liquid metal on the polymethacrylate films hanged between the foam skeleton(denoted as AMLM-PM foam).Traditional point contact between conductive skeletons under compression is upgraded to planar contact between conductive films.Therefore,the resistance change of AMLM-PM reaches four orders of magnitude under compression.Moreover,the inter-skeleton conductive films can improve the mechanical strength of foam,prevent the leakage of liquid metal and increase the scattering area of EM wave.AMLM-PM foam has strain-adaptive EMI shielding performance and shows compression-enhanced shielding effectiveness,solving the problem of traditional CPFs upon compression.The upgrade of resistance response also enables foam to achieve sensitive pressure sensing over a wide pressure range and compression-regulated Joule heating function.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.12102310 and U21A20113the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation under Grant No.2020A1515110818+2 种基金the Inovation Team Project for Colleges and Universities of Guangdong Province under Grant No.2023KCXTD030the Key Project of Biomedicine and Health in Colleges and Universities of Guangdong Province under Grant No.2021ZDZX2055the Medical Science and Technology Research Fund of Guangdong Province under Grant No.A2022004.
文摘Proton exchange membrane fuel cells(PEMFCs)have gained increasing interests as promising power sources due to their ability to convert hydrogen and oxygen directly into electricity with high efficiency and zero greenhouse gas emissions.Bipolar plates(BPs)are considered as a critical component of PEMFCs,serving to collect current,separate gases,distribute the flow field,and conduct heat.This paper reviews the technical status and advancements in BP materials,with special focus on strategies for enhancing interfacial contact resistance(ICR)and corrosion resistance through conductive polymer(CP)coatings.First,commonly used BP materials in PEMFCs are summarized.Then,the advantages and limitations of various coatings for metallic BPs are discussed.Finally,recent progress in CP coatings for metallic BPs,aimed at achieving high corrosion resistance and low ICR,is comprehensively reviewed.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52433012)the National Key R&D Program of China(2024YFF1500300)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2023M741201,2024T170286)。
文摘Conductive polymers have recently drawn tremendous attention due to their promising applications in electronic and energy-related devices.While p-type conductive polymers such as poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate)(PEDOT:PSS)have achieved commercialization,the development of stable,high-performance n-type polymers has lagged.Recently,the discovery of n-type polymer poly(benzodifurandione)(PBFDO)has greatly promoted the development and application of n-type conductive polymers.However,the synthesis process involves cumbersome post-processing,which greatly increases the cost and difficulty of mass production.Herein,a novel synthesis method for PBFDO has been developed,which was promoted by the combination of solvent dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO)and acetic anhydride(Ac_(2)O).This method exploits the oxidative capability of DMSO,activated by Ac_(2)O,which can promote the keto-enol tautomerism of 3,7-dihydrobenzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]difuran-2,6-dione(BFDO)and induce the rapid polymerization.The resulting PBFDO ink exhibits a high electronic conductivity of more than 2000 S cm^(-1)and excellent ambient stability.Significantly,the additives and by-products remain in a liquid state during the polymerization process and possess low boiling points,allowing for the production of pure PBFDO films through straightforward heating and drying.Furthermore,this approach holds considerable promise for in situ polymerization,as functional conductive films can be prepared by merely combining the monomers with the DMSO/Ac_(2)O mixture and applying heat.This efficient,purification-free strategy represents a significant step toward the industrial application of the highperformance n-type conductive polymer PBFDO.
文摘We report on electrodes fabricated with EDOT-Pyrrole copolymer through electrophoretic deposition and used for recording and sensing bio-electrical signals. We measured the electrical properties of the copolymer deposited on a stainless-steel substrate, and we performed Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) studies to characterize the morphological properties and copolymer distribution on the metal surface. We found that electrodes fabricated with EDOT-Pyrrole copolymer exhibit a high signal-to-noise ratio as well as an accurate and stable conductivity compared with other commonly used electroconductive polymers. Stainless-steel-coated EDOT-Pyrrole electrodes are suitable to record electrocardiograms in humans with high resolution comparable to standard silver-electrodes.
基金jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Numbers:51973172,and 51673155)the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province(No.2020JC-03 and 2019TD-020)+3 种基金State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materialsthe Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universitiesthe World-Class Universities(Disciplines)and the Characteristic Development Guidance Funds for the Central UniversitiesOpening Project of Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research,College of Stomatology,Xi’an Jiaotong University(No.2019LHM-KFKT008,and No.2021LHM-KFKT005).
文摘Conductive biomaterials based on conductive polymers,carbon nanomaterials,or conductive inorganic nanomaterials demonstrate great potential in wound healing and skin tissue engineering,owing to the similar conductivity to human skin,good antioxidant and antibacterial activities,electrically controlled drug delivery,and photothermal effect.However,a review highlights the design and application of conductive biomaterials for wound healing and skin tissue engineering is lacking.In this review,the design and fabrication methods of conductive biomaterials with various structural forms including film,nanofiber,membrane,hydrogel,sponge,foam,and acellular dermal matrix for applications in wound healing and skin tissue engineering and the corresponding mechanism in promoting the healing process were summarized.The approaches that conductive biomaterials realize their great value in healing wounds via three main strategies(electrotherapy,wound dressing,and wound assessment)were reviewed.The application of conductive biomaterials as wound dressing when facing different wounds including acute wound and chronic wound(infected wound and diabetic wound)and for wound monitoring is discussed in detail.The challenges and perspectives in designing and developing multifunctional conductive biomaterials are proposed as well.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(51773169 and 51973173)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2019B1515120093)+2 种基金Technological Base Scientific Research ProjectsNatural Science Basic Research Plan for Distinguished Young Scholars in Shaanxi Province(2019JC-11)Polymer Electromagnetic Functional Materials Innovation Team of Shaanxi Sanqin Scholars.
文摘Rapid development of energy,electrical and electronic technologies has put forward higher requirements for the thermal conductivities of polymers and their composites.However,the thermal conductivity coefficient(λ)values of prepared thermally conductive polymer composites are still difficult to achieve expectations,which has become the bottleneck in the fields of thermally conductive polymer composites.Aimed at that,based on the accumulation of the previous research works by related researchers and our research group,this paper proposes three possible directions for breaking through the bottlenecks:(1)preparing and synthesizing intrinsically thermally conductive polymers,(2)reducing the interfacial thermal resistance in thermally conductive polymer composites,and(3)establishing suitable thermal conduction models and studying inner thermal conduction mechanism to guide experimental optimization.Also,the future development trends of the three above-mentioned directions are foreseen,hoping to provide certain basis and guidance for the preparation,researches and development of thermally conductive polymers and their composites.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51973142,52033005,52003169).
文摘Highly conductive polymer composites(CPCs) with excellent mechanical flexibility are ideal materials for designing excellent electromagnetic interference(EMI) shielding materials,which can be used for the electromagnetic interference protection of flexible electronic devices.It is extremely urgent to fabricate ultra-strong EMI shielding CPCs with efficient conductive networks.In this paper,a novel silver-plated polylactide short fiber(Ag@PL ASF,AAF) was fabricated and was integrated with carbon nanotubes(CNT) to construct a multi-scale conductive network in polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS) matrix.The multi-scale conductive network endowed the flexible PDMS/AAF/CNT composite with excellent electrical conductivity of 440 S m-1and ultra-strong EMI shielding effectiveness(EMI SE) of up to 113 dB,containing only 5.0 vol% of AAF and 3.0 vol% of CNT(11.1wt% conductive filler content).Due to its excellent flexibility,the composite still showed 94% and 90% retention rates of EMI SE even after subjected to a simulated aging strategy(60℃ for 7 days) and 10,000 bending-releasing cycles.This strategy provides an important guidance for designing excellent EMI shielding materials to protect the workspace,environment and sensitive circuits against radiation for flexible electronic devices.
基金the support from National Program for Thousand Young Talents of Chinathe National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21544001)Fudan University
文摘In recent years,as a new class of two-dimensional polymer,covalent organic frameworks（COFs） have attracted intensive attention and developed rapidly.This review provides an overview of a type of COFs which can be utilized as organic semiconductors.Carefully choosing monomers as the building blocks will bestow different types of semiconducting character on COFs.We summarize the p-type,n-type and ambipolar semiconducting COFs and highlight the effects of π-functional building blocks on the photoconductive behaviors of the semiconducting COFs.
基金This work was financially supported by the R&D Program in Key Areas of Guangdong(2019B010941002)National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFB0700802),NSFC(81671824,31700841)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2682019JQ03).
文摘Conductive polymers(CPs)are generally insoluble,and developing hydrophilic CPs is significant to broaden the applications of CPs.In this work,a mussel-inspired strategy was proposed to construct hydrophilic CP nanoparticles(CP NPs),while endowing the CP NPs with redox activity and biocompatibility.This is a universal strategy applicable for a series of CPs,including polyaniline,polypyrrole,and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene).The catechol/quinone contained sulfonated lignin(LS)was doped into various CPs to form CP/LS NPs with hydrophilicity,conductivity,and redox activity.These CP/LS NPs were used as versatile nanofillers to prepare the conductive hydrogels with long-term adhesiveness.The CP/LS NPs-incorporated hydrogels have a good conductivity because of the uniform distribution of the hydrophilic NPs in the hydrogel network,forming a well-connected electric path.The hydrogel exhibits long-term adhesiveness,which is attributed to the mussel-inspired dynamic redox balance of catechol/quinone groups on the CP/LS NPs.This conductive and adhesive hydrogel shows good electroactivity and biocompatibility and therefore has broad applications in electrostimulation of tissue regeneration and implantable bioelectronics.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51973157)the Special Grade of the Financial Support from the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2020T130469)+1 种基金the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation Grant(2019 M651047)the Science and Technology Plans of Tianjin(19PTSYJC00010)for their financial support。
文摘Lithium-sulfur(Li-S) batteries and lithium-selenium(Li-Se) batteries,as environmental protection energy storage systems with outstanding theoretical specific capacities and high energy densities,have become the hotspots of current researches.Besides,elemental S(Se) raw materials are widely sourced and their production costs are both low,which make them considered one of the new generations of high energy density electrochemical energy storage systems with the most potential for development.However,poor conductivity of elemental S/Se and the notorious "shuttle effect" of lithium polysulfides(polyselenides) severely hinder the commercialization of Li-S/Se batteries.Thanks to the excellent electrical conductivity and strong absorption of lithium polysulfide(polyselenide) about electronically conducting polymer,some of the above thorny problems have been effectively alleviated.The review presents the fundamental studies and current development trends of common electronically conducting polymers in various components of Li-S/Se batteries,which involves polyaniline(PANI) polypyrrole(PPy),and polythiophene(PTh) with its derivatives,e.g.polyethoxythiophene(PEDOT) and poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate)(PEDOT:PSS).Finally,the review not only summarizes the research directions and challenges facing the application of electronically conducting polymers,but also looks forward to the development prospects of them,which will provide a way for the practical use of electronically conducting polymers in Li-S/Se batteries with outstanding electrochemical properties in the short run.
