The objectives of this paper are to (I) quantify the effects of age and other key factors on bridge deterioration rates, and (2) provide bridge managers with strategic forecasting tools. A model for forecasting su...The objectives of this paper are to (I) quantify the effects of age and other key factors on bridge deterioration rates, and (2) provide bridge managers with strategic forecasting tools. A model for forecasting substructure conditionisestimated from the National Bridge Inventory that includes the effects of bridge material, design load, structural type, operating rating, average daily traffic, water, and the state where the bridge is located. Bridge age is the quantitative independent variable. The relationship between age and substructure condition is a fourth-order polynomial. Some of the key findings are: (I) a bridge substructure is expected to lose from 0.52 to 0.11 rating points per decade as it ages from 10 to 70 years; (2) levels of deterioration increase significantly as the material changes from concrete, to steel, to timber; (3) slab bridges have lower levels of deterioration than other structures; (4) bridges that span water have lower condition ratings; (5) bridges with higher operating ratingshave higher condition ratings; and (6) substructure condition ratings vary significantly among states.展开更多
为降低城市化进程中楼宇储能投资成本,提出一种基于共享储能服务的智能楼宇(intelligent buildings,IBs)双层优化配置方法。首先,建立计及寿命周期的共享储能电站(shared energy storage station,SESS)模型;其次,基于楼宇建筑物热惯性,...为降低城市化进程中楼宇储能投资成本,提出一种基于共享储能服务的智能楼宇(intelligent buildings,IBs)双层优化配置方法。首先,建立计及寿命周期的共享储能电站(shared energy storage station,SESS)模型;其次,基于楼宇建筑物热惯性,构建含空调系统的IBs数学模型;然后,综合考虑SESS与IBs的差异化利益诉求,建立基于SESS的IBs双层优化模型。上层模型目标函数旨在降低SESS的规划成本,下层模型目标函数旨在降低IBs的年运行成本,并采用卡罗需-库恩-塔克(Karush-Kuhn-Tucher,KKT)条件将原双层优化问题转换为单层混合整数线性规划问题进行求解。最后,以3个IBs社区的四季典型日为例,对比分析不同优化配置方法对于IBs运行和SESS配置结果的影响。结果表明,在满足IBs用户温度舒适性的同时,所提双层优化配置方法可充分满足SESS运营商与IBs的差异化利益诉求,实现双方的共赢。展开更多
由于统一电能质量调节器(unified power quality conditioner,UPQC)系统结构复杂、控制难度大,单一的控制策略不足以使其应对电网系统中的各种故障情况。因此,文中采用一种线性自抗扰控制(linear active disturbance rejection control,...由于统一电能质量调节器(unified power quality conditioner,UPQC)系统结构复杂、控制难度大,单一的控制策略不足以使其应对电网系统中的各种故障情况。因此,文中采用一种线性自抗扰控制(linear active disturbance rejection control,LADRC)与模型预测控制(model predictive control,MPC)的复合控制策略。在电压外环控制中采用LADRC策略以提高系统快速性与抗扰性,并给电流内环提供更精确的参考电流信号;在电流内环控制中采用电流MPC策略以提高跟踪参考信号的能力与系统的鲁棒性,同时对模型预测的空间电压矢量的分区进行优化,减少控制器计算量,在保证输出电流质量的前提下提高运算速度。最后,基于MATLAB/Simulink仿真实验平台对系统进行建模仿真,结果验证了采用LADRC-MPC控制策略对电网电压暂升/暂降、负载不对称引起的电流畸变与谐波污染等综合电能质量问题,可以起到更好的补偿效果,对电网电压的支撑能力也更强。展开更多
针对电气化铁道电能质量存在的负序、谐波和无功问题,借鉴日本模式,提出了基于新型YNvd平衡变压器的电铁功率调节器RPC(railway static power conditioner)。为了适应牵引负荷高电压、大容量的需求,RPC主要由2个背靠背的单相二极管箝位...针对电气化铁道电能质量存在的负序、谐波和无功问题,借鉴日本模式,提出了基于新型YNvd平衡变压器的电铁功率调节器RPC(railway static power conditioner)。为了适应牵引负荷高电压、大容量的需求,RPC主要由2个背靠背的单相二极管箝位型五电平电压源变流器构成,可以实现有功平衡、无功补偿和谐波抑制,使得牵引供电系统相对电力系统而言是一个三相对称纯阻性网络。此外还采用一种新颖的辅助稳压电路来解决二极管箝位多电平结构固有的直流侧电容均压问题。最后用Matlab/Simulink仿真验证了该方案的可行性。展开更多
文摘The objectives of this paper are to (I) quantify the effects of age and other key factors on bridge deterioration rates, and (2) provide bridge managers with strategic forecasting tools. A model for forecasting substructure conditionisestimated from the National Bridge Inventory that includes the effects of bridge material, design load, structural type, operating rating, average daily traffic, water, and the state where the bridge is located. Bridge age is the quantitative independent variable. The relationship between age and substructure condition is a fourth-order polynomial. Some of the key findings are: (I) a bridge substructure is expected to lose from 0.52 to 0.11 rating points per decade as it ages from 10 to 70 years; (2) levels of deterioration increase significantly as the material changes from concrete, to steel, to timber; (3) slab bridges have lower levels of deterioration than other structures; (4) bridges that span water have lower condition ratings; (5) bridges with higher operating ratingshave higher condition ratings; and (6) substructure condition ratings vary significantly among states.
文摘为降低城市化进程中楼宇储能投资成本,提出一种基于共享储能服务的智能楼宇(intelligent buildings,IBs)双层优化配置方法。首先,建立计及寿命周期的共享储能电站(shared energy storage station,SESS)模型;其次,基于楼宇建筑物热惯性,构建含空调系统的IBs数学模型;然后,综合考虑SESS与IBs的差异化利益诉求,建立基于SESS的IBs双层优化模型。上层模型目标函数旨在降低SESS的规划成本,下层模型目标函数旨在降低IBs的年运行成本,并采用卡罗需-库恩-塔克(Karush-Kuhn-Tucher,KKT)条件将原双层优化问题转换为单层混合整数线性规划问题进行求解。最后,以3个IBs社区的四季典型日为例,对比分析不同优化配置方法对于IBs运行和SESS配置结果的影响。结果表明,在满足IBs用户温度舒适性的同时,所提双层优化配置方法可充分满足SESS运营商与IBs的差异化利益诉求,实现双方的共赢。
文摘由于统一电能质量调节器(unified power quality conditioner,UPQC)系统结构复杂、控制难度大,单一的控制策略不足以使其应对电网系统中的各种故障情况。因此,文中采用一种线性自抗扰控制(linear active disturbance rejection control,LADRC)与模型预测控制(model predictive control,MPC)的复合控制策略。在电压外环控制中采用LADRC策略以提高系统快速性与抗扰性,并给电流内环提供更精确的参考电流信号;在电流内环控制中采用电流MPC策略以提高跟踪参考信号的能力与系统的鲁棒性,同时对模型预测的空间电压矢量的分区进行优化,减少控制器计算量,在保证输出电流质量的前提下提高运算速度。最后,基于MATLAB/Simulink仿真实验平台对系统进行建模仿真,结果验证了采用LADRC-MPC控制策略对电网电压暂升/暂降、负载不对称引起的电流畸变与谐波污染等综合电能质量问题,可以起到更好的补偿效果,对电网电压的支撑能力也更强。
文摘针对电气化铁道电能质量存在的负序、谐波和无功问题,借鉴日本模式,提出了基于新型YNvd平衡变压器的电铁功率调节器RPC(railway static power conditioner)。为了适应牵引负荷高电压、大容量的需求,RPC主要由2个背靠背的单相二极管箝位型五电平电压源变流器构成,可以实现有功平衡、无功补偿和谐波抑制,使得牵引供电系统相对电力系统而言是一个三相对称纯阻性网络。此外还采用一种新颖的辅助稳压电路来解决二极管箝位多电平结构固有的直流侧电容均压问题。最后用Matlab/Simulink仿真验证了该方案的可行性。