Particulate matter emissions from ammonia-based wet flue gas desulfurization(AmmoniaWFGD)systems are composed of a filterable particulate matter and a condensable particulate matter(CPM)portion.However,the CPM part ha...Particulate matter emissions from ammonia-based wet flue gas desulfurization(AmmoniaWFGD)systems are composed of a filterable particulate matter and a condensable particulate matter(CPM)portion.However,the CPM part has been ignored for a long time,which results in an underestim ation of the aerosol problems caused by Ammonia-WFGD systems.In our research,the characteristics of the CPM that emits from an Ammonia-WFGD system are investigated experimentally for the first time,with the US Environmental Protection Agency Method 202 employed as the primary measurement.The influences of some essential desulfurizing parameters are evaluated based on the experimental data.The results show that CPM contributes about 68.8%to the total particulate matter emission.CPM consists mainly of ammonium sulfates/sulfites,with the organic part accounting for less than 4%.CPM is mostly in the submicron fraction,about 71.1%of which originates from the NH3-H2O-SO2 reactions.The appropriate adjustments for the parameters of the flue gas and the desulfurizing solution can inhibit CPM formation to different extents.This indicates that the parameter optimizations are promising in solving CPM emission problems in Ammonia-WFGD systems,in which the pH adjustment alone can abate CPM emission by around 49%.The opposite variations of the parameters need attention because they can cause tremendous CPM emission increase.展开更多
Nowadays,the limits on greenhouse gas emissions are becoming increasingly stringent.In present research,a two-dimensional numerical model was established to simulate the deep removal of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane(R134a...Nowadays,the limits on greenhouse gas emissions are becoming increasingly stringent.In present research,a two-dimensional numerical model was established to simulate the deep removal of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane(R134a)from the non-condensable gas(NCG)mixture by cryogenic condensation and de-sublimation.The wall condensation method was compiled into the Fluent software to calculate the condensation of R134a from the gas mixture.Besides,the saturated thermodynamic properties of R134a under its triple point were extrapolated by the equation of state.The simulation of the steam condensation with NCG was conducted to verify the validity of the model,the results matched well with the experimental data.Subsequently,the condensation characteristics of R134a with NCG and the thermodynamic parameters affecting condensation were studied.The results show that the section with relatively higher removal efficiency is usually near the inlet.The cold wall temperature has a great influence on the R134a removal performance,e.g.,a 15 K reduction of the wall temperature brings a reduction in the outlet R134a molar fraction by 85.43%.The effect of changing mass flow rate on R134a removal is mainly reflected at the outlet,where an increase in mass flow rate of 12.6% can aggravate the outlet molar fraction to 210.3% of the original.The research can provide a valuable reference for the simulation of the deep removal of various low-concentration gas using condensation and de-sublimation methods.展开更多
We have developed a loop thermosyphon for cooling electronic devices. The cooling performance of a thermosyphon deteriorates with an increasing amount of non-condensable gas (NCG). Design of a thermosyphon must consid...We have developed a loop thermosyphon for cooling electronic devices. The cooling performance of a thermosyphon deteriorates with an increasing amount of non-condensable gas (NCG). Design of a thermosyphon must consider NCG to provide guaranteed performance for a long time. In this study, the heat transfer performance of a thermosyphon was measured while changing the amount of NCG. The resultant performances were expressed as approximations. These approximations enabled us to predict the total thermal resistance of the thermosyphon by the amount of NCG and input heating. Then, using the known leakage in the thermosyphon and the amount of dissolved NCG in the water, we can predict the amount of NCG and the total thermal resistance of the thermosyphon after ten years. Although there is a slight leakage in the thermosyphon, we are able to design a thermosyphon with a guaranteed level of cooling performance for a long time using the proposed design method.展开更多
A novel passive containment cooling system (PCCS) is proposed to be installed in the advanced nuclear reactor to cope with LOCA and MSLB accident. The internal heat exchanger is located inside the containment and the ...A novel passive containment cooling system (PCCS) is proposed to be installed in the advanced nuclear reactor to cope with LOCA and MSLB accident. The internal heat exchanger is located inside the containment and the condensation heat transfer characteristic outside the tube determines the performance of the system. An improved model based on heat and mass transfer is presented to predict the heat and mass transfer accompanying with condensation. Different with Dehibi’s model, the liquid film conduction is considered and the interface temperature is solved by iteration. The results show the effect of different parameter on heat transfer coefficient. And the correlation can well predict the experiment data.展开更多
Three zinc(Ⅱ),nickel(Ⅱ),and cadmium(Ⅱ)complexes,namely[Zn(μ-Htpta)(py)_(2)]n(1),[Ni(H_(2)biim)2(H_(2)O)2][Ni(tpta)(H_(2)biim)2(H_(2)O)]2·3H_(2)O(2),and[Cd_(3)(μ4-tpta)2(μ-dpe)_(3)]_(n)(3),have been construc...Three zinc(Ⅱ),nickel(Ⅱ),and cadmium(Ⅱ)complexes,namely[Zn(μ-Htpta)(py)_(2)]n(1),[Ni(H_(2)biim)2(H_(2)O)2][Ni(tpta)(H_(2)biim)2(H_(2)O)]2·3H_(2)O(2),and[Cd_(3)(μ4-tpta)2(μ-dpe)_(3)]_(n)(3),have been constructed hydrothermally at 160℃ using H_(3)tpta([1,1':3',1″-terphenyl]-4,4',5'-tricarboxylic acid),py(pyridine),H_(2)biim(2,2'-biimidazole),dpe(1,2-di(4-pyridyl)ethylene),and zinc,nickel and cadmium chlorides,resulting in the formation of stable crystalline solids which were subsequently analyzed using infrared spectroscopy,element analysis,thermogravimetric analysis,as well as structural analyses conducted via single-crystal X-ray diffraction.The findings from these single-crystal Xray diffraction studies indicate that complexes 1-3 form crystals within the monoclinic system P2_(1)/c space group(1)or triclinic system P1 space group(2 and 3),and possess 1D,0D,and 3D structures,respectively.Complex 1 demonstrated substantial catalytic efficiency and excellent reusability as a heterogeneous catalyst in the reaction of Knoevenagel condensation under ambient temperature conditions.In addition,complex 1 also showcased notable anti-wear performance when used in polyalphaolefin synthetic lubricants.CCDC:2449810,1;2449811,2;2449812,3.展开更多
Ultrafast optical spectroscopy was successfully introduced decades ago.Its deep relationship with condensed matter physics profoundly enriched the scientific frontier of light–matter interactions.Previously,materials...Ultrafast optical spectroscopy was successfully introduced decades ago.Its deep relationship with condensed matter physics profoundly enriched the scientific frontier of light–matter interactions.Previously,materials such as metals,insulators,semiconductors,and superconductors were investigated,followed by magnetic materials,strongly correlated materials,complex oxides,nano-materials,topological materials,and metamaterials.展开更多
Fluorescent RNA aptamers offer promising opportunities for next-generation biosensing but are often limited by low signal-to-background ratios and unstable folding kinetics.In this work,a label-free Förster reson...Fluorescent RNA aptamers offer promising opportunities for next-generation biosensing but are often limited by low signal-to-background ratios and unstable folding kinetics.In this work,a label-free Förster resonance energy transfer(FRET)-enhanced fluorescent artificial RNA condensate(F-FARCON)is developed for small-molecule sensing,leveraging neutral molecular crowders(e.g.,polyethylene glycol 8K),and RNA structural motifs to induce multivalent interactions and drive dynamic self-assembly.As a demonstration,a label-free FRET system is constructed by integrating a histamine-responsive RNA aptamer with thioflavin T(ThT)as the fluorescence donor,which increases the signal-to-noise ratio while reducing sequence complexity and production costs.Molecular crowders optimize the thermodynamic environment of RNA-ligand and RNA-RNA multivalent interactions,thereby improving folding stability,signal amplitude(dynamic range of up to~970-fold),and target affinity.The platform exhibits fast kinetics(<15 min),an adjustable detection range(0.1200 and 51000μM),and high sensitivity(limit of detection,15.36 nM),with robust performance in complex biological matrices.The platform is further integrated into a freeze-dried paper-based portable device that enables dual-channel fluorescence readout for on-site rapid detection without sophisticated instrumentation.To further validate the modularity of F-FARCON beyond histamine,we reprogrammed the recognition module to target S-adenosyl-L-methionine(SAM),achieving nanomolar limits of detection.By linking crowding-guided assembly to hierarchical photophysical enhancement and analytical performance,the work delineates a generalizable aggregate-science route to versatile,low-cost,and field-deployable fluorescence sensing across food safety,environmental monitoring,and biomedical diagnostics.展开更多
The development of sustainable materials has encouraged the use of biopolymers as alternatives to synthetic polymers.Polymeric films have stood out for their high potential in environmentally sustainable applications....The development of sustainable materials has encouraged the use of biopolymers as alternatives to synthetic polymers.Polymeric films have stood out for their high potential in environmentally sustainable applications.Conventional cellulose acetate(CA)-based films are attractive due to their biodegradability and film-forming ability.However,their functional performance often requires enhancement through the incorporation of additives.In this context,two bio-based additives were investigated:condensed tannin(0%,5%and 10%wt.),a natural polyphenol known for its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties,and nanocrystalline cellulose(CNC)(0%,0.5%and 1%wt.),which act as reinforcing agents to improve mechanical strength and barrier properties.The results showed that tannin generally enhanced mechanical strength and surface uniformity while imparting contact-based antimicrobial activity.CNC reduced water uptake and improved thermal stability,but when used alone,it tended to lower mechanical performance and increase surface roughness.The combination of CNC and tannin produced performance shifts that depended strongly on their relative concentrations,with no consistent synergistic effect across all properties.In certain balanced ratios,CNC benefited fromtannin’smatrix-stabilizing effect,leading to improved strength or reduced moisture absorption.Antimicrobial activity in acetic acid–based films was linked to residual acidity,whereas in acetonebased films,tannin alone was responsible for the antimicrobial effect by contact.These findings highlight that the physicochemical,mechanical,and functional performance of CA films(CAFs)is governed not only by additive type but also by the precise interplay between CNC and tannin,underscoring the need for formulation strategies tailored to the requirements of specific applications.展开更多
This study investigates the vertical variations of aerosol size distribution (0.06–1µm) and cloud condensation nuclei(CCN) spectra over the Southern Ocean (SO) using aircraft observations from the SOCRATES campa...This study investigates the vertical variations of aerosol size distribution (0.06–1µm) and cloud condensation nuclei(CCN) spectra over the Southern Ocean (SO) using aircraft observations from the SOCRATES campaign.Results reveal a bimodal aerosol size distribution within the marine boundary layer (MBL),with peaks at diameters of~0.06µm and~0.65µm,dominated by sea-salt particles.Accumulation-mode aerosol concentrations decrease with altitude within the MBL,while Aitken-mode aerosol concentrations peak above the MBL (~2–3 km).Wind speed strongly correlates with coarse-mode aerosol concentration (R2=0.77),implicating sea spray as a major CCN source at low supersaturations (SS=0.1%).The altitudes of CCN concentration peaks shift from the MBL (<1 km,SS<0.4%) to the free troposphere (~2.5 km,SS>0.4%),suggesting new particle formation aloft,distinct from sea surface sources.These findings highlight the unique aerosol–CCN dynamics in the pristine SO,offering critical constraints for models simulating cloud–aerosol interactions in preindustrial-like environments.展开更多
Interfacial superconductivity(IS)has been a topic of intense interest in condensed matter physics,due to its unique properties and exotic photoelectrical performance.However,there are few reports about IS systems cons...Interfacial superconductivity(IS)has been a topic of intense interest in condensed matter physics,due to its unique properties and exotic photoelectrical performance.However,there are few reports about IS systems consisting of two insulators.Here,motivated by the emergence of an insulator-metal transition in type-Ⅲ heterostructures and the superconductivity in some“special”two-dimensional(2D)semiconductors via electron doping,we predict that the 2D heterostructure SnSe_(2)/PtTe_(2) is a model system for realizing IS by using firstprinciples calculations.Our results show that due to slight but crucial interlayer charge transfer,SnSe_(2)/PtTe_(2) turns to be a type-Ⅲ heterostructure with metallic properties and shows a superconducting transition with the critical temperature(T_(c))of 3.73 K.Similar to the enhanced electron–phonon coupling(EPC)in the electrondoped SnSe_(2) monolayer,the IS in the SnSe_(2)/PtTe_(2) heterostructure mainly originates from the metallized SnSe_(2) layer.Furthermore,we find that its superconductivity is sensitive to tensile lattice strain,forming a domeshaped superconducting phase diagram.Remarkably,at 7%biaxial tensile strain,the superconducting T_(c) can increase more than twofold(8.80 K),resulting from softened acoustic phonons at the𝑀point and enhanced EPC strength.Our study provides a concrete example for realizing IS in type-Ⅲ heterostructures,which waits for future experimental verification.展开更多
Stress granules are membraneless organelles that serve as a protective cellular response to external stressors by sequestering non-translating messenger RNAs(mRNAs)and regulating protein synthesis.Stress granules form...Stress granules are membraneless organelles that serve as a protective cellular response to external stressors by sequestering non-translating messenger RNAs(mRNAs)and regulating protein synthesis.Stress granules formation mechanism is conserved across species,from yeast to mammals,and they play a critical role in minimizing cellular damage during stress.Composed of heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein complexes,stress granules are enriched not only in mRNAs but also in noncoding RNAs and various proteins,including translation initiation factors and RNA-binding proteins.Genetic mutations affecting stress granule assembly and disassembly can lead to abnormal stress granule accumulation,contributing to the progression of several diseases.Recent research indicates that stress granule dynamics are pivotal in determining their physiological and pathological functions,with acute stress granule formation offering protection and chronic stress granule accumulation being detrimental.This review focuses on the multifaceted roles of stress granules under diverse physiological conditions,such as regulation of mRNA transport,mRNA translation,apoptosis,germ cell development,phase separation processes that govern stress granule formation,and their emerging implications in pathophysiological scenarios,such as viral infections,cancer,neurodevelopmental disorders,neurodegeneration,and neuronal trauma.展开更多
This study presents a predictive model for condensed-phase heats of formation of metal-containing energetic complexes(MCECs)and energetic metal-organic frameworks(EMOFs),leveraging a dataset of 148 compounds.Using ele...This study presents a predictive model for condensed-phase heats of formation of metal-containing energetic complexes(MCECs)and energetic metal-organic frameworks(EMOFs),leveraging a dataset of 148 compounds.Using elemental composition,triazole rings,and metal presence,the model achieves high accuracy(R^(2)>0.94,mean absolute error(MAE)≈390 kJ/mol)for screening high-energy materials.It outperforms prior methods,particularly for polycyclic systems,offering a practical tool for safer design and risk assessment in defense and industrial applications.展开更多
MPHPB was prepared from melamine,phenylphosphonic acid and boric acid,and its flame retardant effect in PE was investigated.Compared to the intermediate product(melamine phenyl hypophosphite(MPHP)),the residual char i...MPHPB was prepared from melamine,phenylphosphonic acid and boric acid,and its flame retardant effect in PE was investigated.Compared to the intermediate product(melamine phenyl hypophosphite(MPHP)),the residual char increased from 17.9% of MPHP to 41.2% of MPHPB at 800℃.The limiting oxygen index(LOI)of PE/20%MPHPB is 23.6%,which reaches V-0 rating.After the addition of 20%MPHPB,the total heat release(THR),peak heat release rate(pK-HRR),and average effective thermal combustion rates(av-EHC)of PE decreased.Additionally,characterizations including the pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(Py-GC-MS),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),raman spectroscopy test(LRS)and fourier transform infrared(FT-IR)were taken to investigate the flame retardant mechanism,and the results show that MPHPB plays roles in both gas and condensed phases.展开更多
Modern/distributed electric energy systems,with ever larger penetration of renewable(photovoltaic,wind,wave,and hydro)energy sources and time-variable outputs,are in need of stronger/higher frequency and alternating c...Modern/distributed electric energy systems,with ever larger penetration of renewable(photovoltaic,wind,wave,and hydro)energy sources and time-variable outputs,are in need of stronger/higher frequency and alternating current(AC)(direct current(DC))voltage control.In fact,faster and more stable active and reactive power in the presence of frequency and voltage sags and swells is needed.Power electronics-controlled variable speed generators do not have enough energy storage(inertia)for the scope(static synchronous compensators(STATCOMs)included).This is because power electronics tends to decouple the generator from the power system.While virtual inertia control in doubly fed induction generators(DFIGs)offers a partial solution to these problems,a more robust and comprehensive framework is required for advanced grid support.This is how,by extending the dual-excitation principles,the dualaxis excited electric synchronous generators(DE-SG)provide superior flexibility in two variants summarized here:as a multifunctional DFIG and dual-axis vs.single-axis excited synchronous generator(SG),and as a synchronous condenser(SC),with dual DC and AC excitation(as a no-load DFIG with inertia wheel),where variable speed is used to accelerate/decelerate the SC and thus provide additional assistance in frequency stabilization.These solutions,good for short-time transients,are not meant,however,to replace the large bidirectional energy storage systems(pump-hydro,hydrogen,batteries,etc.)which are crucial for the daily inherent variations of output energy in modern power systems with multiple power sources.The present paper offers a summary of techniques used in the dual-axis excited vs.single-axis excited SGs(SE-SGs),and SCs topologies,modeling,and control for better stability in modern multiple-source energy systems.This survey includes multiple case studies to shed light on prominent methods.展开更多
The geometrical dimensions of the rough structures as well as the non-condensable gases in the vapor mixture can have the great effect on the nucleation position and the wetting state of the droplet,which further infl...The geometrical dimensions of the rough structures as well as the non-condensable gases in the vapor mixture can have the great effect on the nucleation position and the wetting state of the droplet,which further influence the condensation heat flux.In this paper,the multispecies multiphase lattice Boltzmann method together with a thermal phase change model is used to investigate the dropwise condensation on a rough surface enhanced with pillars.The effect of the geometric dimensions including pillar height H,pillar width W and pillar space S is investigated.Then the effect of non-condensable gases on the contact angle of a droplet on textured surface is studied.The results show that the local heat flux and the wetting area are higher while the waiting time is shorter at larger S,W and smaller H on the rough surface.The nucleation position rises from the bottom of grooves to the top with the increase of pillar height and the decrease of pillar space.The contact angle is larger and it is easier to maintain the Cassie state for droplet.When there exists non-condensable gas,the non-condensable gas obviously enhances the hydrophobicity of the rough surfaces compared with pure vapor.展开更多
We classify condensable𝐸E_(2)-algebras in a modular tensor category C up to 2-Morita equivalence.Physically,this classification provides an explicit criterion to determine when distinct condensable𝐸E_(...We classify condensable𝐸E_(2)-algebras in a modular tensor category C up to 2-Morita equivalence.Physically,this classification provides an explicit criterion to determine when distinct condensable𝐸E_(2)-algebras yield the same condensed topological phase under a two-dimensional anyon condensation process.The relations between different condensable algebras can be translated into their module categories,interpreted physically as gapped domain walls in topological orders.As concrete examples,we interpret the categories of quantum doubles of finite groups and examples beyond group symmetries.Our framework fully elucidates the interplay among condensable𝐸E_(1)-algebras in C,condensable𝐸E_(2)-algebras in C up to 2-Morita equivalence,and Lagrangian algebras in C⊠C.展开更多
(2E,6E)-4-methyl-2,6-bis(pyridin-3-ylmethylene)cyclohexan-1-one(L_(1))and 4-methyl-2,6-bis[(E)-4-(pyridin-4-yl)benzylidene]cyclohexan-1-one(L_(2))were synthesized and combined with isophthalic acid(H_(2)IP),then under...(2E,6E)-4-methyl-2,6-bis(pyridin-3-ylmethylene)cyclohexan-1-one(L_(1))and 4-methyl-2,6-bis[(E)-4-(pyridin-4-yl)benzylidene]cyclohexan-1-one(L_(2))were synthesized and combined with isophthalic acid(H_(2)IP),then under solvothermal conditions,to react with transition metals achieving four novel metal-organic frameworks(MOFs):[Zn(IP)(L_(1))]_(n)(1),{[Cd(IP)(L_(1))]·H_(2)O}_(n)(2),{[Co(IP)(L_(1))]·H_(2)O}_(n)(3),and[Zn(IP)(L_(2))(H_(2)O)]_(n)(4).MOFs 1-4 have been characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction,powder X-ray diffraction,thermogravimetry,and elemental analysis.Single-crystal X-ray diffraction shows that MOF 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system with space group P2_(1)/n,and MOFs 2-4 belong to the triclinic system with the P1 space group.1-3 are 2D sheet structures,2 and 3 have similar structural characters,whereas 4 is a 1D chain structure.Furthermore,1-3 exhibited certain photocatalytic capability in the degradation of rhodamine B(Rh B)and pararosaniline hydrochloride(PH).4could be used as a heterogeneous catalyst for the Knoevenagel reaction starting with benzaldehyde derivative and malononitrile.4 could promote the reaction to achieve corresponding products in moderate yields within 3 h.Moreover,the catalyst exhibited recyclability for up to three cycles without significantly dropping its activity.A mechanism for MOF 4 catalyzed Knoevenagel condensation reaction of aromatic aldehyde and malononitrile has been initially proposed.CCDC:2356488,1;2356497,2;2356499,3;2356498,4.展开更多
Compared with Pidgeon process,the relative vacuum continuous magnesium smelting process reduces the ratio of material to magnesium by changing raw materials and the direct reduction after calcination of prefabricated ...Compared with Pidgeon process,the relative vacuum continuous magnesium smelting process reduces the ratio of material to magnesium by changing raw materials and the direct reduction after calcination of prefabricated pellets,so that the energy consumption per ton of magnesium produced is reduced by 30∼40%,and the carbon emission is reduced by 43∼52%,breaking through the vacuum conditions to achieve continuous production.However,in the process of industrialization,it was found that the magnesium yield in the condenser was low.Therefore,this paper constructs a condenser model of relative vacuum continuous magnesium refining process,and comprehensively analyzes the condensation mechanism of magnesium vapor through simulation and experiment.It is found that the dynamic characteristics of magnesium vapor condensation is an important index to measure its continuity.Under the condition offlowing argon as the protective gas,when the condensation plate spacing is 10 cm,the surface roughness amplitude variance is 2,and the carrier gasflow rate is 20×10^(-3) m/s,the magnesium vapor has a better condensation effect,and the condensation efficiency formula is derived.展开更多
Utilizing superwettability micro/nanostructures to enhance the condensation heat transfer(CHT)performance of engineering materials has attracted great interest due to its values in basic research and technological inn...Utilizing superwettability micro/nanostructures to enhance the condensation heat transfer(CHT)performance of engineering materials has attracted great interest due to its values in basic research and technological innovations.Currently,exploring facile micro/nanofabrication approaches to create high-efficiency CHT surfaces has been one of research hotspots.In this work,we propose and demonstrate a type of new superwettability hybrid surface for high-efficiency CHT,which consists of superhydrophobic nanoneedle arrays and triangularly-patterned superhydrophilic microdots(SMDs).Such hybrid surface can be fabricated by the facile growth of densely-packed ZnO nanoneedles on the Zn-electroplated copper surface followed by fluorosilane modification and mask-assisted photodegradation.Through regulating the diameters and interspaces of SMDs,we obtain the optimized triangularly-patterned hybrid surface,which shows 42.7%higher CHT coefficient than the squarely-patterned hybrid surface and 58.5%higher CHT coefficient than the superhydrophobic surface.The key of such hybrid surface design is to considerably increase CHT coefficient brought about by SMD-triggered drop sweeping at the cost of slightly reducing heat transfer area of superhydrophobic functional zone for drop jumping.Such new strategy helps develop advanced CHT surfaces for high-efficiency electronic cooling and energy utilization.展开更多
Magnesium(Mg),as one of the most abundant elements in earth's crust,is the lightest structural metal with extensive applications across various industries.However,the performance of Mg-based products is highly dep...Magnesium(Mg),as one of the most abundant elements in earth's crust,is the lightest structural metal with extensive applications across various industries.However,the performance of Mg-based products is highly dependent on their impurity levels,and the lack of high-purity Mg,along with efficient purification method,has posed significant challenge to its widespread industrial adoption.This study investigates the impurity behavior in Mg ingots during the vacuum gasification purification process.Through the analysis of binary phase diagrams,iron(Fe)-based foam material was selected for the filtration and purification of Mg vapor in a vacuum tube furnace.A novel approach combining vacuum gasification,vapor purification,and directional condensation is proposed.The effect of filter pore sizes and filtration temperatures on the efficacy of impurity removal was evaluated.Experimental results demonstrate that Fe-based foam with a pore size of 60 ppi,at a filtration temperature of 773 K,effectively removes impurities such as calcium(Ca),potassium(K),sodium(Na),manganese(Mn),silicon(Si),aluminum(Al),and various oxides,sulfides,and chlorides from the vapor phase.Consequently,high-purity Mg with a purity level exceeding 5N3 was obtained in the condensation zone.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2016YFC0203703)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51576039,51806107 and 21276049)+1 种基金the Scientific Research Foundation of Graduate School of Southeast University(No.YBJJ1610)the Research Innovation Program for College Graduates of Jiangsu Province(No.KYLX16_0283)。
文摘Particulate matter emissions from ammonia-based wet flue gas desulfurization(AmmoniaWFGD)systems are composed of a filterable particulate matter and a condensable particulate matter(CPM)portion.However,the CPM part has been ignored for a long time,which results in an underestim ation of the aerosol problems caused by Ammonia-WFGD systems.In our research,the characteristics of the CPM that emits from an Ammonia-WFGD system are investigated experimentally for the first time,with the US Environmental Protection Agency Method 202 employed as the primary measurement.The influences of some essential desulfurizing parameters are evaluated based on the experimental data.The results show that CPM contributes about 68.8%to the total particulate matter emission.CPM consists mainly of ammonium sulfates/sulfites,with the organic part accounting for less than 4%.CPM is mostly in the submicron fraction,about 71.1%of which originates from the NH3-H2O-SO2 reactions.The appropriate adjustments for the parameters of the flue gas and the desulfurizing solution can inhibit CPM formation to different extents.This indicates that the parameter optimizations are promising in solving CPM emission problems in Ammonia-WFGD systems,in which the pH adjustment alone can abate CPM emission by around 49%.The opposite variations of the parameters need attention because they can cause tremendous CPM emission increase.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52076159)。
文摘Nowadays,the limits on greenhouse gas emissions are becoming increasingly stringent.In present research,a two-dimensional numerical model was established to simulate the deep removal of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane(R134a)from the non-condensable gas(NCG)mixture by cryogenic condensation and de-sublimation.The wall condensation method was compiled into the Fluent software to calculate the condensation of R134a from the gas mixture.Besides,the saturated thermodynamic properties of R134a under its triple point were extrapolated by the equation of state.The simulation of the steam condensation with NCG was conducted to verify the validity of the model,the results matched well with the experimental data.Subsequently,the condensation characteristics of R134a with NCG and the thermodynamic parameters affecting condensation were studied.The results show that the section with relatively higher removal efficiency is usually near the inlet.The cold wall temperature has a great influence on the R134a removal performance,e.g.,a 15 K reduction of the wall temperature brings a reduction in the outlet R134a molar fraction by 85.43%.The effect of changing mass flow rate on R134a removal is mainly reflected at the outlet,where an increase in mass flow rate of 12.6% can aggravate the outlet molar fraction to 210.3% of the original.The research can provide a valuable reference for the simulation of the deep removal of various low-concentration gas using condensation and de-sublimation methods.
文摘We have developed a loop thermosyphon for cooling electronic devices. The cooling performance of a thermosyphon deteriorates with an increasing amount of non-condensable gas (NCG). Design of a thermosyphon must consider NCG to provide guaranteed performance for a long time. In this study, the heat transfer performance of a thermosyphon was measured while changing the amount of NCG. The resultant performances were expressed as approximations. These approximations enabled us to predict the total thermal resistance of the thermosyphon by the amount of NCG and input heating. Then, using the known leakage in the thermosyphon and the amount of dissolved NCG in the water, we can predict the amount of NCG and the total thermal resistance of the thermosyphon after ten years. Although there is a slight leakage in the thermosyphon, we are able to design a thermosyphon with a guaranteed level of cooling performance for a long time using the proposed design method.
文摘A novel passive containment cooling system (PCCS) is proposed to be installed in the advanced nuclear reactor to cope with LOCA and MSLB accident. The internal heat exchanger is located inside the containment and the condensation heat transfer characteristic outside the tube determines the performance of the system. An improved model based on heat and mass transfer is presented to predict the heat and mass transfer accompanying with condensation. Different with Dehibi’s model, the liquid film conduction is considered and the interface temperature is solved by iteration. The results show the effect of different parameter on heat transfer coefficient. And the correlation can well predict the experiment data.
文摘Three zinc(Ⅱ),nickel(Ⅱ),and cadmium(Ⅱ)complexes,namely[Zn(μ-Htpta)(py)_(2)]n(1),[Ni(H_(2)biim)2(H_(2)O)2][Ni(tpta)(H_(2)biim)2(H_(2)O)]2·3H_(2)O(2),and[Cd_(3)(μ4-tpta)2(μ-dpe)_(3)]_(n)(3),have been constructed hydrothermally at 160℃ using H_(3)tpta([1,1':3',1″-terphenyl]-4,4',5'-tricarboxylic acid),py(pyridine),H_(2)biim(2,2'-biimidazole),dpe(1,2-di(4-pyridyl)ethylene),and zinc,nickel and cadmium chlorides,resulting in the formation of stable crystalline solids which were subsequently analyzed using infrared spectroscopy,element analysis,thermogravimetric analysis,as well as structural analyses conducted via single-crystal X-ray diffraction.The findings from these single-crystal Xray diffraction studies indicate that complexes 1-3 form crystals within the monoclinic system P2_(1)/c space group(1)or triclinic system P1 space group(2 and 3),and possess 1D,0D,and 3D structures,respectively.Complex 1 demonstrated substantial catalytic efficiency and excellent reusability as a heterogeneous catalyst in the reaction of Knoevenagel condensation under ambient temperature conditions.In addition,complex 1 also showcased notable anti-wear performance when used in polyalphaolefin synthetic lubricants.CCDC:2449810,1;2449811,2;2449812,3.
文摘Ultrafast optical spectroscopy was successfully introduced decades ago.Its deep relationship with condensed matter physics profoundly enriched the scientific frontier of light–matter interactions.Previously,materials such as metals,insulators,semiconductors,and superconductors were investigated,followed by magnetic materials,strongly correlated materials,complex oxides,nano-materials,topological materials,and metamaterials.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFD1301505)Beijing Innovation Consortium of Agriculture Research System(BAIC01)National Natural Science Foundation of China(32372437).
文摘Fluorescent RNA aptamers offer promising opportunities for next-generation biosensing but are often limited by low signal-to-background ratios and unstable folding kinetics.In this work,a label-free Förster resonance energy transfer(FRET)-enhanced fluorescent artificial RNA condensate(F-FARCON)is developed for small-molecule sensing,leveraging neutral molecular crowders(e.g.,polyethylene glycol 8K),and RNA structural motifs to induce multivalent interactions and drive dynamic self-assembly.As a demonstration,a label-free FRET system is constructed by integrating a histamine-responsive RNA aptamer with thioflavin T(ThT)as the fluorescence donor,which increases the signal-to-noise ratio while reducing sequence complexity and production costs.Molecular crowders optimize the thermodynamic environment of RNA-ligand and RNA-RNA multivalent interactions,thereby improving folding stability,signal amplitude(dynamic range of up to~970-fold),and target affinity.The platform exhibits fast kinetics(<15 min),an adjustable detection range(0.1200 and 51000μM),and high sensitivity(limit of detection,15.36 nM),with robust performance in complex biological matrices.The platform is further integrated into a freeze-dried paper-based portable device that enables dual-channel fluorescence readout for on-site rapid detection without sophisticated instrumentation.To further validate the modularity of F-FARCON beyond histamine,we reprogrammed the recognition module to target S-adenosyl-L-methionine(SAM),achieving nanomolar limits of detection.By linking crowding-guided assembly to hierarchical photophysical enhancement and analytical performance,the work delineates a generalizable aggregate-science route to versatile,low-cost,and field-deployable fluorescence sensing across food safety,environmental monitoring,and biomedical diagnostics.
基金funded by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior(CAPES,https://www.gov.br/capes)and by Mitacs(https://www.mitacs.ca),under grant number IT42277Letícia Vitorazi acknowledges support from FAPERJ(https://www.faperj.br)under grant number E-26/200.129/2023—Bolsa JCNE/FAPERJ+1 种基金Flavia Braghiroli acknowledges the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada(NSERC),Alliance project ALLRP 585984-23the Fonds de recherche duQuébec—Nature et technologies(FRQNT)(https://doi.org/10.69777/355295),grant number 202250.
文摘The development of sustainable materials has encouraged the use of biopolymers as alternatives to synthetic polymers.Polymeric films have stood out for their high potential in environmentally sustainable applications.Conventional cellulose acetate(CA)-based films are attractive due to their biodegradability and film-forming ability.However,their functional performance often requires enhancement through the incorporation of additives.In this context,two bio-based additives were investigated:condensed tannin(0%,5%and 10%wt.),a natural polyphenol known for its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties,and nanocrystalline cellulose(CNC)(0%,0.5%and 1%wt.),which act as reinforcing agents to improve mechanical strength and barrier properties.The results showed that tannin generally enhanced mechanical strength and surface uniformity while imparting contact-based antimicrobial activity.CNC reduced water uptake and improved thermal stability,but when used alone,it tended to lower mechanical performance and increase surface roughness.The combination of CNC and tannin produced performance shifts that depended strongly on their relative concentrations,with no consistent synergistic effect across all properties.In certain balanced ratios,CNC benefited fromtannin’smatrix-stabilizing effect,leading to improved strength or reduced moisture absorption.Antimicrobial activity in acetic acid–based films was linked to residual acidity,whereas in acetonebased films,tannin alone was responsible for the antimicrobial effect by contact.These findings highlight that the physicochemical,mechanical,and functional performance of CA films(CAFs)is governed not only by additive type but also by the precise interplay between CNC and tannin,underscoring the need for formulation strategies tailored to the requirements of specific applications.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(Grant Nos.42430601,42175087)the Science and Technology Project of Gansu Province(Outstanding Youth Fund,Grant No.24JRRA386)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.lzujbky-2024-jdzx04)。
文摘This study investigates the vertical variations of aerosol size distribution (0.06–1µm) and cloud condensation nuclei(CCN) spectra over the Southern Ocean (SO) using aircraft observations from the SOCRATES campaign.Results reveal a bimodal aerosol size distribution within the marine boundary layer (MBL),with peaks at diameters of~0.06µm and~0.65µm,dominated by sea-salt particles.Accumulation-mode aerosol concentrations decrease with altitude within the MBL,while Aitken-mode aerosol concentrations peak above the MBL (~2–3 km).Wind speed strongly correlates with coarse-mode aerosol concentration (R2=0.77),implicating sea spray as a major CCN source at low supersaturations (SS=0.1%).The altitudes of CCN concentration peaks shift from the MBL (<1 km,SS<0.4%) to the free troposphere (~2.5 km,SS>0.4%),suggesting new particle formation aloft,distinct from sea surface sources.These findings highlight the unique aerosol–CCN dynamics in the pristine SO,offering critical constraints for models simulating cloud–aerosol interactions in preindustrial-like environments.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant Nos.2022YFA1403103 and 2019YFA0308603)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.12304167)the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.ZR2023QA020)。
文摘Interfacial superconductivity(IS)has been a topic of intense interest in condensed matter physics,due to its unique properties and exotic photoelectrical performance.However,there are few reports about IS systems consisting of two insulators.Here,motivated by the emergence of an insulator-metal transition in type-Ⅲ heterostructures and the superconductivity in some“special”two-dimensional(2D)semiconductors via electron doping,we predict that the 2D heterostructure SnSe_(2)/PtTe_(2) is a model system for realizing IS by using firstprinciples calculations.Our results show that due to slight but crucial interlayer charge transfer,SnSe_(2)/PtTe_(2) turns to be a type-Ⅲ heterostructure with metallic properties and shows a superconducting transition with the critical temperature(T_(c))of 3.73 K.Similar to the enhanced electron–phonon coupling(EPC)in the electrondoped SnSe_(2) monolayer,the IS in the SnSe_(2)/PtTe_(2) heterostructure mainly originates from the metallized SnSe_(2) layer.Furthermore,we find that its superconductivity is sensitive to tensile lattice strain,forming a domeshaped superconducting phase diagram.Remarkably,at 7%biaxial tensile strain,the superconducting T_(c) can increase more than twofold(8.80 K),resulting from softened acoustic phonons at the𝑀point and enhanced EPC strength.Our study provides a concrete example for realizing IS in type-Ⅲ heterostructures,which waits for future experimental verification.
基金supported by a grant from the Merkin Peripheral Neuropathy and Nerve Regeneration Center(to PKS)the Rutgers University Startup Fund(to PKS).
文摘Stress granules are membraneless organelles that serve as a protective cellular response to external stressors by sequestering non-translating messenger RNAs(mRNAs)and regulating protein synthesis.Stress granules formation mechanism is conserved across species,from yeast to mammals,and they play a critical role in minimizing cellular damage during stress.Composed of heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein complexes,stress granules are enriched not only in mRNAs but also in noncoding RNAs and various proteins,including translation initiation factors and RNA-binding proteins.Genetic mutations affecting stress granule assembly and disassembly can lead to abnormal stress granule accumulation,contributing to the progression of several diseases.Recent research indicates that stress granule dynamics are pivotal in determining their physiological and pathological functions,with acute stress granule formation offering protection and chronic stress granule accumulation being detrimental.This review focuses on the multifaceted roles of stress granules under diverse physiological conditions,such as regulation of mRNA transport,mRNA translation,apoptosis,germ cell development,phase separation processes that govern stress granule formation,and their emerging implications in pathophysiological scenarios,such as viral infections,cancer,neurodevelopmental disorders,neurodegeneration,and neuronal trauma.
文摘This study presents a predictive model for condensed-phase heats of formation of metal-containing energetic complexes(MCECs)and energetic metal-organic frameworks(EMOFs),leveraging a dataset of 148 compounds.Using elemental composition,triazole rings,and metal presence,the model achieves high accuracy(R^(2)>0.94,mean absolute error(MAE)≈390 kJ/mol)for screening high-energy materials.It outperforms prior methods,particularly for polycyclic systems,offering a practical tool for safer design and risk assessment in defense and industrial applications.
基金Funded by the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong(Nos.2014A030313241,2014B090901068,and 2016A010103003)。
文摘MPHPB was prepared from melamine,phenylphosphonic acid and boric acid,and its flame retardant effect in PE was investigated.Compared to the intermediate product(melamine phenyl hypophosphite(MPHP)),the residual char increased from 17.9% of MPHP to 41.2% of MPHPB at 800℃.The limiting oxygen index(LOI)of PE/20%MPHPB is 23.6%,which reaches V-0 rating.After the addition of 20%MPHPB,the total heat release(THR),peak heat release rate(pK-HRR),and average effective thermal combustion rates(av-EHC)of PE decreased.Additionally,characterizations including the pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(Py-GC-MS),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),raman spectroscopy test(LRS)and fourier transform infrared(FT-IR)were taken to investigate the flame retardant mechanism,and the results show that MPHPB plays roles in both gas and condensed phases.
文摘Modern/distributed electric energy systems,with ever larger penetration of renewable(photovoltaic,wind,wave,and hydro)energy sources and time-variable outputs,are in need of stronger/higher frequency and alternating current(AC)(direct current(DC))voltage control.In fact,faster and more stable active and reactive power in the presence of frequency and voltage sags and swells is needed.Power electronics-controlled variable speed generators do not have enough energy storage(inertia)for the scope(static synchronous compensators(STATCOMs)included).This is because power electronics tends to decouple the generator from the power system.While virtual inertia control in doubly fed induction generators(DFIGs)offers a partial solution to these problems,a more robust and comprehensive framework is required for advanced grid support.This is how,by extending the dual-excitation principles,the dualaxis excited electric synchronous generators(DE-SG)provide superior flexibility in two variants summarized here:as a multifunctional DFIG and dual-axis vs.single-axis excited synchronous generator(SG),and as a synchronous condenser(SC),with dual DC and AC excitation(as a no-load DFIG with inertia wheel),where variable speed is used to accelerate/decelerate the SC and thus provide additional assistance in frequency stabilization.These solutions,good for short-time transients,are not meant,however,to replace the large bidirectional energy storage systems(pump-hydro,hydrogen,batteries,etc.)which are crucial for the daily inherent variations of output energy in modern power systems with multiple power sources.The present paper offers a summary of techniques used in the dual-axis excited vs.single-axis excited SGs(SE-SGs),and SCs topologies,modeling,and control for better stability in modern multiple-source energy systems.This survey includes multiple case studies to shed light on prominent methods.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant number:51906190)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2019M663702)+1 种基金Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(xjh012019015)innovation team of Shaanxi province(2019TD-039)。
文摘The geometrical dimensions of the rough structures as well as the non-condensable gases in the vapor mixture can have the great effect on the nucleation position and the wetting state of the droplet,which further influence the condensation heat flux.In this paper,the multispecies multiphase lattice Boltzmann method together with a thermal phase change model is used to investigate the dropwise condensation on a rough surface enhanced with pillars.The effect of the geometric dimensions including pillar height H,pillar width W and pillar space S is investigated.Then the effect of non-condensable gases on the contact angle of a droplet on textured surface is studied.The results show that the local heat flux and the wetting area are higher while the waiting time is shorter at larger S,W and smaller H on the rough surface.The nucleation position rises from the bottom of grooves to the top with the increase of pillar height and the decrease of pillar space.The contact angle is larger and it is easier to maintain the Cassie state for droplet.When there exists non-condensable gas,the non-condensable gas obviously enhances the hydrophobicity of the rough surfaces compared with pure vapor.
基金supported by Research Grants Council(RGC),University Grants Committee(UGC)of Hong Kong(ECS No.24304722)。
文摘We classify condensable𝐸E_(2)-algebras in a modular tensor category C up to 2-Morita equivalence.Physically,this classification provides an explicit criterion to determine when distinct condensable𝐸E_(2)-algebras yield the same condensed topological phase under a two-dimensional anyon condensation process.The relations between different condensable algebras can be translated into their module categories,interpreted physically as gapped domain walls in topological orders.As concrete examples,we interpret the categories of quantum doubles of finite groups and examples beyond group symmetries.Our framework fully elucidates the interplay among condensable𝐸E_(1)-algebras in C,condensable𝐸E_(2)-algebras in C up to 2-Morita equivalence,and Lagrangian algebras in C⊠C.
文摘(2E,6E)-4-methyl-2,6-bis(pyridin-3-ylmethylene)cyclohexan-1-one(L_(1))and 4-methyl-2,6-bis[(E)-4-(pyridin-4-yl)benzylidene]cyclohexan-1-one(L_(2))were synthesized and combined with isophthalic acid(H_(2)IP),then under solvothermal conditions,to react with transition metals achieving four novel metal-organic frameworks(MOFs):[Zn(IP)(L_(1))]_(n)(1),{[Cd(IP)(L_(1))]·H_(2)O}_(n)(2),{[Co(IP)(L_(1))]·H_(2)O}_(n)(3),and[Zn(IP)(L_(2))(H_(2)O)]_(n)(4).MOFs 1-4 have been characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction,powder X-ray diffraction,thermogravimetry,and elemental analysis.Single-crystal X-ray diffraction shows that MOF 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system with space group P2_(1)/n,and MOFs 2-4 belong to the triclinic system with the P1 space group.1-3 are 2D sheet structures,2 and 3 have similar structural characters,whereas 4 is a 1D chain structure.Furthermore,1-3 exhibited certain photocatalytic capability in the degradation of rhodamine B(Rh B)and pararosaniline hydrochloride(PH).4could be used as a heterogeneous catalyst for the Knoevenagel reaction starting with benzaldehyde derivative and malononitrile.4 could promote the reaction to achieve corresponding products in moderate yields within 3 h.Moreover,the catalyst exhibited recyclability for up to three cycles without significantly dropping its activity.A mechanism for MOF 4 catalyzed Knoevenagel condensation reaction of aromatic aldehyde and malononitrile has been initially proposed.CCDC:2356488,1;2356497,2;2356499,3;2356498,4.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U1908225,U1702253)the Special Funds for Ba-sic Research Operations of Central Universities(N182515007,N170908001,N2025004).
文摘Compared with Pidgeon process,the relative vacuum continuous magnesium smelting process reduces the ratio of material to magnesium by changing raw materials and the direct reduction after calcination of prefabricated pellets,so that the energy consumption per ton of magnesium produced is reduced by 30∼40%,and the carbon emission is reduced by 43∼52%,breaking through the vacuum conditions to achieve continuous production.However,in the process of industrialization,it was found that the magnesium yield in the condenser was low.Therefore,this paper constructs a condenser model of relative vacuum continuous magnesium refining process,and comprehensively analyzes the condensation mechanism of magnesium vapor through simulation and experiment.It is found that the dynamic characteristics of magnesium vapor condensation is an important index to measure its continuity.Under the condition offlowing argon as the protective gas,when the condensation plate spacing is 10 cm,the surface roughness amplitude variance is 2,and the carrier gasflow rate is 20×10^(-3) m/s,the magnesium vapor has a better condensation effect,and the condensation efficiency formula is derived.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21573276)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20170007)Jiangsu Funding Program for Excellent Postdoctoral Talent(No.2022ZB846).
文摘Utilizing superwettability micro/nanostructures to enhance the condensation heat transfer(CHT)performance of engineering materials has attracted great interest due to its values in basic research and technological innovations.Currently,exploring facile micro/nanofabrication approaches to create high-efficiency CHT surfaces has been one of research hotspots.In this work,we propose and demonstrate a type of new superwettability hybrid surface for high-efficiency CHT,which consists of superhydrophobic nanoneedle arrays and triangularly-patterned superhydrophilic microdots(SMDs).Such hybrid surface can be fabricated by the facile growth of densely-packed ZnO nanoneedles on the Zn-electroplated copper surface followed by fluorosilane modification and mask-assisted photodegradation.Through regulating the diameters and interspaces of SMDs,we obtain the optimized triangularly-patterned hybrid surface,which shows 42.7%higher CHT coefficient than the squarely-patterned hybrid surface and 58.5%higher CHT coefficient than the superhydrophobic surface.The key of such hybrid surface design is to considerably increase CHT coefficient brought about by SMD-triggered drop sweeping at the cost of slightly reducing heat transfer area of superhydrophobic functional zone for drop jumping.Such new strategy helps develop advanced CHT surfaces for high-efficiency electronic cooling and energy utilization.
基金supported by the Yunnan Province Nonferrous Metal Vacuum Metallurgy Top Team[No.202305AS350012]。
文摘Magnesium(Mg),as one of the most abundant elements in earth's crust,is the lightest structural metal with extensive applications across various industries.However,the performance of Mg-based products is highly dependent on their impurity levels,and the lack of high-purity Mg,along with efficient purification method,has posed significant challenge to its widespread industrial adoption.This study investigates the impurity behavior in Mg ingots during the vacuum gasification purification process.Through the analysis of binary phase diagrams,iron(Fe)-based foam material was selected for the filtration and purification of Mg vapor in a vacuum tube furnace.A novel approach combining vacuum gasification,vapor purification,and directional condensation is proposed.The effect of filter pore sizes and filtration temperatures on the efficacy of impurity removal was evaluated.Experimental results demonstrate that Fe-based foam with a pore size of 60 ppi,at a filtration temperature of 773 K,effectively removes impurities such as calcium(Ca),potassium(K),sodium(Na),manganese(Mn),silicon(Si),aluminum(Al),and various oxides,sulfides,and chlorides from the vapor phase.Consequently,high-purity Mg with a purity level exceeding 5N3 was obtained in the condensation zone.
