Salinization of agricultural land is becoming increasingly severe worldwide,posing a significant threat to food security.The exogenous application of bioactive substances has been widely used to enhance plant resistan...Salinization of agricultural land is becoming increasingly severe worldwide,posing a significant threat to food security.The exogenous application of bioactive substances has been widely used to enhance plant resistance to salt stress.In this study,we used corn steep liquor(CSL),myo-inositol(MI),and their combination to improve salt tolerance in Chinese cabbage(Brassica rapa L.ssp.pekinensis)under salt stress conditions.All three treatments significantly increased plant biomass and nutrient uptake,and improved soil physicochemical properties,while alleviating oxidative damage and ion toxicity.展开更多
The increase in soil temperature associated with climate change has introduced considerable challenges to crop production.Split nitrogen application(SN)represents a potential strategy for improving crop nitrogen use e...The increase in soil temperature associated with climate change has introduced considerable challenges to crop production.Split nitrogen application(SN)represents a potential strategy for improving crop nitrogen use efficiency and enhancing crop stress resistance.Nevertheless,the precise interaction between soil warming(SW)and SN remains unclear.In order to ascertain the impact of SW on maize growth and whether SN can improve the tolerance of maize to SW,a two-year field experiment was conducted(2022-2023).The aim was to examine the influence of two SW ranges(MT,warming 1.40℃;HT,warming 2.75℃)and two nitrogen application methods(N1,one-time basal application of nitrogen fertilizer;N2,one third of base nitrogen fertilizer+two thirds of jointing stage supplemental nitrogen fertilizer)on maize root growth,photosynthetic characteristics,nitrogen use efficiency,and yield.The results demonstrated that SW impeded root growth and precipitated the premature aging of maize leaves following anthesis,particularly in the HT,which led to a notable reduction in maize yield.In comparison to N1,SN has been shown to increase root length density by 8.54%,root bleeding rate by 8.57%,and enhance root distribution ratio in the middle soil layers(20-60 cm).The interaction between SW and SN had a notable impact on maize growth and yield.The SN improved the absorption and utilization efficiency of nitrogen by promoting root development and downward canopy growth,thus improving the tolerance of maize to SW at the later stage of growth.In particular,the N2HT resulted in a 14.51%increase in the photosynthetic rate,a 18.58%increase in nitrogen absorption efficiency,and a 18.32%increase in maize yield compared with N1HT.It can be posited that the SN represents a viable nitrogen management measure with the potential to enhance maize tolerance to soil high-temperature stress.展开更多
Optimizing root system architecture(RSA)is essential for plants because of its critical role in acquiring water and nutrients from the soil.However,the subterranean nature of roots complicates the measurement of RSA t...Optimizing root system architecture(RSA)is essential for plants because of its critical role in acquiring water and nutrients from the soil.However,the subterranean nature of roots complicates the measurement of RSA traits.Recently developed rhizobox methods allow for the rapid acquisition of root images.Nevertheless,effective and precise approaches for extracting RSA features from these images remain underdeveloped.Deep learning(DL)technology can enhance image segmentation and facilitate RSA trait extraction.However,comprehensive pipelines that integrate DL technologies into image-based root phenotyping techniques are still scarce,hampering their implementation.To address this challenge,we present a reproducible pipeline(faCRSA)for automated RSA traits analysis,consisting of three modules:(1)the RSA traits extraction module functions to segment soil-root images and calculate RSA traits.A lightweight convolutional neural network(CNN)named RootSeg was proposed for efficient and accurate segmentation;(2)the data storage module,which stores image and text data from other modules;and(3)the web application module,which allows researchers to analyze data online in a user-friendly manner.The correlation coefficients(R^(2))of total root length,root surface area,and root volume calculated from faCRSA and manually measured results were 0.96**,0.97**,and 0.93**,respectively,with root mean square errors(RMSE)of 8.13 cm,1.68 cm^(2),and 0.05 cm^(3),processed at a rate of 9.74 s per image,indicating satisfying accuracy.faCRSA has also demonstrated satisfactory performance in dynamically monitoring root system changes under various stress conditions,such as drought or waterlogging.The detailed code and deployable package of faCRSA are provided for researchers with the potential to replace manual and semi-automated methods.展开更多
Levant cotton root is a folk traditional herb with a long history in China. This article gave a brief introduction on recent research work related to main com- position, pharmacologic effect and clinical application o...Levant cotton root is a folk traditional herb with a long history in China. This article gave a brief introduction on recent research work related to main com- position, pharmacologic effect and clinical application of levant cotton root and pro- posed existing problems and countermeasures for pharmaceutical industrialization.展开更多
Methods for the localization of plant calmodulin by immuno-gold and immuno-peroxidase electron microscopy have been developed. In both corn root-cap cells and meristematic cells, calmodulin was found to be localized i...Methods for the localization of plant calmodulin by immuno-gold and immuno-peroxidase electron microscopy have been developed. In both corn root-cap cells and meristematic cells, calmodulin was found to be localized in the nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria as well as in the cell wall. In the meristematic cells, calmodulin was distinctly localized on the plasma membrane, cytoplasmic face of rough endoplasmic reticulum and polyribosomes. Characteristically, calmodulin was present in the amyloplasts of root-cap cells. The widespread distribution of calmodulin may reflect its pleiotropic functions in plant cellular activities.展开更多
Deep phosphorus application can be a usefull measure to improve crops＇ performance in semi-arid regions, but more knowledge of both its general effects and effects on specific crops is required to optimize treatments...Deep phosphorus application can be a usefull measure to improve crops＇ performance in semi-arid regions, but more knowledge of both its general effects and effects on specific crops is required to optimize treatments. Thus, the aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of phosphorus（P） application at different soil layers on root growth, grain yield, and water-use efficiency（WUE） of winter wheat grown on the semi-arid Loess Plateau of China and to explore the relationship between root distribution and grain yield. The experiment consisted of four P treatments in a randomized complete block design with three replicates and two cultivars： one drought-sensitive（Xiaoyan 22, XY22） and one drought-tolerant（Changhan 58, CH58）. The four P treatments were no P（control, CK）, surface P（SP）, deep P（DP）, and deep-band P application（DBP）. CH58 produced larger and deeper root systems, and had higher grain yields and WUE, under the deep P treatments（DP and DBP） than under SP, clearly showing that deep P placement had beneficial effects on the drought-tolerant cultivar. In contrast, the grain yield and root growth of XY22 did not differ between DP or DBP and SP treatments. Further, root dry weight（RW） and root length（RL） in deep soil layer（30-100 cm） were closely positively correlated with grain yield and WUE of CH58（but not XY22）, highlighting the connections between a well-developed subsoil root system and both high grain yield and WUE for the drought-tolerant cultivar. WUE correlated strongly with grain yield for both cultivars（r=0.94, P〈0.001）. In conclusion, deep application of P fertilizer is a practical and feasible means of increasing grain yield and WUE of rainfed winter wheat in semi-arid regions, by promoting deep root development of drought-tolerant cultivars.展开更多
A study was conducted at Akron, CO, USA, on a Weld silt loam in 2004 to quantify the effects of water deficit stress on corn (Zea mays, L.) root and shoot biomass. Corn plants were grown under a range of soil bulk den...A study was conducted at Akron, CO, USA, on a Weld silt loam in 2004 to quantify the effects of water deficit stress on corn (Zea mays, L.) root and shoot biomass. Corn plants were grown under a range of soil bulk density and water conditions caused by previous tillage, crop rotation, and irrigation management. Water deficit stress (Dstress) was quantified by the number of days when the water content in the surface 0.3 m deviated from the water content range determined by the Least Limiting Water Range (LLWR). Root and shoot samples were collected at the V6, V12, and R1 growth stages. There was no significant correlation between Dstress and shoot or root biomass at the V6 growth stage. At the V12 and R1 growth stages, there were negative, linear correlations among Dstress and both root biomass and shoot biomass. The proportional decrease of shoot biomass was greater than the proportional decrease in root biomass, leading to an increase in the root:shoot ratio as water deficit stress increased at all growth stages. Determining restrictive soil conditions using the LLWR may be useful for evaluating improvement or degradation of the soil physical environment caused by soil management.展开更多
Root morphology and physiology influence aboveground growth and yield formation in rice.However,root morphological and physiological differences among rice varieties with differing nitrogen(N)sensitivities and their r...Root morphology and physiology influence aboveground growth and yield formation in rice.However,root morphological and physiological differences among rice varieties with differing nitrogen(N)sensitivities and their relationship with grain yield are still unclear.In this study,rice varieties differing in N sensitivity over many years of experiments were used.A field experiment with multiple N rates(0,90,180,270,and 360 kg ha^(-1))was conducted to elucidate the effects of N application on root morphology,root physiology,and grain yield.A pot experiment with root excision and exogenous application of 6-benzyladenine(6-BA)at heading stage was used to further verify the above effects.The findings revealed that(1)under the same N application rate,N-insensitive varieties(NIV)had relatively large root biomass(root dry weight,length,and number).Grain yield was associated with root biomass in NIV.The oxidation activity and zeatin(Z)+zeatin riboside(ZR)contents in roots obviously and positively correlated with grain yield in N-sensitive varieties(NSV),and accounted for its higher grain yield than that of NIV at lower N application rates(90 and 180 kg ha^(-1)).(2)The root dry weight required for equal grain yield of NIV was greater than that of NSV.Excision of 1/10 and 1/8 of roots at heading stage had no discernible effect on the yield of Liangyoupeijiu(NIV),and it significantly reduced yield by 11.5%and 21.3%in Tianyouhuazhan(NSV),respectively,compared to the treatment without root excision.The decrease of filled kernels and grain weight after root excision was the primary cause for the yield reduction.Root excision and exogenous 6-BA application after root excision had little influence on the root activity of NIV.The oxidation activity and Z+ZR contents in roots of NSV decreased under root excision,and the increase in the proportion of excised roots aggravated these effects.The application of exogenous 6-BA increased the root activity of NSV and increased filled kernels and grain weight,thereby reducing yield loss after root excision.Thus,the root biomass of NIV was large,and there may be a phenomenon of"root growth redundancy."Vigorous root activity was an essential feature of NSV.Selecting rice varieties with high root activity or increasing root activity by cultivation measures could lead to higher grain yield under lower N application rates.展开更多
Effects of controlled-release fertilizers (CRFs) (C-AS, polyolefin coated ammonium sulfate, 50-day-type; Dd-LP, polyolefincoated urea with dicyandiamide, 40-day-type; C-ANP, polyolefin coated ammonium nitrate phosphat...Effects of controlled-release fertilizers (CRFs) (C-AS, polyolefin coated ammonium sulfate, 50-day-type; Dd-LP, polyolefincoated urea with dicyandiamide, 40-day-type; C-ANP, polyolefin coated ammonium nitrate phosphate, 40-day-type; andC-DAP, polyolefin coated diammonium acid phosphate, 40-day-type), ammonium sulphate and no fertilizer control, andtheir application methods (spot, band, surface and mixed) on germination and seedling development of sweet corn (Zeamays L.var. saccharata Sturt.) and dent corn (Zea mays L.var. indentata Sturt.) were investigated in a greenhouse. Underco-situs application (band and spot) of CRFs, there were no obvious differences in the germination speed and rate for bothdent corn and sweet corn relative to control. Mortality rates of sweet corn seedlings under co-situs application were highin experiment 1, but were very low in experiment 2, because the environmental conditions were different in the twoexperiments. That is, under lower temperature and weaker sunlight, young seedlings easily die due to high soil nutrientconcentration and slow growth speed of corn. Shoot weight of both dent and sweet corn did not greatly decrease inexperiment 1. In experiment 2, there were no significant differences in shoot and root weight of both corns between co-situs and surface or mixed application methods. However, with spot and band application of ammonium sulfate, shoot androot weight were significantly reduced. Soil EC and pH were considerably affected by co-situs application, especially atthe fertilizer application site. For both dent and sweet corn, EC in the 0-3 cm soil was significantly higher under co-situsapplication and surface application than that under mixed application, whereas in the 3-6 cm soil depth the situation wasreversed. Compared with control, mixed application of CRFs decreased soil pH slightly (0-3 cm depth) or greatly (3-6 cmdepth).展开更多
This study aimed to investigate the effects of reducing application amount of base fertilizer and increasing application time of leaf fertilizer on corn yield so as to find out the most economical fertilization way fo...This study aimed to investigate the effects of reducing application amount of base fertilizer and increasing application time of leaf fertilizer on corn yield so as to find out the most economical fertilization way for corn. On the basis of protecting environment, the economic benefits will be also increased. The results showed that the corn yield was increased with the increase of application amount of base fertilizer, and was also increased with the increase of application time of leaf fertilizer.For each time of spaying of leaf fertilizer, the corn yield was increased 258-592.5kg/hm^2 with increase amplitude ranging from 2.3%-5.6%.展开更多
A field trial was carried out to investigate phosphorous (P) absorption, grain quality and yield between high oil corn and common corn. The results indicated that high oil corn var.Tongyou 1 obtained lower highest P a...A field trial was carried out to investigate phosphorous (P) absorption, grain quality and yield between high oil corn and common corn. The results indicated that high oil corn var.Tongyou 1 obtained lower highest P absorption rate (HAR) and later occurring date of HAR, in comparison with common corn var. Simi 25. The highest HAR and the earliest occurring date of HAR was obtained by the treatments of P45 and P75 in Tongyou 1 and Simi 25 separately; while the total amount of P accumulated by maize plant was achieved by P105 treatment in both varieties. P in grain relied mainly on root uptake at maturation that accounted for 85.7-96.8% and 79.3-84.3% for Tongyou 1 and Simi 25, respectively. Tongyou 1 contained more oil and protein contents, but less starch content with lower grain yield. P application at appropriate rate enhanced contents of protein and fatty acid, but the increment of starch content was neglectable. Acknowledgements This study was financed by the National Key Tech- nologies R & D Program (2004BA520A13), P.R.China.展开更多
The use of glyphosate-resistant corn has facilitated a shift from a reliance on preemergence residual herbicides to postemergence (POST) herbicides, and in some cases exclusively glyphosate. Glyphosate is a non-select...The use of glyphosate-resistant corn has facilitated a shift from a reliance on preemergence residual herbicides to postemergence (POST) herbicides, and in some cases exclusively glyphosate. Glyphosate is a non-selective herbicide that is relatively slow-acting, which may allow weeds to continue to compete with corn after application and potentially decrease crop yield. The addition of several POST corn herbicides, with some residual control, to an early-season glyphosate application was examined to determine if the tankmix combination would improve the speed of weed control compared to glyphosate applied alone. Seven field trials were conducted over three years (2009, 2010 and 2011) near Ridgetown and Exeter, Ontario. The control of common ragweed was improved 3 days after application (DAA) with three POST glyphosate tankmixes compared to glyphosate alone. However control was still less than 55%. Depending on the weed species examined, at 28 DAA two of the glyphosate tankmix treatments tested provided better common ragweed, common lambsquarters, or green foxtail control than glyphosate alone. Treatments providing better weed control at 28 DAA also typically decreased weed density compared to glyphosate alone.展开更多
The effect of lanthanum ion on membrane permeability of corn root segment is studied.Results shows that treatment of the root segments with LaCl_3·7H_2O can decrease the ion leakage of the root tissue.The leakage...The effect of lanthanum ion on membrane permeability of corn root segment is studied.Results shows that treatment of the root segments with LaCl_3·7H_2O can decrease the ion leakage of the root tissue.The leakage decreases hy increasing the concentration of lanthanum,and the concentration has no further dependence on ion leakages above 25 μmol/L.After treating the root tissue for one hour with lanthanum ion,the amount of leak- age has linear dependence on time within the first 2 h and after two hours the leakage increases.The ion leakage of the tissue dependes on the time of lanthanum treatment.When the duration of treatment is prolonged,the leakage decreases rapidly and the leakage reaches a minimum at 30 minutes.Other rare earth elements can also decrease ion leakage.There is no significant difference in the ion leakage among these elements.展开更多
The blade root fatigue is one of important failure modes of turbocharger turbine for vehicle application,and the reliability and life of turbine with blade root fatigue failure mode are studied.Firstly,the stress char...The blade root fatigue is one of important failure modes of turbocharger turbine for vehicle application,and the reliability and life of turbine with blade root fatigue failure mode are studied.Firstly,the stress characteristics of turbine are analyzed,and based on the operating profile of turbocharger corresponding to the endurance test of engine,the stress spectrum of turbine with blade root fatigue failure mode is studied with the simulation method.Then,with the number of endurance test profile cycle as the life parameter,the reliability model and failure rate model of turbine with blade root fatigue failure mode are derived respectively. Finally,the rules that the reliability and failure rate of turbine with the blade root fatigue failure mode changes as life parameters are studied,and the life probabilistic characteristics of turbine are also studied.展开更多
Three patterns of potash application were used in the corn-wheat and rice-wheat rotation experiments,which were conducted in the upland and wetland of Siyang County, northern Jiangsu Province, and the wetland of Liyan...Three patterns of potash application were used in the corn-wheat and rice-wheat rotation experiments,which were conducted in the upland and wetland of Siyang County, northern Jiangsu Province, and the wetland of Liyang City, southern Jiangsu Province. The results of 5 cropping seasons (2 seasons/year)showed that the direct response of corn to K was larger than that of wheat, but no difference was found between rice and wheat in Siyang when the total annual amount of K was applied only in one cropping season. However, the response of wheat was much greater than that of rice in Liyang. If potash was applied in the preceding season, the residual effect of K on wheat was larger than that on rice both in Siyang and Liyang, but less than that on corn. The total effect (direct and residual effects) of K applied to corn or rice was greater than that to wheat in Siyang, but that to wheat was greater in Liyang. The direct and total effects of K application in the upland were larger than those in the wetland of Siyang; but for the wetland,the effects were larger in Liyang than in Siyang, especially in the wheat season. The results demonstrated that the most profitable practice to be recommended to the local farmers was to apply a limited amount of potash to only rice or corn but not to wheat. Equally applying half of the total annual amount of K to each of the crops may be advisable in order to lessen possible fertilization risks.展开更多
This article reviews the main chemical synthesis methods of sex pheromone of Asian corn borer, common strategies for constructing dou-ble bond, molecular composition and field application progress of sex pheromone of ...This article reviews the main chemical synthesis methods of sex pheromone of Asian corn borer, common strategies for constructing dou-ble bond, molecular composition and field application progress of sex pheromone of Asian corn borer, which will provide reference for biological control of Asian corn borer.展开更多
Without grammar,very little can be conveyed;without vocabulary,nothing can be conveyed.Word formation is of great significance in vocabulary teaching and learning,and having a good command of root,stem,and base can pr...Without grammar,very little can be conveyed;without vocabulary,nothing can be conveyed.Word formation is of great significance in vocabulary teaching and learning,and having a good command of root,stem,and base can promote teaching and learning efficiently and effectively.This paper mainly aims to make a brief review of root,stem and base,and their application in textbooks.展开更多
Corn is the main grain crop in our country. Corn planting affects the development of agricultural economy and the national grain output to a great extent. At this stage, China's corn planting technology and planti...Corn is the main grain crop in our country. Corn planting affects the development of agricultural economy and the national grain output to a great extent. At this stage, China's corn planting technology and planting level have yet to be improved. Agricultural departments and agricultural technicians pay great attention to the research on corn planting technology and actively carry out the corresponding technology promotion work. Only by comprehensively promoting better corn high-yield technology can China's corn planting yield be improved more quickly.展开更多
Nitrogen addition is rather important to the growth of alfalfa. In this study, the effects of different nitrogen application levels on various growth characteristics of alfalfa were investigated. The results showed th...Nitrogen addition is rather important to the growth of alfalfa. In this study, the effects of different nitrogen application levels on various growth characteristics of alfalfa were investigated. The results showed that nitrogen application exhibited no significant effects on plant height and stem diameter but posed significant effects on branch number of alfalfa. Branch number of alfalfa in each cutting raised with the increasing application level of nitrogen, with significant differences among different treatments （P〈0.05）; individual aboveground biomass increased with the increasing application level of nitrogen, but the increasing trend gradually tended to be steady from the first to the fourth cutting. Nitrogen application affected significantly （P〈0.05） individual aboveground biomass of alfalfa in the first, second and fourth cutting, but exhibited no significant effects on individual aboveground biomass of alfalfa in the third cutting. With the increase of nitrogen application level, total surface area, total volume, collar diameter and crossing number of alfalfa roots increased gradually, but total length, average diameter and furcating number of alfalfa roots increased first and then declined. Total length, average diameter and furcating number of alfalfa roots reached the maximum in N60 treatment.展开更多
基金supported by the sub-project“Research and Application of In-Situ Value-Added Water-Soluble Fertilizer Application Technology”(Grant No.2023YFD1700204-3)under the 14th Five-Year National Key R&D Program Project“Development and Industrialization of Novel Green Value-Added Fertilizers”.
文摘Salinization of agricultural land is becoming increasingly severe worldwide,posing a significant threat to food security.The exogenous application of bioactive substances has been widely used to enhance plant resistance to salt stress.In this study,we used corn steep liquor(CSL),myo-inositol(MI),and their combination to improve salt tolerance in Chinese cabbage(Brassica rapa L.ssp.pekinensis)under salt stress conditions.All three treatments significantly increased plant biomass and nutrient uptake,and improved soil physicochemical properties,while alleviating oxidative damage and ion toxicity.
基金supported by the Natural Science Fund of China(31771724)the Key Research and Development Project of Shaanxi Province(2024NC-ZDCYL-01-10).
文摘The increase in soil temperature associated with climate change has introduced considerable challenges to crop production.Split nitrogen application(SN)represents a potential strategy for improving crop nitrogen use efficiency and enhancing crop stress resistance.Nevertheless,the precise interaction between soil warming(SW)and SN remains unclear.In order to ascertain the impact of SW on maize growth and whether SN can improve the tolerance of maize to SW,a two-year field experiment was conducted(2022-2023).The aim was to examine the influence of two SW ranges(MT,warming 1.40℃;HT,warming 2.75℃)and two nitrogen application methods(N1,one-time basal application of nitrogen fertilizer;N2,one third of base nitrogen fertilizer+two thirds of jointing stage supplemental nitrogen fertilizer)on maize root growth,photosynthetic characteristics,nitrogen use efficiency,and yield.The results demonstrated that SW impeded root growth and precipitated the premature aging of maize leaves following anthesis,particularly in the HT,which led to a notable reduction in maize yield.In comparison to N1,SN has been shown to increase root length density by 8.54%,root bleeding rate by 8.57%,and enhance root distribution ratio in the middle soil layers(20-60 cm).The interaction between SW and SN had a notable impact on maize growth and yield.The SN improved the absorption and utilization efficiency of nitrogen by promoting root development and downward canopy growth,thus improving the tolerance of maize to SW at the later stage of growth.In particular,the N2HT resulted in a 14.51%increase in the photosynthetic rate,a 18.58%increase in nitrogen absorption efficiency,and a 18.32%increase in maize yield compared with N1HT.It can be posited that the SN represents a viable nitrogen management measure with the potential to enhance maize tolerance to soil high-temperature stress.
基金supported by the projects of the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2024YFD2301305)Jiangsu Innovation Support Program for International Science and Technology Cooperation Project(BZ2023049)+2 种基金the projects of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32272213)the China Agriculture Research System(CARS-03)Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production(JCIC-MCP).
文摘Optimizing root system architecture(RSA)is essential for plants because of its critical role in acquiring water and nutrients from the soil.However,the subterranean nature of roots complicates the measurement of RSA traits.Recently developed rhizobox methods allow for the rapid acquisition of root images.Nevertheless,effective and precise approaches for extracting RSA features from these images remain underdeveloped.Deep learning(DL)technology can enhance image segmentation and facilitate RSA trait extraction.However,comprehensive pipelines that integrate DL technologies into image-based root phenotyping techniques are still scarce,hampering their implementation.To address this challenge,we present a reproducible pipeline(faCRSA)for automated RSA traits analysis,consisting of three modules:(1)the RSA traits extraction module functions to segment soil-root images and calculate RSA traits.A lightweight convolutional neural network(CNN)named RootSeg was proposed for efficient and accurate segmentation;(2)the data storage module,which stores image and text data from other modules;and(3)the web application module,which allows researchers to analyze data online in a user-friendly manner.The correlation coefficients(R^(2))of total root length,root surface area,and root volume calculated from faCRSA and manually measured results were 0.96**,0.97**,and 0.93**,respectively,with root mean square errors(RMSE)of 8.13 cm,1.68 cm^(2),and 0.05 cm^(3),processed at a rate of 9.74 s per image,indicating satisfying accuracy.faCRSA has also demonstrated satisfactory performance in dynamically monitoring root system changes under various stress conditions,such as drought or waterlogging.The detailed code and deployable package of faCRSA are provided for researchers with the potential to replace manual and semi-automated methods.
基金Supported by Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences Development Fund(A2012070302)~~
文摘Levant cotton root is a folk traditional herb with a long history in China. This article gave a brief introduction on recent research work related to main com- position, pharmacologic effect and clinical application of levant cotton root and pro- posed existing problems and countermeasures for pharmaceutical industrialization.
文摘Methods for the localization of plant calmodulin by immuno-gold and immuno-peroxidase electron microscopy have been developed. In both corn root-cap cells and meristematic cells, calmodulin was found to be localized in the nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria as well as in the cell wall. In the meristematic cells, calmodulin was distinctly localized on the plasma membrane, cytoplasmic face of rough endoplasmic reticulum and polyribosomes. Characteristically, calmodulin was present in the amyloplasts of root-cap cells. The widespread distribution of calmodulin may reflect its pleiotropic functions in plant cellular activities.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31270553)the National 973 Program of China(2009CB118604)the Special Fund for Agro-Scientific Research in the Public Interest of China(201103003)
文摘Deep phosphorus application can be a usefull measure to improve crops＇ performance in semi-arid regions, but more knowledge of both its general effects and effects on specific crops is required to optimize treatments. Thus, the aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of phosphorus（P） application at different soil layers on root growth, grain yield, and water-use efficiency（WUE） of winter wheat grown on the semi-arid Loess Plateau of China and to explore the relationship between root distribution and grain yield. The experiment consisted of four P treatments in a randomized complete block design with three replicates and two cultivars： one drought-sensitive（Xiaoyan 22, XY22） and one drought-tolerant（Changhan 58, CH58）. The four P treatments were no P（control, CK）, surface P（SP）, deep P（DP）, and deep-band P application（DBP）. CH58 produced larger and deeper root systems, and had higher grain yields and WUE, under the deep P treatments（DP and DBP） than under SP, clearly showing that deep P placement had beneficial effects on the drought-tolerant cultivar. In contrast, the grain yield and root growth of XY22 did not differ between DP or DBP and SP treatments. Further, root dry weight（RW） and root length（RL） in deep soil layer（30-100 cm） were closely positively correlated with grain yield and WUE of CH58（but not XY22）, highlighting the connections between a well-developed subsoil root system and both high grain yield and WUE for the drought-tolerant cultivar. WUE correlated strongly with grain yield for both cultivars（r=0.94, P〈0.001）. In conclusion, deep application of P fertilizer is a practical and feasible means of increasing grain yield and WUE of rainfed winter wheat in semi-arid regions, by promoting deep root development of drought-tolerant cultivars.
文摘A study was conducted at Akron, CO, USA, on a Weld silt loam in 2004 to quantify the effects of water deficit stress on corn (Zea mays, L.) root and shoot biomass. Corn plants were grown under a range of soil bulk density and water conditions caused by previous tillage, crop rotation, and irrigation management. Water deficit stress (Dstress) was quantified by the number of days when the water content in the surface 0.3 m deviated from the water content range determined by the Least Limiting Water Range (LLWR). Root and shoot samples were collected at the V6, V12, and R1 growth stages. There was no significant correlation between Dstress and shoot or root biomass at the V6 growth stage. At the V12 and R1 growth stages, there were negative, linear correlations among Dstress and both root biomass and shoot biomass. The proportional decrease of shoot biomass was greater than the proportional decrease in root biomass, leading to an increase in the root:shoot ratio as water deficit stress increased at all growth stages. Determining restrictive soil conditions using the LLWR may be useful for evaluating improvement or degradation of the soil physical environment caused by soil management.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32071947,32071944,31871557)the Open Project of Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology(YCSL202102)+1 种基金the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD)the Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu province(KYCX21_3235).
文摘Root morphology and physiology influence aboveground growth and yield formation in rice.However,root morphological and physiological differences among rice varieties with differing nitrogen(N)sensitivities and their relationship with grain yield are still unclear.In this study,rice varieties differing in N sensitivity over many years of experiments were used.A field experiment with multiple N rates(0,90,180,270,and 360 kg ha^(-1))was conducted to elucidate the effects of N application on root morphology,root physiology,and grain yield.A pot experiment with root excision and exogenous application of 6-benzyladenine(6-BA)at heading stage was used to further verify the above effects.The findings revealed that(1)under the same N application rate,N-insensitive varieties(NIV)had relatively large root biomass(root dry weight,length,and number).Grain yield was associated with root biomass in NIV.The oxidation activity and zeatin(Z)+zeatin riboside(ZR)contents in roots obviously and positively correlated with grain yield in N-sensitive varieties(NSV),and accounted for its higher grain yield than that of NIV at lower N application rates(90 and 180 kg ha^(-1)).(2)The root dry weight required for equal grain yield of NIV was greater than that of NSV.Excision of 1/10 and 1/8 of roots at heading stage had no discernible effect on the yield of Liangyoupeijiu(NIV),and it significantly reduced yield by 11.5%and 21.3%in Tianyouhuazhan(NSV),respectively,compared to the treatment without root excision.The decrease of filled kernels and grain weight after root excision was the primary cause for the yield reduction.Root excision and exogenous 6-BA application after root excision had little influence on the root activity of NIV.The oxidation activity and Z+ZR contents in roots of NSV decreased under root excision,and the increase in the proportion of excised roots aggravated these effects.The application of exogenous 6-BA increased the root activity of NSV and increased filled kernels and grain weight,thereby reducing yield loss after root excision.Thus,the root biomass of NIV was large,and there may be a phenomenon of"root growth redundancy."Vigorous root activity was an essential feature of NSV.Selecting rice varieties with high root activity or increasing root activity by cultivation measures could lead to higher grain yield under lower N application rates.
基金partly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NFSC)(30230230 and 30070429)
文摘Effects of controlled-release fertilizers (CRFs) (C-AS, polyolefin coated ammonium sulfate, 50-day-type; Dd-LP, polyolefincoated urea with dicyandiamide, 40-day-type; C-ANP, polyolefin coated ammonium nitrate phosphate, 40-day-type; andC-DAP, polyolefin coated diammonium acid phosphate, 40-day-type), ammonium sulphate and no fertilizer control, andtheir application methods (spot, band, surface and mixed) on germination and seedling development of sweet corn (Zeamays L.var. saccharata Sturt.) and dent corn (Zea mays L.var. indentata Sturt.) were investigated in a greenhouse. Underco-situs application (band and spot) of CRFs, there were no obvious differences in the germination speed and rate for bothdent corn and sweet corn relative to control. Mortality rates of sweet corn seedlings under co-situs application were highin experiment 1, but were very low in experiment 2, because the environmental conditions were different in the twoexperiments. That is, under lower temperature and weaker sunlight, young seedlings easily die due to high soil nutrientconcentration and slow growth speed of corn. Shoot weight of both dent and sweet corn did not greatly decrease inexperiment 1. In experiment 2, there were no significant differences in shoot and root weight of both corns between co-situs and surface or mixed application methods. However, with spot and band application of ammonium sulfate, shoot androot weight were significantly reduced. Soil EC and pH were considerably affected by co-situs application, especially atthe fertilizer application site. For both dent and sweet corn, EC in the 0-3 cm soil was significantly higher under co-situsapplication and surface application than that under mixed application, whereas in the 3-6 cm soil depth the situation wasreversed. Compared with control, mixed application of CRFs decreased soil pH slightly (0-3 cm depth) or greatly (3-6 cmdepth).
文摘This study aimed to investigate the effects of reducing application amount of base fertilizer and increasing application time of leaf fertilizer on corn yield so as to find out the most economical fertilization way for corn. On the basis of protecting environment, the economic benefits will be also increased. The results showed that the corn yield was increased with the increase of application amount of base fertilizer, and was also increased with the increase of application time of leaf fertilizer.For each time of spaying of leaf fertilizer, the corn yield was increased 258-592.5kg/hm^2 with increase amplitude ranging from 2.3%-5.6%.
文摘A field trial was carried out to investigate phosphorous (P) absorption, grain quality and yield between high oil corn and common corn. The results indicated that high oil corn var.Tongyou 1 obtained lower highest P absorption rate (HAR) and later occurring date of HAR, in comparison with common corn var. Simi 25. The highest HAR and the earliest occurring date of HAR was obtained by the treatments of P45 and P75 in Tongyou 1 and Simi 25 separately; while the total amount of P accumulated by maize plant was achieved by P105 treatment in both varieties. P in grain relied mainly on root uptake at maturation that accounted for 85.7-96.8% and 79.3-84.3% for Tongyou 1 and Simi 25, respectively. Tongyou 1 contained more oil and protein contents, but less starch content with lower grain yield. P application at appropriate rate enhanced contents of protein and fatty acid, but the increment of starch content was neglectable. Acknowledgements This study was financed by the National Key Tech- nologies R & D Program (2004BA520A13), P.R.China.
文摘The use of glyphosate-resistant corn has facilitated a shift from a reliance on preemergence residual herbicides to postemergence (POST) herbicides, and in some cases exclusively glyphosate. Glyphosate is a non-selective herbicide that is relatively slow-acting, which may allow weeds to continue to compete with corn after application and potentially decrease crop yield. The addition of several POST corn herbicides, with some residual control, to an early-season glyphosate application was examined to determine if the tankmix combination would improve the speed of weed control compared to glyphosate applied alone. Seven field trials were conducted over three years (2009, 2010 and 2011) near Ridgetown and Exeter, Ontario. The control of common ragweed was improved 3 days after application (DAA) with three POST glyphosate tankmixes compared to glyphosate alone. However control was still less than 55%. Depending on the weed species examined, at 28 DAA two of the glyphosate tankmix treatments tested provided better common ragweed, common lambsquarters, or green foxtail control than glyphosate alone. Treatments providing better weed control at 28 DAA also typically decreased weed density compared to glyphosate alone.
文摘The effect of lanthanum ion on membrane permeability of corn root segment is studied.Results shows that treatment of the root segments with LaCl_3·7H_2O can decrease the ion leakage of the root tissue.The leakage decreases hy increasing the concentration of lanthanum,and the concentration has no further dependence on ion leakages above 25 μmol/L.After treating the root tissue for one hour with lanthanum ion,the amount of leak- age has linear dependence on time within the first 2 h and after two hours the leakage increases.The ion leakage of the tissue dependes on the time of lanthanum treatment.When the duration of treatment is prolonged,the leakage decreases rapidly and the leakage reaches a minimum at 30 minutes.Other rare earth elements can also decrease ion leakage.There is no significant difference in the ion leakage among these elements.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51375465)
文摘The blade root fatigue is one of important failure modes of turbocharger turbine for vehicle application,and the reliability and life of turbine with blade root fatigue failure mode are studied.Firstly,the stress characteristics of turbine are analyzed,and based on the operating profile of turbocharger corresponding to the endurance test of engine,the stress spectrum of turbine with blade root fatigue failure mode is studied with the simulation method.Then,with the number of endurance test profile cycle as the life parameter,the reliability model and failure rate model of turbine with blade root fatigue failure mode are derived respectively. Finally,the rules that the reliability and failure rate of turbine with the blade root fatigue failure mode changes as life parameters are studied,and the life probabilistic characteristics of turbine are also studied.
文摘Three patterns of potash application were used in the corn-wheat and rice-wheat rotation experiments,which were conducted in the upland and wetland of Siyang County, northern Jiangsu Province, and the wetland of Liyang City, southern Jiangsu Province. The results of 5 cropping seasons (2 seasons/year)showed that the direct response of corn to K was larger than that of wheat, but no difference was found between rice and wheat in Siyang when the total annual amount of K was applied only in one cropping season. However, the response of wheat was much greater than that of rice in Liyang. If potash was applied in the preceding season, the residual effect of K on wheat was larger than that on rice both in Siyang and Liyang, but less than that on corn. The total effect (direct and residual effects) of K applied to corn or rice was greater than that to wheat in Siyang, but that to wheat was greater in Liyang. The direct and total effects of K application in the upland were larger than those in the wetland of Siyang; but for the wetland,the effects were larger in Liyang than in Siyang, especially in the wheat season. The results demonstrated that the most profitable practice to be recommended to the local farmers was to apply a limited amount of potash to only rice or corn but not to wheat. Equally applying half of the total annual amount of K to each of the crops may be advisable in order to lessen possible fertilization risks.
基金Supported by Shandong Provincial Key Research and Development Program(2019GSF109062)Agricultural Scientific and Technological Innovation Project of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CXGC2016B12)Major Agricultural Application Technology Innovation Projects of Shan-dong Province。
文摘This article reviews the main chemical synthesis methods of sex pheromone of Asian corn borer, common strategies for constructing dou-ble bond, molecular composition and field application progress of sex pheromone of Asian corn borer, which will provide reference for biological control of Asian corn borer.
文摘Without grammar,very little can be conveyed;without vocabulary,nothing can be conveyed.Word formation is of great significance in vocabulary teaching and learning,and having a good command of root,stem,and base can promote teaching and learning efficiently and effectively.This paper mainly aims to make a brief review of root,stem and base,and their application in textbooks.
文摘Corn is the main grain crop in our country. Corn planting affects the development of agricultural economy and the national grain output to a great extent. At this stage, China's corn planting technology and planting level have yet to be improved. Agricultural departments and agricultural technicians pay great attention to the research on corn planting technology and actively carry out the corresponding technology promotion work. Only by comprehensively promoting better corn high-yield technology can China's corn planting yield be improved more quickly.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31372370)~~
文摘Nitrogen addition is rather important to the growth of alfalfa. In this study, the effects of different nitrogen application levels on various growth characteristics of alfalfa were investigated. The results showed that nitrogen application exhibited no significant effects on plant height and stem diameter but posed significant effects on branch number of alfalfa. Branch number of alfalfa in each cutting raised with the increasing application level of nitrogen, with significant differences among different treatments （P〈0.05）; individual aboveground biomass increased with the increasing application level of nitrogen, but the increasing trend gradually tended to be steady from the first to the fourth cutting. Nitrogen application affected significantly （P〈0.05） individual aboveground biomass of alfalfa in the first, second and fourth cutting, but exhibited no significant effects on individual aboveground biomass of alfalfa in the third cutting. With the increase of nitrogen application level, total surface area, total volume, collar diameter and crossing number of alfalfa roots increased gradually, but total length, average diameter and furcating number of alfalfa roots increased first and then declined. Total length, average diameter and furcating number of alfalfa roots reached the maximum in N60 treatment.
