The fact that Morocco is an agricultural country and the large volume of biodegradable waste produced by the population make composting so important.The degradation of organic matter is facilitated by faunal and flora...The fact that Morocco is an agricultural country and the large volume of biodegradable waste produced by the population make composting so important.The degradation of organic matter is facilitated by faunal and floral macro and micro-organisms that act in different stages of maturation;studies on this fauna are quite rare both nationally and internationally.On a sample of two tons of household waste,we documented invertebrates that colonized compost heaps and then assessed the changes in the structure of the invertebrate population during the different phases.Our study revealed the presence of several zoological groups colonizing the compost heaps during the different composting phases;we noted the presence of:(1)Macroscopic invertebrates,in order of number of individuals:insect larvae,ants,earthworms,sowbugs,spiders,springtails,and millipedes,and(2)Microscopic invertebrates,the most abundant in terms of individuals:mites and nematodes.As for the order of appearance,we observed that insect larvae were the first to colonize the compost heap from the very first days of installation,followed by woodlice observed during the thermophilic phase and disappearing towards the end of the process.Earthworms were observed during the end of the thermophilic phase,while springtails were observed more during the cooling and maturation phases.Our study revealed the presence of a good quality of fauna during the composting process,which are indicators of good compost quality and play a major role in the circulation of nutrients,thus ensuring the provision of essential elements for plant nutrition.展开更多
[Objective] The purpose was to study the optimum composition ratio of compound substrate with spent mushroom compound （SMC） and cattle manure com- post （CMC） for the seedling growth of tomato, cucumber and waterme...[Objective] The purpose was to study the optimum composition ratio of compound substrate with spent mushroom compound （SMC） and cattle manure com- post （CMC） for the seedling growth of tomato, cucumber and watermelon. [Method] With internationally best formula substrate （turf：vermiculite=2：1） used for CK, SMC and CMC were matched according to different proportions to get different substrate whose physical and chemical nutrient properties and their effects on the growth of tomato, cucumber and watermelon were studied by means of plug seeding technolo- gy. [Result] The results showed that the bulk density, porosity and the pH of the compound substrates are all in the ideal condition. However, CMC increased the EC value and the pH of the compound substrates. Compound substrates with high ratio of CMC are not suitable for seedlings. [Conclusion] Tomato and watermelon seedlings grew well in the compost substrate with SMC：CMC=3：1 with no river sand. And the cucumber seedlings grew well in the compost substrate with SMC：CMC=2：1 with 5% volume river sand.展开更多
On site composting of organic household wastes is an economical and environmentally tiiendly way to manage municipal wastes. In this manuscript authors evaluated the importance of turning the wastes and of inoculating...On site composting of organic household wastes is an economical and environmentally tiiendly way to manage municipal wastes. In this manuscript authors evaluated the importance of turning the wastes and of inoculating microorganisms and worms in order to unprove the composting process at domestic scale. Four treatments （Control without turning- C-, Control with Turning- CT- inoculated Mountain Microorganism with turning- MM- and Worms without turning- W-） were tested in a random experiment with tour replicates. Sixteen composting bins were fed with 300 kg of organic wastes from a local street market. The process of compostnig lasted 13 weeks after which all the composts were sifted and submitted to a range of chemical, physical and biological analysis. According to the results MM slightly increased the initial temperature and enzymatic activiry. This investigation outcome don＇t provide of sufficient grounds for a precise recommendation about worms inoculation in compost bins. A decrease between 75% and 80% in the fresh weight of the organic waste was found in the first thirteen weeks after starting the composting process in all the treatments. The quality level of the compost was acceptable, with very low heavy metal content. Turn over helps to keep the product hygienic especially after the inoculation with MM microbial starts. In conclusion and according to the results of this investigation, the use of 320 L compost bins for the organic waste management is strongly advisable.展开更多
[Objective] The aim of this study was to explore the sterilization effects on Escherichia coli by adding bacterial inhibitor(CaCN2)during the process of cattle manure composting so as to provide a theoretical basis fo...[Objective] The aim of this study was to explore the sterilization effects on Escherichia coli by adding bacterial inhibitor(CaCN2)during the process of cattle manure composting so as to provide a theoretical basis for cattle manure harmless treatment.[Method] Both experimental groups supplemented with 2.0% bacterial inhibitor and control groups without bacterial inhibitor were cultured under different temperatures(20,30,37,50,60 ℃)to determine the optimal composing temperature.Under 30 ℃,different bacterial inhibitor doses(0,2.0%,2.5%,3.0%)were added into the compost to obtain the optimal bacterial inhibitor addition dose.[Result] 30,50 and 60 ℃ were ideal temperatures for sterilization of E.coli.Under 30 ℃,E.coli couldn't be detected in 2.5% dose group and 3.0% dose group after culture for 48 h,demonstrating no less than 2.5% bacterial inhibitor should be added.[Conclusion] It has an important significance to enhance the sterilization effects on E.coli by adding CaCN2 into cattle manure compost especially in winter.展开更多
[Objective] The aim was to study change of the composition of cow dung compost by adding complex enzyme.[Method] 2.0% enzyme treatment group,1.5% enzyme treatment group and control group were set to analyze temperatur...[Objective] The aim was to study change of the composition of cow dung compost by adding complex enzyme.[Method] 2.0% enzyme treatment group,1.5% enzyme treatment group and control group were set to analyze temperature,moisture,pH value,crude fiber,TOC,TN,GI during composting.[Result] The results showed that adding complex enzymes could accelerate degradation of organic matter in pre-composting period.Crude fiber of 2.0%,.1.5% enzyme treatment group and control group decreased 49.6%,47% and 29.1% respectively,TOC decreased 41.7%,35.3% and 21.1%,TN decreased 32.6%,26.8% and 19.2%.2.0%,1.5% enzyme treatment groups could reach basic maturity degree at 30 d.[Conclusion] Composting cycle be shortened by adding complex enzymes,which was useful for maturity of cow dung compost.展开更多
To study the effects of superphosphate（SP） on the NH_3 and greenhouse gas emissions,vegetable waste composting was performed for 27 days using 6 different treatments. In addition to the controls,five vegetable waste...To study the effects of superphosphate（SP） on the NH_3 and greenhouse gas emissions,vegetable waste composting was performed for 27 days using 6 different treatments. In addition to the controls,five vegetable waste mixtures（0.77m^3 each） were treated with different amounts of the SP additive, namely, 5%, 10%,15%, 20% and 25%. The ammonia volatilization loss and greenhouse gas emissions were measured during composting.Results indicated that the SP additive significantly decreased the ammonia volatilization and greenhouse gas emissions during vegetable waste composting. The additive reduced the total NH_3 emission by 4.0% to 16.7%. The total greenhouse gas emissions（CO_2-eq） of all treatments with SP additives were decreased by 10.2% to 20.8%, as compared with the controls. The NH_3 emission during vegetable waste composting had the highest contribution to the greenhouse effect caused by the four different gases.The amount of NH_3（CO_2-eq）from each treatment ranged from 59.90 to 81.58 kg/t; NH_3（CO_2-eq） accounted for 69% to 77% of the total emissions from the four gases. Therefore, SP is a cost-effective phosphorus-based fertilizer that can be used as an additive during vegetable waste composting to reduce the NH_3 and greenhouse gas emissions as well as to improve the value of compost as a fertilizer.展开更多
[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the adsorption properties of the adsorption tower filled with calcium superphosphate on ammonia volatilized with aer- ation. [Method] Adsorption tower filled with calcium su...[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the adsorption properties of the adsorption tower filled with calcium superphosphate on ammonia volatilized with aer- ation. [Method] Adsorption tower filled with calcium superphosphate was adopted as experimental apparatus, which was constructed by poly vinyl chloride （PVC） circular tubes. With hartshorn as the source of ammonia volatilization, the effect of different ratios of height to diameter of the tower filled with equal amount of calcium super-phosphate on ammonia adsorption was investigated. In addition, adsorption tower with height-diameter ratio of 9.9 was selected to adsorb the ammonia emitted from the composting systems of pig manure and chicken manure with optimized and reg- ulated carbon-nitrogen ratio. [Result] Under certain volatilization rate, calcium super- phosphate particles in the adsorption tower could effectively adsorb the ammonia, and the adsorption efficiency was enhanced with the increase of height-diameter ra-tio, which could reach above 90% with height-diameter ratio of more than 1.1; the ammonia emitted from composting systems of pig manure and chicken manure with optimized and regulated carbon-nitrogen ratio could be completely absorbed using adsorption tower with height-diameter ratio of 9.9 filled with calcium superphosphate accounting for about 8% of the weight of composting materials. [Conclusion] Experi- mental results of this study provided reference for the application of adsorption tower filled with calcium superphosphate in the treatment of waste gas emitted from com- posting materials.展开更多
This study aimed to investigate the bacterial communities in mushroom compost piles composed of rice straw, corn stover, and cow dung. Bacterial com- munities of samples at the beginning of composting, at the end of f...This study aimed to investigate the bacterial communities in mushroom compost piles composed of rice straw, corn stover, and cow dung. Bacterial com- munities of samples at the beginning of composting, at the end of fermentation phase I and II were collected and analyzed using Polymerase Chain Reaction-De- naturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis （PCR-DGGE） based on 16S rDNA universal primers from Escherichia coli. A total of 56 different clone sequences were obtained （GenBank accession number： KF630598-KF630653）. They were classified into seven phyla and 42 genera. Dominant microflora during composting belonged to phylum Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria, with the dominant genera of Bacillus, Paenibacillus, Thermomonospora, Thermasporomyces, Pseudomonas, and Cellvibrio. Bacterial diversity （Shannon index） analysis showed that bacterial species in com- post pile composed mainly of rice straw continuously increased during composting, while those in compost pile composed mainly of corn stover firstly increased and then reduced. Principal component analysis showed that corn stover compost sam- ples at the end of fermentation phase I and phase II were clustered into one group, suggesting that corn stover composted faster than anticipated. In general, rice straw compost has higher bacterial diversity but longer composting time period, while corn stover compost has lower bacterial diversity but shorter composting time period.展开更多
Plant pesticide residues, such as chinaberry （Melia toosendan） residue and sand cypress （Sabina vulgaris） residue, are pesticidal plant materials discarded after the bioactive ingredient has been extracted with or...Plant pesticide residues, such as chinaberry （Melia toosendan） residue and sand cypress （Sabina vulgaris） residue, are pesticidal plant materials discarded after the bioactive ingredient has been extracted with organic solvents. The only option for botanical pesticide residue utilization has been as landfill. Chinaberry residue （CBR） and sand cypress residue （SCR） were collected and composted in Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China. We studied the effects of chinaberry residue compost （CBRC）, CBRC incorporated with Trichoderma viride （CBRCT）, sand cypress residue compost （SCRC）, and SCRC incorporated with T. viride （SCRCv） on the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, infesting the balloonflower （Platycodon grandiflorum）. Bioassay results indicated that stock solutions of the CBRCT and SCRCT extracts significantly inhibited egg hatching and caused high larval mortality, followed in degree by the CBRC and SCRC extracts. The CBR and SCR extracts caused very low inhibition of eggs and larvae. Supplementing potting mixtures with these four composts reduced the severity of root galling and increased the proportion of marketable roots. The severity of root galling decreased and the average weight of the marketable roots increased with an increase in all the composts when supplemented at rates from 5 to 30%. CBR- and SCR-supplemented pot soils also inhibited the nematodes, but CBR and SCR applied to the soil had a phytotoxic effect and inhibited balloonflower growth. Supplementing field soil with the composts reduced the severity of root galling and the populations of southern root-knot nematodes in the soil. CBRCT and SCRCT clearly enhanced the average weight of the marketable roots by 30.45 and 26.64%, respectively. Continuous supplementation with CBRCT or SCRCT in the same field significantly enhanced the control of the root-knot nematode, and the populations of nematodes continued to decrease with second inoculations. The populations of total Trichoderma spp. were distinctly enhanced and were maintained at high levels for a long time in the supplemented soils.展开更多
[Objective] In order to study the influence of bacteria and accessories of chicken manure compost.[Method] The experiment was conducted to investigate the changes of temperature,the quantification of Escherichia coli ...[Objective] In order to study the influence of bacteria and accessories of chicken manure compost.[Method] The experiment was conducted to investigate the changes of temperature,the quantification of Escherichia coli and the odor during chicken manure compost by adding sawdust,rice husk,yeast and lactic acid bacteria respectively.[Result] The results showed that：（1） The yeast group reached the highest fermentation temperature 67.6 ℃,which was 6.9 ℃ higher than that of lactic acid bacteria group,and the fermentation time of yeast group kept over 55 ℃for 16 days,which was 5 days longer than that of lactic acid bacteria group,both of which were better than that of control group（55.9 ℃,5 days）;（2）The highest fermentation temperature of sawdust group was 2.2 ℃ higher than that of rice husk group,and the fermentation time of sawdust group kept over 55 ℃ was 3 days longer than that of rice husk group;（3） The quantification of E.coli reduced from10^5 to 10^2per gram in both of the yeast group and the lactic acid bacteria group.The odor of the yeast group and the lactic acid bacteria group disappeared in the seventh day and the eighth day respectively.[Conclusion] The results showed that the adding of yeast and sawdust was the best condition for chicken manure composting in this experiment.展开更多
Static aerobic composting of municipal sewage sludge with forced ventilation or air ventilation using matured compost as bulking conditioner was investigated. Physical and chemical parame ,eters, e.g., temperature, mo...Static aerobic composting of municipal sewage sludge with forced ventilation or air ventilation using matured compost as bulking conditioner was investigated. Physical and chemical parame ,eters, e.g., temperature, moisture content, VSS, CODcr, pH, and germination index （GI）, were analyzed to characterize the composting process. Fermentation starts quickly in both forced and air ventilation compost heaps and reaches high-temperature stage after 2 d, owing to the bulking function of matured compost. Compared to air ventilation, however, forced ventilation enables the high-temperature stage to last longer for approximately 7 d. The moisture content of both compost bodies decreases from 62% to about 50% as a result of evaporation, and it decreases slightly faster in forced ventilation compost heap after 13 d due to the higher temperature and better ventilation condition. Although no obvious differences of VSS and pH are observed between both compost heaps, the soluble CODcr and GI show differences during the second half period of fermentation. In forced ventilation compost, the soluble CODcr has a small rebound after 13 d, and GI decreases from 46% to 35% but then increases. These results show that in general, the matured compost is a good conditioner and force ventilation with a proper air supply strategy can be more efficient than air ventilation.展开更多
Most agricultural soils in sub-Saharan Africa are degraded,compromising the grain yield of rice and farmers return on investment.A 3-year field study was undertaken to explore the effect of the application of compost ...Most agricultural soils in sub-Saharan Africa are degraded,compromising the grain yield of rice and farmers return on investment.A 3-year field study was undertaken to explore the effect of the application of compost or inorganic NPK fertilizer applied alone or in combination with biochar on soil quality,grain yield of rice and net income.The five treatments were laid out using a randomized complete block design with four replications.The treatments were applied to supply approximately 75 kg N ha–1.The best fertilizer input was compost+biochar which resulted in the greatest improvement in soil physico-chemical properties by reducing bulk density and increasing porosity and moisture retention,organic matter content,percent nitrogen,available phosphorus and cation exchange capacity.Apart from treatment with inorganic fertilizer alone,treated soils showed a decrease in pH.Bacterial and fungal counts and basal respiration decreased in soils in the following order:compost+biochar>compost only>inorganic NPK fertilizer+biochar>inorganic NPK fertilizer>control.The increase in pooled grain yield and net income in response to treatment followed the order:compost+biochar>NPK+biochar>NPK>compost>control.The findings suggest that the use of compost or NPK alone might improve soil quality and increase grain yield and net income,but it is greatly recommended to co-apply these fertilisers with biochar.展开更多
Bio-surfactant is a new type of surfactant that is produced in microbial metabolism. Adding bio-surfactant during composting process, especially to those contain some toxic substances, has been proved to be a promisin...Bio-surfactant is a new type of surfactant that is produced in microbial metabolism. Adding bio-surfactant during composting process, especially to those contain some toxic substances, has been proved to be a promising way. In this study, Strains Ⅲ(2), a bacterial with high activity to produce bio-surfactant, were isolated firstly. Following comparison experiments with and without adding Strains Ⅲ(2), namely Run 1 and Run R, were conducted, respectively. The experimental results showed that, by adding Strains Ⅲ(2), the surface tension could reduce from 46.5 mN/m to 39.8 mN/m and the corresponding time to maintain the surface tension under 50 mN/m could prolong from 60 h to 90 h. The oxygen uptake rate and total accumulated oxygen consumption with Stains Ⅲ(2) were both higher than those without Strains Ⅲ(2), while the accumulation of H_2S in outlet gas was reduced to around 50% of Run R. Moreover, two additional experiments were also carried out to examine the effects of strains coming from different systems. One is adding Strains Ⅲ(2) with a dose of 0.4%(Run 2), and the other is seedling commercial Strains at the same conditions, the composting experiments showed that: Run 2 was more effective than Run 3, because the commercial Strains can be suppressed significantly in a complex composting system with different pH, high temperature and some of metals. The bio-surfactant was also added into the solid waste, which contained some toxic substances, the corresponding results showed that the remove rate of Hg and sodium pentachlorophenolate(PCP-Na) could be improved highly. Thus, the microenvironment, reactionrate and composting quality could be enhanced effectively by adding bio-surfactant to the composting process.展开更多
Additives could improve composting performance and reduce gaseous emission,but few studies have explored the synergistic of additives on H_(2)S emission and compost maturity.This research aims to make an investigation...Additives could improve composting performance and reduce gaseous emission,but few studies have explored the synergistic of additives on H_(2)S emission and compost maturity.This research aims to make an investigation about the effects of chemical additives and mature compost on H_(2)S emission and compost maturity of kitchen waste composting.The results showed that additives increased the germination index value and H_(2)S emission reduction over 15 days and the treatment with both chemical additives and mature compost achieved highest germination index value and H_(2)S emission reduction(85%).Except for the treatment with only chemical additives,the total sulfur content increased during the kitchen waste composting.The proportion of effective sulfur was higher with the addition of chemical additives,compared with other groups.The relative abundance of H_(2)S-formation bacterial(Desulfovibrio)was reduced and the relative abundance of bacterial(Pseudomonas and Paracoccus),which could convert sulfur-containing substances and H_(2)S to sulfate was improved with additives.In the composting process with both chemical additives and mature compost,the relative abundance of Desulfovibrio was lowest,while the relative abundance of Pseudomonas and Paracoccus was highest.Taken together,the chemical additives and mature compost achieved H_(2)S emission reduction by regulating the dynamics of microbial community.展开更多
Paper mill sludge （PMS） is a kind of bio-solid waste. The technology of aerobic composting of PMS was investigated. The ratio of the material components was as follows, sludge：chicken dung：spill=6kg：2kg：4kg, whi...Paper mill sludge （PMS） is a kind of bio-solid waste. The technology of aerobic composting of PMS was investigated. The ratio of the material components was as follows, sludge：chicken dung：spill=6kg：2kg：4kg, which could attain 55% moisture content （MC） and 25 the ration of carbon to nitrogen （C/N）. The aeration rule of fan was controlled by single chip microcomputer （SCM）. During composting, the system temperature more than 55℃ lasted for 3 days, pH changed in the range of 6.5-8.5 and MC changed between 53% to 60%. PMS became mature on the 20th day. The germination index （GI） of compost attained 95% or so and coliform was 23/100 ml volatile solid （VS） and organic carbon （OC） were stable at the content of 60% and 30%, respectively. The result showed that this technology could make the sludge stable and innocuous. A pot experiment with latosolic red soil mixed with paper mill sludge compost （PMSC） was carried on. The result showed that PMSC could increase the crop biomass, the soil nutrients and the physical characteristics of the soil, such as OC, total nitrogen （TN）, total phosphorus （TP）. The total amount of heavy metals in the soil was measured to be lower than the Environmental standard for soil in China （GB15618-1995）. So PMSC was a good and safe soil amendment.展开更多
The research was aimed at studying the effect of adding certain proportion chicken manure to cattle manure on compost below 0℃ with aerobic compost method, which was suitable for northern cold climate. The results in...The research was aimed at studying the effect of adding certain proportion chicken manure to cattle manure on compost below 0℃ with aerobic compost method, which was suitable for northern cold climate. The results indicated that the mixed compost completed 3 days earlier than the single compost, the temperature of the mixed compost rose to 50.7℃ at the 1st day,and achieved its highest temperature 74.4℃ at the 3rd day. The temperature of the single compost rose to 40.0℃ at the 1st day,rose to 55.6℃ at the 3rd day,and achieved its highest temperature 70.1℃ at the 5th day. Adding chicken manure had no impact on the variety trend of the process parameters such as moisture content, pH and C/N ratio, hut increased the variety range of these parameters.展开更多
Polyethylene (PE) films with additives consisting mainly of oleic acid and ferrous ions were subjected to accelerated degradation at simulated composting temperatures.Based on Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy a...Polyethylene (PE) films with additives consisting mainly of oleic acid and ferrous ions were subjected to accelerated degradation at simulated composting temperatures.Based on Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and measurements of mechanical properties and viscosity average molecular weight,the degradation of the films was characterized and the degradation mechanism was discussed.The films containing additives with ferrous ions represent considerable decreases in molecular weight,and the carbonyl groups and hydroperoxides in the aging films show different trends of increase with the aging time.These results indicate that the ferrous ion plays an important role in the degradation of PE films and accelerates the degradation of PE.展开更多
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the food wastes compost (FWC) and its non-aerated fermented extract (NFCE) on seed germination and growth of tomato (<i>Solanum</i> <i>lycopersi...The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the food wastes compost (FWC) and its non-aerated fermented extract (NFCE) on seed germination and growth of tomato (<i>Solanum</i> <i>lycopersicum</i> L.), watercress (<i>Nasturtium</i> <i>officinale</i>), chili pepper (<i>Capsicum</i> <i>annuum</i>), peas (<i>Pisum</i> <i>sativum</i> L.), chickpea (<i>Cicer</i> <i>arietinum</i>) and beans (<i>Vicia</i> <i>faba</i>) under greenhouse conditions. The FWC and NFCE were physico-chemically and microbiologically characterized. The NFCE effect was evaluated on tomato, watercress, and chili pepper seeds germination and seedling growth. However, for leguminous, pea, chickpea and bean seedlings, the FWC amended soils and irrigated with NFCE were tested for plants growth. The results of FWC analyses revealed that FWC has neutral pH, low EC and C/N ratio, with fertilizing elements (N, P, K and Mg) and lack of phytotoxic effect. The NFCE was characterized by low EC and relatively high carbon content (COD = 9700 mg/l), and intense microbial activity, notably mesophilic bacteria. Therefore, in fermented compost extract, mesophilic bacteria were increased by 225, yeasts by 25 and molds by 10 times compared to those of the investigated compost. In greenhouse, the diluted NFCE increased significantly (<i>p</i>< 0.05) germination and growth of the tested seedlings. Used alone, the FWC amended soil or the NFCE irrigated soil, improved the growth of tested seedlings. The use of soil amended with compost and irrigated by fermented compost extract decreased significantly the growth of the same experimented seedlings. Therefore, the FWC and its fermented extract were a suitable substrate for germination and growth of the studied seeds.展开更多
The catalytic effects of the organic compounds of iron,tin and manganese on the degradation of low density polyethylene (LDPE) at compost temperature are discussed.A series of samples were aged in a simulating compost...The catalytic effects of the organic compounds of iron,tin and manganese on the degradation of low density polyethylene (LDPE) at compost temperature are discussed.A series of samples were aged in a simulating compost environment.The mechanical properties,viscosity average molecular weight (M η) of PE and hydroperoxide (POOH) concentration in the samples were measured.FT IR and DSC were also applied to characterize some samples.It was shown that the above mentioned metallic organic compounds can catalyze the degradation of LDPE efficiently.After 2 months aging,all samples with catalysts became fragile and the M η of the material decreased dramatically.Furthermore,the concentration of carbonyl and the degree of crystallinity of the material increased with the aging time.展开更多
Globally,urbanization and a steady increase in population generate a huge amount of wastes,which leads to a series of economic,social,and environmental changes,mainly in developing countries.There is an utmost need fo...Globally,urbanization and a steady increase in population generate a huge amount of wastes,which leads to a series of economic,social,and environmental changes,mainly in developing countries.There is an utmost need for efficient management strategies for the beneficial utilization of these wastes into useful products.Among these strategies,composting is gaining attention due to its benefits of solid waste management,such as proper sterilization,and economical and effective bioconversion of lignocellulosic wastes to valuable products.Composting is an effective and sustainable approach for the management of various lignocellulosic wastes.This process comprises a series of effective waste treatment steps to ensure sustainable agriculture.Different composting methods have been explored for solid waste management.Furthermore,the influence of various factors relevant to composting has been elucidated.Microbes play a significant role in enhancing the degradation of lignocellulosic residues by secreting different hydrolytic enzymes.Compost has been utilized for increasing soil properties and improving plant growth.展开更多
文摘The fact that Morocco is an agricultural country and the large volume of biodegradable waste produced by the population make composting so important.The degradation of organic matter is facilitated by faunal and floral macro and micro-organisms that act in different stages of maturation;studies on this fauna are quite rare both nationally and internationally.On a sample of two tons of household waste,we documented invertebrates that colonized compost heaps and then assessed the changes in the structure of the invertebrate population during the different phases.Our study revealed the presence of several zoological groups colonizing the compost heaps during the different composting phases;we noted the presence of:(1)Macroscopic invertebrates,in order of number of individuals:insect larvae,ants,earthworms,sowbugs,spiders,springtails,and millipedes,and(2)Microscopic invertebrates,the most abundant in terms of individuals:mites and nematodes.As for the order of appearance,we observed that insect larvae were the first to colonize the compost heap from the very first days of installation,followed by woodlice observed during the thermophilic phase and disappearing towards the end of the process.Earthworms were observed during the end of the thermophilic phase,while springtails were observed more during the cooling and maturation phases.Our study revealed the presence of a good quality of fauna during the composting process,which are indicators of good compost quality and play a major role in the circulation of nutrients,thus ensuring the provision of essential elements for plant nutrition.
基金Supported by Non-profit Industrial Project of Agricultural Ministry--Research and Demonstration of Integrated and Assorted Technological System on Agricultural Clean Production and Recycling Use of Rural Waste(200903011)~~
文摘[Objective] The purpose was to study the optimum composition ratio of compound substrate with spent mushroom compound （SMC） and cattle manure com- post （CMC） for the seedling growth of tomato, cucumber and watermelon. [Method] With internationally best formula substrate （turf：vermiculite=2：1） used for CK, SMC and CMC were matched according to different proportions to get different substrate whose physical and chemical nutrient properties and their effects on the growth of tomato, cucumber and watermelon were studied by means of plug seeding technolo- gy. [Result] The results showed that the bulk density, porosity and the pH of the compound substrates are all in the ideal condition. However, CMC increased the EC value and the pH of the compound substrates. Compound substrates with high ratio of CMC are not suitable for seedlings. [Conclusion] Tomato and watermelon seedlings grew well in the compost substrate with SMC：CMC=3：1 with no river sand. And the cucumber seedlings grew well in the compost substrate with SMC：CMC=2：1 with 5% volume river sand.
文摘On site composting of organic household wastes is an economical and environmentally tiiendly way to manage municipal wastes. In this manuscript authors evaluated the importance of turning the wastes and of inoculating microorganisms and worms in order to unprove the composting process at domestic scale. Four treatments （Control without turning- C-, Control with Turning- CT- inoculated Mountain Microorganism with turning- MM- and Worms without turning- W-） were tested in a random experiment with tour replicates. Sixteen composting bins were fed with 300 kg of organic wastes from a local street market. The process of compostnig lasted 13 weeks after which all the composts were sifted and submitted to a range of chemical, physical and biological analysis. According to the results MM slightly increased the initial temperature and enzymatic activiry. This investigation outcome don＇t provide of sufficient grounds for a precise recommendation about worms inoculation in compost bins. A decrease between 75% and 80% in the fresh weight of the organic waste was found in the first thirteen weeks after starting the composting process in all the treatments. The quality level of the compost was acceptable, with very low heavy metal content. Turn over helps to keep the product hygienic especially after the inoculation with MM microbial starts. In conclusion and according to the results of this investigation, the use of 320 L compost bins for the organic waste management is strongly advisable.
基金Supported by Key Project of Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(200607010403)National Key Project of Scientific and Technical Supporting Programs Funded by Ministry of Science&Technology of China(2006BAD04A15)~~
文摘[Objective] The aim of this study was to explore the sterilization effects on Escherichia coli by adding bacterial inhibitor(CaCN2)during the process of cattle manure composting so as to provide a theoretical basis for cattle manure harmless treatment.[Method] Both experimental groups supplemented with 2.0% bacterial inhibitor and control groups without bacterial inhibitor were cultured under different temperatures(20,30,37,50,60 ℃)to determine the optimal composing temperature.Under 30 ℃,different bacterial inhibitor doses(0,2.0%,2.5%,3.0%)were added into the compost to obtain the optimal bacterial inhibitor addition dose.[Result] 30,50 and 60 ℃ were ideal temperatures for sterilization of E.coli.Under 30 ℃,E.coli couldn't be detected in 2.5% dose group and 3.0% dose group after culture for 48 h,demonstrating no less than 2.5% bacterial inhibitor should be added.[Conclusion] It has an important significance to enhance the sterilization effects on E.coli by adding CaCN2 into cattle manure compost especially in winter.
基金Supported by National Science and Technology Support Program"Key Technology Integration Research and Demonstration in the High-efficiency Production Mode of Farmland Cycle "(2007BAD89B16)~~
文摘[Objective] The aim was to study change of the composition of cow dung compost by adding complex enzyme.[Method] 2.0% enzyme treatment group,1.5% enzyme treatment group and control group were set to analyze temperature,moisture,pH value,crude fiber,TOC,TN,GI during composting.[Result] The results showed that adding complex enzymes could accelerate degradation of organic matter in pre-composting period.Crude fiber of 2.0%,.1.5% enzyme treatment group and control group decreased 49.6%,47% and 29.1% respectively,TOC decreased 41.7%,35.3% and 21.1%,TN decreased 32.6%,26.8% and 19.2%.2.0%,1.5% enzyme treatment groups could reach basic maturity degree at 30 d.[Conclusion] Composting cycle be shortened by adding complex enzymes,which was useful for maturity of cow dung compost.
基金Supported by Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest(201303089-2)Agricultural Eco-environment Protection Program of Ministry of Agriculture in 2014+1 种基金Key Agricultural Applied Technology Innovation Project of Shandong Province in 2015Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences(2014QNM21)~~
文摘To study the effects of superphosphate（SP） on the NH_3 and greenhouse gas emissions,vegetable waste composting was performed for 27 days using 6 different treatments. In addition to the controls,five vegetable waste mixtures（0.77m^3 each） were treated with different amounts of the SP additive, namely, 5%, 10%,15%, 20% and 25%. The ammonia volatilization loss and greenhouse gas emissions were measured during composting.Results indicated that the SP additive significantly decreased the ammonia volatilization and greenhouse gas emissions during vegetable waste composting. The additive reduced the total NH_3 emission by 4.0% to 16.7%. The total greenhouse gas emissions（CO_2-eq） of all treatments with SP additives were decreased by 10.2% to 20.8%, as compared with the controls. The NH_3 emission during vegetable waste composting had the highest contribution to the greenhouse effect caused by the four different gases.The amount of NH_3（CO_2-eq）from each treatment ranged from 59.90 to 81.58 kg/t; NH_3（CO_2-eq） accounted for 69% to 77% of the total emissions from the four gases. Therefore, SP is a cost-effective phosphorus-based fertilizer that can be used as an additive during vegetable waste composting to reduce the NH_3 and greenhouse gas emissions as well as to improve the value of compost as a fertilizer.
文摘[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the adsorption properties of the adsorption tower filled with calcium superphosphate on ammonia volatilized with aer- ation. [Method] Adsorption tower filled with calcium superphosphate was adopted as experimental apparatus, which was constructed by poly vinyl chloride （PVC） circular tubes. With hartshorn as the source of ammonia volatilization, the effect of different ratios of height to diameter of the tower filled with equal amount of calcium super-phosphate on ammonia adsorption was investigated. In addition, adsorption tower with height-diameter ratio of 9.9 was selected to adsorb the ammonia emitted from the composting systems of pig manure and chicken manure with optimized and reg- ulated carbon-nitrogen ratio. [Result] Under certain volatilization rate, calcium super- phosphate particles in the adsorption tower could effectively adsorb the ammonia, and the adsorption efficiency was enhanced with the increase of height-diameter ra-tio, which could reach above 90% with height-diameter ratio of more than 1.1; the ammonia emitted from composting systems of pig manure and chicken manure with optimized and regulated carbon-nitrogen ratio could be completely absorbed using adsorption tower with height-diameter ratio of 9.9 filled with calcium superphosphate accounting for about 8% of the weight of composting materials. [Conclusion] Experi- mental results of this study provided reference for the application of adsorption tower filled with calcium superphosphate in the treatment of waste gas emitted from com- posting materials.
基金Supported by the National Key Technology Research and Development Program during the 12th Five-Year Plan Period of China(2012BAD14B09)Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System(PXM2013-014207-000096)Beijing Higher Education Young Elite Teacher Project(YETP1714)~~
文摘This study aimed to investigate the bacterial communities in mushroom compost piles composed of rice straw, corn stover, and cow dung. Bacterial com- munities of samples at the beginning of composting, at the end of fermentation phase I and II were collected and analyzed using Polymerase Chain Reaction-De- naturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis （PCR-DGGE） based on 16S rDNA universal primers from Escherichia coli. A total of 56 different clone sequences were obtained （GenBank accession number： KF630598-KF630653）. They were classified into seven phyla and 42 genera. Dominant microflora during composting belonged to phylum Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria, with the dominant genera of Bacillus, Paenibacillus, Thermomonospora, Thermasporomyces, Pseudomonas, and Cellvibrio. Bacterial diversity （Shannon index） analysis showed that bacterial species in com- post pile composed mainly of rice straw continuously increased during composting, while those in compost pile composed mainly of corn stover firstly increased and then reduced. Principal component analysis showed that corn stover compost sam- ples at the end of fermentation phase I and phase II were clustered into one group, suggesting that corn stover composted faster than anticipated. In general, rice straw compost has higher bacterial diversity but longer composting time period, while corn stover compost has lower bacterial diversity but shorter composting time period.
基金supported by the Important Projec of China's Western Development (2004BA901A14)
文摘Plant pesticide residues, such as chinaberry （Melia toosendan） residue and sand cypress （Sabina vulgaris） residue, are pesticidal plant materials discarded after the bioactive ingredient has been extracted with organic solvents. The only option for botanical pesticide residue utilization has been as landfill. Chinaberry residue （CBR） and sand cypress residue （SCR） were collected and composted in Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China. We studied the effects of chinaberry residue compost （CBRC）, CBRC incorporated with Trichoderma viride （CBRCT）, sand cypress residue compost （SCRC）, and SCRC incorporated with T. viride （SCRCv） on the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, infesting the balloonflower （Platycodon grandiflorum）. Bioassay results indicated that stock solutions of the CBRCT and SCRCT extracts significantly inhibited egg hatching and caused high larval mortality, followed in degree by the CBRC and SCRC extracts. The CBR and SCR extracts caused very low inhibition of eggs and larvae. Supplementing potting mixtures with these four composts reduced the severity of root galling and increased the proportion of marketable roots. The severity of root galling decreased and the average weight of the marketable roots increased with an increase in all the composts when supplemented at rates from 5 to 30%. CBR- and SCR-supplemented pot soils also inhibited the nematodes, but CBR and SCR applied to the soil had a phytotoxic effect and inhibited balloonflower growth. Supplementing field soil with the composts reduced the severity of root galling and the populations of southern root-knot nematodes in the soil. CBRCT and SCRCT clearly enhanced the average weight of the marketable roots by 30.45 and 26.64%, respectively. Continuous supplementation with CBRCT or SCRCT in the same field significantly enhanced the control of the root-knot nematode, and the populations of nematodes continued to decrease with second inoculations. The populations of total Trichoderma spp. were distinctly enhanced and were maintained at high levels for a long time in the supplemented soils.
基金Supported by Ningxia Science and Technology Research Projects"The Carbon Balance Ecological Chicken Technology of Ningxia Desert Research"(KGZ101104)~~
文摘[Objective] In order to study the influence of bacteria and accessories of chicken manure compost.[Method] The experiment was conducted to investigate the changes of temperature,the quantification of Escherichia coli and the odor during chicken manure compost by adding sawdust,rice husk,yeast and lactic acid bacteria respectively.[Result] The results showed that：（1） The yeast group reached the highest fermentation temperature 67.6 ℃,which was 6.9 ℃ higher than that of lactic acid bacteria group,and the fermentation time of yeast group kept over 55 ℃for 16 days,which was 5 days longer than that of lactic acid bacteria group,both of which were better than that of control group（55.9 ℃,5 days）;（2）The highest fermentation temperature of sawdust group was 2.2 ℃ higher than that of rice husk group,and the fermentation time of sawdust group kept over 55 ℃ was 3 days longer than that of rice husk group;（3） The quantification of E.coli reduced from10^5 to 10^2per gram in both of the yeast group and the lactic acid bacteria group.The odor of the yeast group and the lactic acid bacteria group disappeared in the seventh day and the eighth day respectively.[Conclusion] The results showed that the adding of yeast and sawdust was the best condition for chicken manure composting in this experiment.
基金Projects(50978087,50908081)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘Static aerobic composting of municipal sewage sludge with forced ventilation or air ventilation using matured compost as bulking conditioner was investigated. Physical and chemical parame ,eters, e.g., temperature, moisture content, VSS, CODcr, pH, and germination index （GI）, were analyzed to characterize the composting process. Fermentation starts quickly in both forced and air ventilation compost heaps and reaches high-temperature stage after 2 d, owing to the bulking function of matured compost. Compared to air ventilation, however, forced ventilation enables the high-temperature stage to last longer for approximately 7 d. The moisture content of both compost bodies decreases from 62% to about 50% as a result of evaporation, and it decreases slightly faster in forced ventilation compost heap after 13 d due to the higher temperature and better ventilation condition. Although no obvious differences of VSS and pH are observed between both compost heaps, the soluble CODcr and GI show differences during the second half period of fermentation. In forced ventilation compost, the soluble CODcr has a small rebound after 13 d, and GI decreases from 46% to 35% but then increases. These results show that in general, the matured compost is a good conditioner and force ventilation with a proper air supply strategy can be more efficient than air ventilation.
文摘Most agricultural soils in sub-Saharan Africa are degraded,compromising the grain yield of rice and farmers return on investment.A 3-year field study was undertaken to explore the effect of the application of compost or inorganic NPK fertilizer applied alone or in combination with biochar on soil quality,grain yield of rice and net income.The five treatments were laid out using a randomized complete block design with four replications.The treatments were applied to supply approximately 75 kg N ha–1.The best fertilizer input was compost+biochar which resulted in the greatest improvement in soil physico-chemical properties by reducing bulk density and increasing porosity and moisture retention,organic matter content,percent nitrogen,available phosphorus and cation exchange capacity.Apart from treatment with inorganic fertilizer alone,treated soils showed a decrease in pH.Bacterial and fungal counts and basal respiration decreased in soils in the following order:compost+biochar>compost only>inorganic NPK fertilizer+biochar>inorganic NPK fertilizer>control.The increase in pooled grain yield and net income in response to treatment followed the order:compost+biochar>NPK+biochar>NPK>compost>control.The findings suggest that the use of compost or NPK alone might improve soil quality and increase grain yield and net income,but it is greatly recommended to co-apply these fertilisers with biochar.
基金Foundation item: The National Basic Research Program(973) of China(No. 2002CB410800 7 2002CB412302) and the National Hi Tech Research and DevelopmentProgram(863) of China(No. 2002AA601012)
文摘Bio-surfactant is a new type of surfactant that is produced in microbial metabolism. Adding bio-surfactant during composting process, especially to those contain some toxic substances, has been proved to be a promising way. In this study, Strains Ⅲ(2), a bacterial with high activity to produce bio-surfactant, were isolated firstly. Following comparison experiments with and without adding Strains Ⅲ(2), namely Run 1 and Run R, were conducted, respectively. The experimental results showed that, by adding Strains Ⅲ(2), the surface tension could reduce from 46.5 mN/m to 39.8 mN/m and the corresponding time to maintain the surface tension under 50 mN/m could prolong from 60 h to 90 h. The oxygen uptake rate and total accumulated oxygen consumption with Stains Ⅲ(2) were both higher than those without Strains Ⅲ(2), while the accumulation of H_2S in outlet gas was reduced to around 50% of Run R. Moreover, two additional experiments were also carried out to examine the effects of strains coming from different systems. One is adding Strains Ⅲ(2) with a dose of 0.4%(Run 2), and the other is seedling commercial Strains at the same conditions, the composting experiments showed that: Run 2 was more effective than Run 3, because the commercial Strains can be suppressed significantly in a complex composting system with different pH, high temperature and some of metals. The bio-surfactant was also added into the solid waste, which contained some toxic substances, the corresponding results showed that the remove rate of Hg and sodium pentachlorophenolate(PCP-Na) could be improved highly. Thus, the microenvironment, reactionrate and composting quality could be enhanced effectively by adding bio-surfactant to the composting process.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.32071552,42007031,31960013,and 31800378)the Open Research Fund from the Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology in Tibet Plateau(Tibet Agriculture&Animal Husbandry University),Ministry of Education,China(No.XZAJYBSYS-2020-02)+2 种基金the Independent Research Project of Science and Technology Innovation Base in Tibet Autonomous Region(No.XZ2022JR0007G)Suzhou Science and Technology Plan Project(No.SS20200)Ministry of Urban-Rural Development and Housing Technology Demonstration Project(No.S20220395)。
文摘Additives could improve composting performance and reduce gaseous emission,but few studies have explored the synergistic of additives on H_(2)S emission and compost maturity.This research aims to make an investigation about the effects of chemical additives and mature compost on H_(2)S emission and compost maturity of kitchen waste composting.The results showed that additives increased the germination index value and H_(2)S emission reduction over 15 days and the treatment with both chemical additives and mature compost achieved highest germination index value and H_(2)S emission reduction(85%).Except for the treatment with only chemical additives,the total sulfur content increased during the kitchen waste composting.The proportion of effective sulfur was higher with the addition of chemical additives,compared with other groups.The relative abundance of H_(2)S-formation bacterial(Desulfovibrio)was reduced and the relative abundance of bacterial(Pseudomonas and Paracoccus),which could convert sulfur-containing substances and H_(2)S to sulfate was improved with additives.In the composting process with both chemical additives and mature compost,the relative abundance of Desulfovibrio was lowest,while the relative abundance of Pseudomonas and Paracoccus was highest.Taken together,the chemical additives and mature compost achieved H_(2)S emission reduction by regulating the dynamics of microbial community.
文摘Paper mill sludge （PMS） is a kind of bio-solid waste. The technology of aerobic composting of PMS was investigated. The ratio of the material components was as follows, sludge：chicken dung：spill=6kg：2kg：4kg, which could attain 55% moisture content （MC） and 25 the ration of carbon to nitrogen （C/N）. The aeration rule of fan was controlled by single chip microcomputer （SCM）. During composting, the system temperature more than 55℃ lasted for 3 days, pH changed in the range of 6.5-8.5 and MC changed between 53% to 60%. PMS became mature on the 20th day. The germination index （GI） of compost attained 95% or so and coliform was 23/100 ml volatile solid （VS） and organic carbon （OC） were stable at the content of 60% and 30%, respectively. The result showed that this technology could make the sludge stable and innocuous. A pot experiment with latosolic red soil mixed with paper mill sludge compost （PMSC） was carried on. The result showed that PMSC could increase the crop biomass, the soil nutrients and the physical characteristics of the soil, such as OC, total nitrogen （TN）, total phosphorus （TP）. The total amount of heavy metals in the soil was measured to be lower than the Environmental standard for soil in China （GB15618-1995）. So PMSC was a good and safe soil amendment.
基金Supported by Prevent and Cure the Livestock and Poultry Industry Pollution Fund of Exchequer Department National Environmental Protection Department (2004)
文摘The research was aimed at studying the effect of adding certain proportion chicken manure to cattle manure on compost below 0℃ with aerobic compost method, which was suitable for northern cold climate. The results indicated that the mixed compost completed 3 days earlier than the single compost, the temperature of the mixed compost rose to 50.7℃ at the 1st day,and achieved its highest temperature 74.4℃ at the 3rd day. The temperature of the single compost rose to 40.0℃ at the 1st day,rose to 55.6℃ at the 3rd day,and achieved its highest temperature 70.1℃ at the 5th day. Adding chicken manure had no impact on the variety trend of the process parameters such as moisture content, pH and C/N ratio, hut increased the variety range of these parameters.
文摘Polyethylene (PE) films with additives consisting mainly of oleic acid and ferrous ions were subjected to accelerated degradation at simulated composting temperatures.Based on Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and measurements of mechanical properties and viscosity average molecular weight,the degradation of the films was characterized and the degradation mechanism was discussed.The films containing additives with ferrous ions represent considerable decreases in molecular weight,and the carbonyl groups and hydroperoxides in the aging films show different trends of increase with the aging time.These results indicate that the ferrous ion plays an important role in the degradation of PE films and accelerates the degradation of PE.
文摘The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the food wastes compost (FWC) and its non-aerated fermented extract (NFCE) on seed germination and growth of tomato (<i>Solanum</i> <i>lycopersicum</i> L.), watercress (<i>Nasturtium</i> <i>officinale</i>), chili pepper (<i>Capsicum</i> <i>annuum</i>), peas (<i>Pisum</i> <i>sativum</i> L.), chickpea (<i>Cicer</i> <i>arietinum</i>) and beans (<i>Vicia</i> <i>faba</i>) under greenhouse conditions. The FWC and NFCE were physico-chemically and microbiologically characterized. The NFCE effect was evaluated on tomato, watercress, and chili pepper seeds germination and seedling growth. However, for leguminous, pea, chickpea and bean seedlings, the FWC amended soils and irrigated with NFCE were tested for plants growth. The results of FWC analyses revealed that FWC has neutral pH, low EC and C/N ratio, with fertilizing elements (N, P, K and Mg) and lack of phytotoxic effect. The NFCE was characterized by low EC and relatively high carbon content (COD = 9700 mg/l), and intense microbial activity, notably mesophilic bacteria. Therefore, in fermented compost extract, mesophilic bacteria were increased by 225, yeasts by 25 and molds by 10 times compared to those of the investigated compost. In greenhouse, the diluted NFCE increased significantly (<i>p</i>< 0.05) germination and growth of the tested seedlings. Used alone, the FWC amended soil or the NFCE irrigated soil, improved the growth of tested seedlings. The use of soil amended with compost and irrigated by fermented compost extract decreased significantly the growth of the same experimented seedlings. Therefore, the FWC and its fermented extract were a suitable substrate for germination and growth of the studied seeds.
文摘The catalytic effects of the organic compounds of iron,tin and manganese on the degradation of low density polyethylene (LDPE) at compost temperature are discussed.A series of samples were aged in a simulating compost environment.The mechanical properties,viscosity average molecular weight (M η) of PE and hydroperoxide (POOH) concentration in the samples were measured.FT IR and DSC were also applied to characterize some samples.It was shown that the above mentioned metallic organic compounds can catalyze the degradation of LDPE efficiently.After 2 months aging,all samples with catalysts became fragile and the M η of the material decreased dramatically.Furthermore,the concentration of carbonyl and the degree of crystallinity of the material increased with the aging time.
基金the financial assistance as Senior Research Fellowship(No.09/382(0179)/2016-EMR1)from the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research(CSIR),New Delhi,India during the tenure of this research workthe Haryana State Council for Science and Technology,Panchkula,India(Nos.1743 and HSCST/R&D/2017/62)for providing financial support during the tenure of this research work。
文摘Globally,urbanization and a steady increase in population generate a huge amount of wastes,which leads to a series of economic,social,and environmental changes,mainly in developing countries.There is an utmost need for efficient management strategies for the beneficial utilization of these wastes into useful products.Among these strategies,composting is gaining attention due to its benefits of solid waste management,such as proper sterilization,and economical and effective bioconversion of lignocellulosic wastes to valuable products.Composting is an effective and sustainable approach for the management of various lignocellulosic wastes.This process comprises a series of effective waste treatment steps to ensure sustainable agriculture.Different composting methods have been explored for solid waste management.Furthermore,the influence of various factors relevant to composting has been elucidated.Microbes play a significant role in enhancing the degradation of lignocellulosic residues by secreting different hydrolytic enzymes.Compost has been utilized for increasing soil properties and improving plant growth.
