This study intends to identify the value and pitfalls of international and comparative approach for the policy and practice of teacher education.The structure of this article proceeds as follows:the first section focu...This study intends to identify the value and pitfalls of international and comparative approach for the policy and practice of teacher education.The structure of this article proceeds as follows:the first section focuses on explaining the meaning and the values of international and comparative approach;based on previous discussions,the second section makes a more in-depth analysis of the values of international and comparative approach to teacher education from five key themes;the final section of this article proposes and interprets the drawbacks of international and comparative approach in teacher education.展开更多
The capacity of the central nervous system for structural plasticity and regeneration is commonly believed to show a decreasing progression from“small and simple”brains to the larger,more complex brains of mammals.H...The capacity of the central nervous system for structural plasticity and regeneration is commonly believed to show a decreasing progression from“small and simple”brains to the larger,more complex brains of mammals.However,recent findings revealed that some forms of neural plasticity can show a reverse trend.Although plasticity is a well-preserved,transversal feature across the animal world,a variety of cell populations and mechanisms seem to have evolved to enable structural modifications to take place in widely different brains,likely as adaptations to selective pressures.Increasing evidence now indicates that a trade-off has occurred between regenerative(mostly stem cell–driven)plasticity and developmental(mostly juvenile)remodeling,with the latter primarily aimed not at brain repair but rather at“sculpting”the neural circuits based on experience.In particular,an evolutionary trade-off has occurred between neurogenic processes intended to support the possibility of recruiting new neurons throughout life and the different ways of obtaining new neurons,and between the different brain locations in which plasticity occurs.This review first briefly surveys the different types of plasticity and the complexity of their possible outcomes and then focuses on recent findings showing that the mammalian brain has a stem cell–independent integration of new neurons into pre-existing(mature)neural circuits.This process is still largely unknown but involves neuronal cells that have been blocked in arrested maturation since their embryonic origin(also termed“immature”or“dormant”neurons).These cells can then restart maturation throughout the animal's lifespan to become functional neurons in brain regions,such as the cerebral cortex and amygdala,that are relevant to high-order cognition and emotions.Unlike stem cell–driven postnatal/adult neurogenesis,which significantly decreases from small-brained,short-living species to large-brained ones,immature neurons are particularly abundant in large-brained,long-living mammals,including humans.The immature neural cell populations hosted in these complex brains are an interesting example of an“enlarged road”in the phylogenetic trend of plastic potential decreases commonly observed in the animal world.The topic of dormant neurons that covary with brain size and gyrencephaly represents a prospective turning point in the field of neuroplasticity,with important translational outcomes.These cells can represent a reservoir of undifferentiated neurons,potentially granting plasticity within the high-order circuits subserving the most sophisticated cognitive skills that are important in the growing brains of young,healthy individuals and are frequently affected by debilitating neurodevelopmental and degenerative disorders.展开更多
The main focus of the article is the semantic analysis and genesis of the words that create the lexical base of the modern Azerbaijani language to a certain extent and belong to the roots system of the language.The go...The main focus of the article is the semantic analysis and genesis of the words that create the lexical base of the modern Azerbaijani language to a certain extent and belong to the roots system of the language.The goal is to restore the words which have gone through deformation and flexion for thousands of years to their initial forms.The concept of stem cells in genetics has also been utilized as an analogy method because the author believes that languages are living organisms too and they have words and elements functioning as stem cells.Thus,the principal idea is that the linguistic units and words entering the organic system of a language are deprivations of the aforementioned linguistic stem cells.The stem words and concepts-the original elements of a language are determined in the first place and all the following analyses are built upon them.Such studies contain a wide range of comparativist investigations as well.Examples from the Ancient Greek and Latin languages have also been used as comparativism objects.Discovery of such words will not only give us linguistic information but also objective historical information on different aspects.This fact can be considered one of the main reasons making this kind of study very significant.展开更多
Ophiocordyceps sinensis(OS)has a variety of pharmacological effects and has been widely used as tonic food and medicine for hundreds of years.Among them,the OS of Yushu in Qinghai and Naqu in Xizang are considered to ...Ophiocordyceps sinensis(OS)has a variety of pharmacological effects and has been widely used as tonic food and medicine for hundreds of years.Among them,the OS of Yushu in Qinghai and Naqu in Xizang are considered to be of high quality.However,a lack of evidence on the difference in metabolites between OS from two typical growing regions.We compared the metabolomes of OS from Qinghai and Xizang through a comparative metabolomics approach based on ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole linear ion-trap tandem mass spectrometry.A total of 646 metabolites were identified from the OS of two typical growing regions,and there were no differences in the types of metabolites of OS in different regions,but in the differences in contents.Among the 85 metabolites screened with significant differences,cyclic peptides had a high content in Xizang group,while nucleotides,organic acids and their derivatives and lipids had a high content in Qinghai group.Metabolic pathways analysis of differential metabolites revealed that“vancomycin resistance”,“tryptophan metabolism”,“serotonergic synapse”,“phenylalanine metabolism”,“neomycin,kanamycin and gentamicin biosynthesis”,and“insulin resistance”were the main enrichment pathways.These findings provide an insight into the differential metabolic profiling and metabolic pathways of OS from two typical growing regions.展开更多
The importance of microRNAs （miRNAs） at the post-transcriptional regulation level has recently been recognized in both animals and plants. In this study, the simple and most effective method of comparative genomic a...The importance of microRNAs （miRNAs） at the post-transcriptional regulation level has recently been recognized in both animals and plants. In this study, the simple and most effective method of comparative genomic approach was used. First known plants miRNAs BLAST against the soybean genome, and then the located candidates were searched for novel miRNAs by RNA folding method in the vicinity （±400 nt） of the candidates. The results showed that a total of 521 novel soybean miRNA genes, including 236 mature miRNAs, were identified. All these mature miRNAs were grouped into 58 families, of which 21 of them were novel family in soybean. The upstream 2 000 nt of potential pre-miRNAs was used for promoter prediction, in order to investigate prediction of miRNAs and detect transcript unit and clustering. In this study, rniRNA genes less tend to be present as clusters in soybean. Only 9 clusters, containing 2l miRNA genes （accounted for 4.0% of the total）, were observed as part of polycistronic transcripts. Detailed analysis of sequence characteristics of novel miRNAs in soybean and all previous known plants miRNAs, were carried out. These results of this study provide a reference point for further study on miRNAs identification in plants, and improve the understanding of genome in soybean.展开更多
The field of workplace learning scholarship in Western countries is reviewed. First, the emergence of workplace learning scholarship is discussed historically for its relation to the emergence and ongoing development ...The field of workplace learning scholarship in Western countries is reviewed. First, the emergence of workplace learning scholarship is discussed historically for its relation to the emergence and ongoing development of capitalism beginning from early thought on markets and productivity, 20th century scientific management, industrialism and post-industrialism theses, and finally contemporary conceptual and disciplinary expansion and the conditions of globalization under late capitalism. Following this, six thematic clusters of research are discussed in relation to key scholars, their primary contributions and the ways that each can, potentially, inform those working in other areas of workplace learning scholarship. These thematic clusters include the following: i. cognition, expertise, and the individual;ii. micro-interaction, cognition, and communication;iii. mediated practice and participation;iv. meaning, identity, and organization life;v. authority, conflict, and control;and vi. competitiveness and knowledge management. It is concluded that no single thematic cluster has established predominance, and that there is a strong tendency toward isolation or balkanization of research interests (thematically, nationally, linguistically, etc.) despite a variety of parallel and/or mutually informing interests.展开更多
文摘This study intends to identify the value and pitfalls of international and comparative approach for the policy and practice of teacher education.The structure of this article proceeds as follows:the first section focuses on explaining the meaning and the values of international and comparative approach;based on previous discussions,the second section makes a more in-depth analysis of the values of international and comparative approach to teacher education from five key themes;the final section of this article proposes and interprets the drawbacks of international and comparative approach in teacher education.
基金supported by Progetto Trapezio,Compagnia di San Paolo(67935-2021.2174),to LBFondazione CRT(Cassa di Risparmio di Torino,RF=2022.0618),to LBPRIN2022(grant 2022LB4X3N),to LB。
文摘The capacity of the central nervous system for structural plasticity and regeneration is commonly believed to show a decreasing progression from“small and simple”brains to the larger,more complex brains of mammals.However,recent findings revealed that some forms of neural plasticity can show a reverse trend.Although plasticity is a well-preserved,transversal feature across the animal world,a variety of cell populations and mechanisms seem to have evolved to enable structural modifications to take place in widely different brains,likely as adaptations to selective pressures.Increasing evidence now indicates that a trade-off has occurred between regenerative(mostly stem cell–driven)plasticity and developmental(mostly juvenile)remodeling,with the latter primarily aimed not at brain repair but rather at“sculpting”the neural circuits based on experience.In particular,an evolutionary trade-off has occurred between neurogenic processes intended to support the possibility of recruiting new neurons throughout life and the different ways of obtaining new neurons,and between the different brain locations in which plasticity occurs.This review first briefly surveys the different types of plasticity and the complexity of their possible outcomes and then focuses on recent findings showing that the mammalian brain has a stem cell–independent integration of new neurons into pre-existing(mature)neural circuits.This process is still largely unknown but involves neuronal cells that have been blocked in arrested maturation since their embryonic origin(also termed“immature”or“dormant”neurons).These cells can then restart maturation throughout the animal's lifespan to become functional neurons in brain regions,such as the cerebral cortex and amygdala,that are relevant to high-order cognition and emotions.Unlike stem cell–driven postnatal/adult neurogenesis,which significantly decreases from small-brained,short-living species to large-brained ones,immature neurons are particularly abundant in large-brained,long-living mammals,including humans.The immature neural cell populations hosted in these complex brains are an interesting example of an“enlarged road”in the phylogenetic trend of plastic potential decreases commonly observed in the animal world.The topic of dormant neurons that covary with brain size and gyrencephaly represents a prospective turning point in the field of neuroplasticity,with important translational outcomes.These cells can represent a reservoir of undifferentiated neurons,potentially granting plasticity within the high-order circuits subserving the most sophisticated cognitive skills that are important in the growing brains of young,healthy individuals and are frequently affected by debilitating neurodevelopmental and degenerative disorders.
文摘The main focus of the article is the semantic analysis and genesis of the words that create the lexical base of the modern Azerbaijani language to a certain extent and belong to the roots system of the language.The goal is to restore the words which have gone through deformation and flexion for thousands of years to their initial forms.The concept of stem cells in genetics has also been utilized as an analogy method because the author believes that languages are living organisms too and they have words and elements functioning as stem cells.Thus,the principal idea is that the linguistic units and words entering the organic system of a language are deprivations of the aforementioned linguistic stem cells.The stem words and concepts-the original elements of a language are determined in the first place and all the following analyses are built upon them.Such studies contain a wide range of comparativist investigations as well.Examples from the Ancient Greek and Latin languages have also been used as comparativism objects.Discovery of such words will not only give us linguistic information but also objective historical information on different aspects.This fact can be considered one of the main reasons making this kind of study very significant.
基金supported by National Key research and Development Program of China(2023YFF1104700).
文摘Ophiocordyceps sinensis(OS)has a variety of pharmacological effects and has been widely used as tonic food and medicine for hundreds of years.Among them,the OS of Yushu in Qinghai and Naqu in Xizang are considered to be of high quality.However,a lack of evidence on the difference in metabolites between OS from two typical growing regions.We compared the metabolomes of OS from Qinghai and Xizang through a comparative metabolomics approach based on ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole linear ion-trap tandem mass spectrometry.A total of 646 metabolites were identified from the OS of two typical growing regions,and there were no differences in the types of metabolites of OS in different regions,but in the differences in contents.Among the 85 metabolites screened with significant differences,cyclic peptides had a high content in Xizang group,while nucleotides,organic acids and their derivatives and lipids had a high content in Qinghai group.Metabolic pathways analysis of differential metabolites revealed that“vancomycin resistance”,“tryptophan metabolism”,“serotonergic synapse”,“phenylalanine metabolism”,“neomycin,kanamycin and gentamicin biosynthesis”,and“insulin resistance”were the main enrichment pathways.These findings provide an insight into the differential metabolic profiling and metabolic pathways of OS from two typical growing regions.
基金supported by the National High-Tech R&D Program of China (863 Program, 2006AA100104-4)the 948 Project, Ministry of Agriculture, China (2006-G5)+5 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30971810, 60932008)the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program, 2009CB118400)the National Genetically Modified Organisms Breeding Major Projects of China (2009ZX08009-088B)the Postdoctoral Fund in Heilongjiang Province, China (LBH-Z07228)the Technology Project of Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang Province, China (11541025)the Technology Project of Harbin, China (2009RFQXN085)
文摘The importance of microRNAs （miRNAs） at the post-transcriptional regulation level has recently been recognized in both animals and plants. In this study, the simple and most effective method of comparative genomic approach was used. First known plants miRNAs BLAST against the soybean genome, and then the located candidates were searched for novel miRNAs by RNA folding method in the vicinity （±400 nt） of the candidates. The results showed that a total of 521 novel soybean miRNA genes, including 236 mature miRNAs, were identified. All these mature miRNAs were grouped into 58 families, of which 21 of them were novel family in soybean. The upstream 2 000 nt of potential pre-miRNAs was used for promoter prediction, in order to investigate prediction of miRNAs and detect transcript unit and clustering. In this study, rniRNA genes less tend to be present as clusters in soybean. Only 9 clusters, containing 2l miRNA genes （accounted for 4.0% of the total）, were observed as part of polycistronic transcripts. Detailed analysis of sequence characteristics of novel miRNAs in soybean and all previous known plants miRNAs, were carried out. These results of this study provide a reference point for further study on miRNAs identification in plants, and improve the understanding of genome in soybean.
文摘The field of workplace learning scholarship in Western countries is reviewed. First, the emergence of workplace learning scholarship is discussed historically for its relation to the emergence and ongoing development of capitalism beginning from early thought on markets and productivity, 20th century scientific management, industrialism and post-industrialism theses, and finally contemporary conceptual and disciplinary expansion and the conditions of globalization under late capitalism. Following this, six thematic clusters of research are discussed in relation to key scholars, their primary contributions and the ways that each can, potentially, inform those working in other areas of workplace learning scholarship. These thematic clusters include the following: i. cognition, expertise, and the individual;ii. micro-interaction, cognition, and communication;iii. mediated practice and participation;iv. meaning, identity, and organization life;v. authority, conflict, and control;and vi. competitiveness and knowledge management. It is concluded that no single thematic cluster has established predominance, and that there is a strong tendency toward isolation or balkanization of research interests (thematically, nationally, linguistically, etc.) despite a variety of parallel and/or mutually informing interests.
