Objective To discuss the flexible supervision and communication mode in the post-approval change(PAC)of drugs,to explore how to ensure the quality and availability of drugs during the changes,and to provide some sugge...Objective To discuss the flexible supervision and communication mode in the post-approval change(PAC)of drugs,to explore how to ensure the quality and availability of drugs during the changes,and to provide some suggestions and reference for promoting the timely marketing of drugs.Methods Based on the comparability protocol guidelines issued by the US FDA in October 2022,the regulatory status quo of PAC between China and the US was compared to explore the feasibility of implementing comparability protocols in China.Results and Conclusion According to the specific situation of post-approval of drug change supervision,some suggestions were put forward to optimize the PAC management procedure,such as establishing the communication pathways between holders and health authorities,publishing relevant guidance and strengthening training,so as to provide reference for the implementation of comparability protocols in China.展开更多
Racotumomab monoclonal antibody is a murine anti-idiotypic antibody. This monoclonal antibody mimics N-glycolyl-GM3 gangliosides has been tested in several clinical trials Phase I/II for breast, melanoma and non-small...Racotumomab monoclonal antibody is a murine anti-idiotypic antibody. This monoclonal antibody mimics N-glycolyl-GM3 gangliosides has been tested in several clinical trials Phase I/II for breast, melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer patients as an anti-idiotypic cancer vaccine. The early production process was performed in vivo from mice ascites fluid. This process was transferred to bioreactor-based method at pilot scale followed to the scale-up of the fermentation. In this work we present a comprehensive molecular characterization of racotumomab MAb produced by the two different production scales in order to determine the impact of the manufacturing process in vaccine performance. We observed differences in glycosylation pattern and charge heterogeneity between racotumomab produced in both scales. Interestingly, these modifications had no significant impact on biological activity elicited in chickens. So, changes in primary structure like glycosylation, charge heterogeneity and oxidation did not affect biological activity of the vaccine.展开更多
The convergence of accounting standards started in the 1970s, with international norms issued by the International Accounting Standards Board （IASB） and with the efforts of various countries to adopt the Internation...The convergence of accounting standards started in the 1970s, with international norms issued by the International Accounting Standards Board （IASB） and with the efforts of various countries to adopt the International Financial Reporting Standards （IFRS）, already mandatory in Brazil since 2010. Thus, comparable accounting information is clearly important, and this study plans to confirm the level of comparability of net income and equity of companies in the financial sector （in Brazil, ＂Finance and Others＂）, listed in the stock exchange, futures, and commodities （BM＆F Bovespal）, issued according to Brazilian Generally Accepted Accounting Principles （BR GAAP） and the IFRS. This study is descriptive, using a quantitative approach. Data were collected from secondary sources, more specifically, from the explanatory notes in the financial statements of the companies listed in the financial sector of the BM＆F Bovespa in the fiscal year of 2010. The results showed a reasonable level of comparability, with 68% of the companies presenting materially comparable information for net income and 72% of them for equity. However, decisions made based on data issued following the two different standards may have suffered the influence of asymmetric information; in other words, the comparability of information did not seem to satisfy those companies during the studied period of time. The main limitations of this study were data collection and selection for the development of the research because of： （1） inconsistence in net income and equity reconciliation criteria in the companies investigated; and （2） lack of uniformity in designating the adjustments that affect net income and equity in the conversion of the BR GAAP standard into the IFRS.展开更多
In this paper,we investigate the comparability structure over exchange rings.It is shown that the subdirect product of an exchange ring with stable range one and an exchange ring satisfying the comparability is also a...In this paper,we investigate the comparability structure over exchange rings.It is shown that the subdirect product of an exchange ring with stable range one and an exchange ring satisfying the comparability is also an exchange ring satisfying the comparability.This provides a new class of exchange rings satisfying the comparability.Furthermore,we investigate the s-comparability over exchange rings.This generalizes the corresponding results of Goodearl and Chen.展开更多
Using a sample of Chinese A-share listed companies during the 2008–2019 period,we explore the impact of concurrent independent directors in the same industry(hereafter CIDSI)on accounting information comparability.We...Using a sample of Chinese A-share listed companies during the 2008–2019 period,we explore the impact of concurrent independent directors in the same industry(hereafter CIDSI)on accounting information comparability.We find that CIDSI can effectively promote accounting information comparability and that this effect is realized mainly through inhibiting earnings management.We also find that CIDSI can provide broader industry perception of the company’s board reports.Variations in concurrent companies and internal and external environments have significant moderating effects on the relationship between CIDSI and accounting information comparability.This relationship contributes to reducing audit fees and the possibility of receiving nonstandard unqualified audit opinions.Our findings have implications for companies by demonstrating the importance of recruiting independent directors.展开更多
In this paper we investigate necessary and sufficient conditions under which the ideals possess comparability structure. For regular rings, we prove that every square matrix over ideals satisfying general comparabilit...In this paper we investigate necessary and sufficient conditions under which the ideals possess comparability structure. For regular rings, we prove that every square matrix over ideals satisfying general comparability admits a diagonal reduction by quasi invertible matrices.展开更多
The capacity of the central nervous system for structural plasticity and regeneration is commonly believed to show a decreasing progression from“small and simple”brains to the larger,more complex brains of mammals.H...The capacity of the central nervous system for structural plasticity and regeneration is commonly believed to show a decreasing progression from“small and simple”brains to the larger,more complex brains of mammals.However,recent findings revealed that some forms of neural plasticity can show a reverse trend.Although plasticity is a well-preserved,transversal feature across the animal world,a variety of cell populations and mechanisms seem to have evolved to enable structural modifications to take place in widely different brains,likely as adaptations to selective pressures.Increasing evidence now indicates that a trade-off has occurred between regenerative(mostly stem cell–driven)plasticity and developmental(mostly juvenile)remodeling,with the latter primarily aimed not at brain repair but rather at“sculpting”the neural circuits based on experience.In particular,an evolutionary trade-off has occurred between neurogenic processes intended to support the possibility of recruiting new neurons throughout life and the different ways of obtaining new neurons,and between the different brain locations in which plasticity occurs.This review first briefly surveys the different types of plasticity and the complexity of their possible outcomes and then focuses on recent findings showing that the mammalian brain has a stem cell–independent integration of new neurons into pre-existing(mature)neural circuits.This process is still largely unknown but involves neuronal cells that have been blocked in arrested maturation since their embryonic origin(also termed“immature”or“dormant”neurons).These cells can then restart maturation throughout the animal's lifespan to become functional neurons in brain regions,such as the cerebral cortex and amygdala,that are relevant to high-order cognition and emotions.Unlike stem cell–driven postnatal/adult neurogenesis,which significantly decreases from small-brained,short-living species to large-brained ones,immature neurons are particularly abundant in large-brained,long-living mammals,including humans.The immature neural cell populations hosted in these complex brains are an interesting example of an“enlarged road”in the phylogenetic trend of plastic potential decreases commonly observed in the animal world.The topic of dormant neurons that covary with brain size and gyrencephaly represents a prospective turning point in the field of neuroplasticity,with important translational outcomes.These cells can represent a reservoir of undifferentiated neurons,potentially granting plasticity within the high-order circuits subserving the most sophisticated cognitive skills that are important in the growing brains of young,healthy individuals and are frequently affected by debilitating neurodevelopmental and degenerative disorders.展开更多
Industrial waste salts are commonly used to make value-added snow-melting agents to ensure traffic safety in northern China during winter and spring after snowfall.However,heavy metals in industrial waste salts may po...Industrial waste salts are commonly used to make value-added snow-melting agents to ensure traffic safety in northern China during winter and spring after snowfall.However,heavy metals in industrial waste salts may pose certain environmental risks.Snow-melting agents and snow samples were collected and analyzed from highways,arterial roads,footbridges,and other locations in Beijing after the snowstorm in December 2023.It was found that the main component of snow-melting agents was sodium chloride with high concentrations of Cu,Mn,and Zn,which are not regulated in the current policies,despite the recent promotion of environmentally friendly snow-melting agents.The Pb,Zn and Cr contents of some snow samples exceeded the limitation value of surface water quality standards,potentially affecting the soil and water environment near roadsides,although the snow-melting agents comply with relevant standards,which indicates the policy gap in the management of recycled industrial salts.We reviewed and analyzed the relevant standards for snow-melting agents and industrial waste salts proposed nationally and internationally over the past 30 years.Through comparative analysis,we proposed relevant policy recommendations to the existing quality standards of snow-melting agents and the management regulations of industrial waste salts,and the formulation of corresponding usage strategies,aimed at reducing the potential environmental release of heavy metals from the use of snow-melting agents,thereby promoting more sustainable green urban development and environmentally sound waste management.展开更多
CR Dhan 310(CRD310),a biofortified rice variety,contains a significantly higher level of grain protein compared with its recurrent parent Naveen(NV),as well as most adapted high-yielding rice varieties in India.Althou...CR Dhan 310(CRD310),a biofortified rice variety,contains a significantly higher level of grain protein compared with its recurrent parent Naveen(NV),as well as most adapted high-yielding rice varieties in India.Although a limited investigation depicted that CRD310 contained higher levels of glutelin and some essential amino acids,detailed biochemical,molecular,and cellular mechanisms remain to be studied.As one of the means to identify the proteins and understand the underlying mechanism of higher proteins accumulation in grains of CRD310,the comparative proteomics was undertaken on grains of CRD310 and NV at the yellow ripening stage.展开更多
Alzheimer’s disease is initially thought to be caused by age-associated accumulation of plaques,in recent years,research has increasingly associated Alzheimer’s disease with lysosomal storage and metabolic disorders...Alzheimer’s disease is initially thought to be caused by age-associated accumulation of plaques,in recent years,research has increasingly associated Alzheimer’s disease with lysosomal storage and metabolic disorders,and the explanation of its pathogenesis has shifted from amyloid and tau accumulation to oxidative stress and impaired lipid and glucose metabolism aggravated by hypoxic conditions.However,the underlying mechanisms linking those cellular processes and conditions to disease progression have yet to be defined.Here,we applied a disease similarity approach to identify unknown molecular targets of Alzheimer’s disease by using transcriptomic data from congenital diseases known to increase Alzheimer’s disease risk,namely Down syndrome,Niemann-Pick type C disease,and mucopolysaccharidoses I.We uncovered common pathways,hub genes,and miRNAs across in vitro and in vivo models of these diseases as potential molecular targets for neuroprotection and amelioration of Alzheimer’s disease pathology,many of which have never been associated with Alzheimer’s disease.We then investigated common molecular alterations in brain samples from a Niemann-Pick type C disease mouse model by juxtaposing them with brain samples of both human and mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease.Detailed phenotypic,molecular,chronological,and biological aging analyses revealed that the Npc1tm(I1061T)Dso mouse model can serve as a potential short-lived in vivo model for brain aging and Alzheimer’s disease research.This research represents the first comprehensive approach to congenital disease association with neurodegeneration and a new perspective on Alzheimer’s disease research while highlighting shortcomings and lack of correlation in diverse in vitro models.Considering the lack of an Alzheimer’s disease mouse model that recapitulates the physiological hallmarks of brain aging,the short-lived Npc1^(tm(I1061T)Dso) mouse model can further accelerate the research in these fields and offer a unique model for understanding the molecular mechanisms of Alzheimer’s disease from a perspective of accelerated brain aging.展开更多
This note is devoted to the study of the stochastic comparability of jump processes.On the basis of[2]and[3],it is proved that two jump processes are stochastically comparable if and only if their q-pairs are comparab...This note is devoted to the study of the stochastic comparability of jump processes.On the basis of[2]and[3],it is proved that two jump processes are stochastically comparable if and only if their q-pairs are comparable.Meanwhile,the result concerning the uniqueness given in[6] is also improved upon.展开更多
Yttrium-90(Y-90)microsphere therapy,known as radioembolization,has emerged as a pivotal treatment modality for hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),delivering targeted radiation with minimal collateral damage to healthy live...Yttrium-90(Y-90)microsphere therapy,known as radioembolization,has emerged as a pivotal treatment modality for hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),delivering targeted radiation with minimal collateral damage to healthy liver tissues.This review meticulously synthesizes current evidence regarding the clinical efficacy,underlying therapeutic mechanisms,patient selection criteria,and comparative advantages of Y-90 therapy.Clinical studies consistently demonstrate significant improvements in overall survival and progression-free survival,coupled with robust tumor response rates and manageable adverse events.The therapy’s efficacy is substantially enhanced by advanced dosimetric techniques,enabling precise radiation delivery tailored to individual tumor profiles.Comparative analyses reveal that Y-90 therapy provides superior local tumor control and a preferable safety profile compared to conventional treatments such as transarterial chemoembolization and external beam radiation therapy.Additionally,its clinical outcomes are comparable to those achieved with contemporary systemic therapies.Ongoing research into combination treatments incorporating Y-90 with systemic therapies,including targeted agents and immune checkpoint inhibitors,suggests promising advancements in comprehensive HCC management.Future directions highlight the necessity for continued refinement of dosimetry and patient stratification approaches,aiming to further optimize therapeutic outcomes.展开更多
The genetic basis for Gossypium hirsutum race latifolium,the putative ancestor of cultivated upland cotton,emerging from the semi-wild races to be domesticated into cultivated upland cotton is unknown.Here,we reported...The genetic basis for Gossypium hirsutum race latifolium,the putative ancestor of cultivated upland cotton,emerging from the semi-wild races to be domesticated into cultivated upland cotton is unknown.Here,we reported a high-quality genome assembly of G.latifolium.Comparative genome analyses revealed substantial variations in both gene group composition and genomic sequences across 13 cotton genomes,including the expansion of photosynthesis-related gene groups in G.latifolium compared with other races and the pivotal contribution of structural variations(SVs)to G.hirsutum domestication.Based on the resequencing reads and constructed pan-genome of upland cotton,co-selection regions and SVs with significant frequency differences among different populations were identified.Genes located in these regions or affected by these variations may characterize the differences between G.latifolium and other races,and could be involved in maintenance of upland cotton domestication phenotypes.These findings may assist in mining genes for upland cotton improvement and improving the understanding of the genetic basis of upland cotton domestication.展开更多
This article introduces a novel 20 V radiation-hardened high-voltage metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor(MOSFET)driver with an optimized input circuit and a drain-surrounding-source(DSS)structure.The inp...This article introduces a novel 20 V radiation-hardened high-voltage metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor(MOSFET)driver with an optimized input circuit and a drain-surrounding-source(DSS)structure.The input circuit of a conventional inverter consists of a thick-gate-oxide n-type MOSFET(NMOS).These conventional drivers can tolerate a total ionizing dose(TID)of up to 100 krad(Si).In contrast,the proposed comparator input circuit uses both a thick-gate-oxide p-type MOSFET(PMOS)and thin-gate-oxide NMOS to offer a high input voltage and higher TID tolerance.Because the thick-gate-oxide PMOS and thin-gate-oxide NMOS collectively provide better TID tolerance than the thick-gate-oxide NMOS,the circuit exhibits enhanced TID tolerance of>300 krad(Si).Simulations and experimental date indicate that the DSS structure reduces the probability of unwanted parasitic bipolar junction transistor activation,yielding a better single-event effect tolerance of over 81.8 MeVcm^(2)mg^(-1).The innovative strategy proposed in this study involves circuit and layout design optimization,and does not require any specialized process flow.Hence,the proposed circuit can be manufactured using common commercial 0.35μm BCD processes.展开更多
Particle Swarm Optimization(PSO)has been utilized as a useful tool for solving intricate optimization problems for various applications in different fields.This paper attempts to carry out an update on PSO and gives a...Particle Swarm Optimization(PSO)has been utilized as a useful tool for solving intricate optimization problems for various applications in different fields.This paper attempts to carry out an update on PSO and gives a review of its recent developments and applications,but also provides arguments for its efficacy in resolving optimization problems in comparison with other algorithms.Covering six strategic areas,which include Data Mining,Machine Learning,Engineering Design,Energy Systems,Healthcare,and Robotics,the study demonstrates the versatility and effectiveness of the PSO.Experimental results are,however,used to show the strong and weak parts of PSO,and performance results are included in tables for ease of comparison.The results stress PSO’s efficiency in providing optimal solutions but also show that there are aspects that need to be improved through combination with algorithms or tuning to the parameters of the method.The review of the advantages and limitations of PSO is intended to provide academics and practitioners with a well-rounded view of the methods of employing such a tool most effectively and to encourage optimized designs of PSO in solving theoretical and practical problems in the future.展开更多
Genetic information has been instrumental in elucidating the relationship between the East Asian Summer Monsoon(EASM)and subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests(EBLFs).However,how the genomic insights of EBLFs’spe...Genetic information has been instrumental in elucidating the relationship between the East Asian Summer Monsoon(EASM)and subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests(EBLFs).However,how the genomic insights of EBLFs’species correspond to environmental shifts induced by the EASM remains limited.In this study,we investigated the adaptive mechanisms of evergreen Engelhardia species in response to the EASM through genome sequencing and comparative genomic analyses from the de novo genome assemblies of fiveclosely related Engelhardia taxa and one Rhoiptelea species.Our findingsrevealed that the divergence of evergreen trees from their sister deciduous species is closely associated with the onset and intensification of the EASM.This genomic transitionmayhave coincided with a significantexpansion of the terpene synthase(TPS)gene family in E.fenzelii,driven by four distinct modes of gene duplication.This expansion enhances the biosynthesis of terpene volatiles,providing a defensive mechanism against potential herbivory in EASM affected environments.We also identifieda shared whole-genome duplication(WGD)event across Engelhardia,along with substantial differences in transposable element(TE)composition and activity,which contributed to genome size variation between E.fenzelii and E.roxburghiana.In addition,demographic analyses revealed a continuous population decline over the past 10 million years,further exacerbated by recenthumandisturbance,underscoring the conservation urgency for these species.These results not only provide preliminary insights into the complex evolutionary dynamics within the Engelhardia genus from genomic insights(e.g.,the intricate relationships between genomic variations,environmental changes,and adaptive responses driven by significantclimatic events such as the EASM),but also provides valuable insights into the conservation significance of EBLFs.展开更多
The US market for women's synthetic trou-sers is characterised by intense competition,with Asian countries playing a dominant role in exports.This analysis delves into the market performance of leading exporters,a...The US market for women's synthetic trou-sers is characterised by intense competition,with Asian countries playing a dominant role in exports.This analysis delves into the market performance of leading exporters,assessing key indicators such as export values,revealed comparative advantage(RCA).unit value realisation(UVR),and the effect of tariff rates.展开更多
Hawthorn(Crataegus pinnatifida)fruit peel color and seed hardness are key traits that significantly impact economic value.We present here the high-quality chromosome-scale genomes of two cultivars,including the hard-s...Hawthorn(Crataegus pinnatifida)fruit peel color and seed hardness are key traits that significantly impact economic value.We present here the high-quality chromosome-scale genomes of two cultivars,including the hard-seed,yellow-peel C.pinnatifida“Jinruyi”(JRY)and the soft-seed,red-peel C.pinnatifida“Ruanzi”(RZ).The assembled genomes comprising 17 chromosomes are 809.1 Mb and 760.5 Mb in size,achieving scaffold N50 values of 48.5 Mb and 46.8 Mb for JRY and RZ,respectively.Comparative genomic analysis identifies 3.6–3.8 million single nucleotide polymorphisms,8.5–9.3 million insertions/deletions,and approximately 30 Mb of presence/absence variations across different hawthorn genomes.Through integrating differentially expressed genes and accumulated metabolites,we filter candidate genes CpMYB114 and CpMYB44 associated with differences in hawthorn fruit peel color and seed hardness,respectively.Functional validation confirms that CpMYB114-CpANS regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis in hawthorn peels,contributing to the observed variation in peel color.CpMYB44-CpCOMT is significantly upregulated in JRY and has been shown to promote lignin biosynthesis,resulting in the distinction in seed hardness.Overall,this study reveals new insights into understanding of distinct peel pigmentation and seed hardness in hawthorn and provides an abundant resource for molecular breeding.展开更多
文摘Objective To discuss the flexible supervision and communication mode in the post-approval change(PAC)of drugs,to explore how to ensure the quality and availability of drugs during the changes,and to provide some suggestions and reference for promoting the timely marketing of drugs.Methods Based on the comparability protocol guidelines issued by the US FDA in October 2022,the regulatory status quo of PAC between China and the US was compared to explore the feasibility of implementing comparability protocols in China.Results and Conclusion According to the specific situation of post-approval of drug change supervision,some suggestions were put forward to optimize the PAC management procedure,such as establishing the communication pathways between holders and health authorities,publishing relevant guidance and strengthening training,so as to provide reference for the implementation of comparability protocols in China.
文摘Racotumomab monoclonal antibody is a murine anti-idiotypic antibody. This monoclonal antibody mimics N-glycolyl-GM3 gangliosides has been tested in several clinical trials Phase I/II for breast, melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer patients as an anti-idiotypic cancer vaccine. The early production process was performed in vivo from mice ascites fluid. This process was transferred to bioreactor-based method at pilot scale followed to the scale-up of the fermentation. In this work we present a comprehensive molecular characterization of racotumomab MAb produced by the two different production scales in order to determine the impact of the manufacturing process in vaccine performance. We observed differences in glycosylation pattern and charge heterogeneity between racotumomab produced in both scales. Interestingly, these modifications had no significant impact on biological activity elicited in chickens. So, changes in primary structure like glycosylation, charge heterogeneity and oxidation did not affect biological activity of the vaccine.
文摘The convergence of accounting standards started in the 1970s, with international norms issued by the International Accounting Standards Board （IASB） and with the efforts of various countries to adopt the International Financial Reporting Standards （IFRS）, already mandatory in Brazil since 2010. Thus, comparable accounting information is clearly important, and this study plans to confirm the level of comparability of net income and equity of companies in the financial sector （in Brazil, ＂Finance and Others＂）, listed in the stock exchange, futures, and commodities （BM＆F Bovespal）, issued according to Brazilian Generally Accepted Accounting Principles （BR GAAP） and the IFRS. This study is descriptive, using a quantitative approach. Data were collected from secondary sources, more specifically, from the explanatory notes in the financial statements of the companies listed in the financial sector of the BM＆F Bovespa in the fiscal year of 2010. The results showed a reasonable level of comparability, with 68% of the companies presenting materially comparable information for net income and 72% of them for equity. However, decisions made based on data issued following the two different standards may have suffered the influence of asymmetric information; in other words, the comparability of information did not seem to satisfy those companies during the studied period of time. The main limitations of this study were data collection and selection for the development of the research because of： （1） inconsistence in net income and equity reconciliation criteria in the companies investigated; and （2） lack of uniformity in designating the adjustments that affect net income and equity in the conversion of the BR GAAP standard into the IFRS.
基金This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.19801012)the Ministry of Education of China.
文摘In this paper,we investigate the comparability structure over exchange rings.It is shown that the subdirect product of an exchange ring with stable range one and an exchange ring satisfying the comparability is also an exchange ring satisfying the comparability.This provides a new class of exchange rings satisfying the comparability.Furthermore,we investigate the s-comparability over exchange rings.This generalizes the corresponding results of Goodearl and Chen.
基金the financial support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (72272164,71872196)the National Social Science Foundation of China (21&ZD145, 19ZDA098)+1 种基金the Beijing Social Science Foundation (15JGC176)the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang (LY19G020004)
文摘Using a sample of Chinese A-share listed companies during the 2008–2019 period,we explore the impact of concurrent independent directors in the same industry(hereafter CIDSI)on accounting information comparability.We find that CIDSI can effectively promote accounting information comparability and that this effect is realized mainly through inhibiting earnings management.We also find that CIDSI can provide broader industry perception of the company’s board reports.Variations in concurrent companies and internal and external environments have significant moderating effects on the relationship between CIDSI and accounting information comparability.This relationship contributes to reducing audit fees and the possibility of receiving nonstandard unqualified audit opinions.Our findings have implications for companies by demonstrating the importance of recruiting independent directors.
文摘In this paper we investigate necessary and sufficient conditions under which the ideals possess comparability structure. For regular rings, we prove that every square matrix over ideals satisfying general comparability admits a diagonal reduction by quasi invertible matrices.
基金supported by Progetto Trapezio,Compagnia di San Paolo(67935-2021.2174),to LBFondazione CRT(Cassa di Risparmio di Torino,RF=2022.0618),to LBPRIN2022(grant 2022LB4X3N),to LB。
文摘The capacity of the central nervous system for structural plasticity and regeneration is commonly believed to show a decreasing progression from“small and simple”brains to the larger,more complex brains of mammals.However,recent findings revealed that some forms of neural plasticity can show a reverse trend.Although plasticity is a well-preserved,transversal feature across the animal world,a variety of cell populations and mechanisms seem to have evolved to enable structural modifications to take place in widely different brains,likely as adaptations to selective pressures.Increasing evidence now indicates that a trade-off has occurred between regenerative(mostly stem cell–driven)plasticity and developmental(mostly juvenile)remodeling,with the latter primarily aimed not at brain repair but rather at“sculpting”the neural circuits based on experience.In particular,an evolutionary trade-off has occurred between neurogenic processes intended to support the possibility of recruiting new neurons throughout life and the different ways of obtaining new neurons,and between the different brain locations in which plasticity occurs.This review first briefly surveys the different types of plasticity and the complexity of their possible outcomes and then focuses on recent findings showing that the mammalian brain has a stem cell–independent integration of new neurons into pre-existing(mature)neural circuits.This process is still largely unknown but involves neuronal cells that have been blocked in arrested maturation since their embryonic origin(also termed“immature”or“dormant”neurons).These cells can then restart maturation throughout the animal's lifespan to become functional neurons in brain regions,such as the cerebral cortex and amygdala,that are relevant to high-order cognition and emotions.Unlike stem cell–driven postnatal/adult neurogenesis,which significantly decreases from small-brained,short-living species to large-brained ones,immature neurons are particularly abundant in large-brained,long-living mammals,including humans.The immature neural cell populations hosted in these complex brains are an interesting example of an“enlarged road”in the phylogenetic trend of plastic potential decreases commonly observed in the animal world.The topic of dormant neurons that covary with brain size and gyrencephaly represents a prospective turning point in the field of neuroplasticity,with important translational outcomes.These cells can represent a reservoir of undifferentiated neurons,potentially granting plasticity within the high-order circuits subserving the most sophisticated cognitive skills that are important in the growing brains of young,healthy individuals and are frequently affected by debilitating neurodevelopmental and degenerative disorders.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22176200)the Industrial Innovation Entrepreneurial Team Project of Ordos 2021.
文摘Industrial waste salts are commonly used to make value-added snow-melting agents to ensure traffic safety in northern China during winter and spring after snowfall.However,heavy metals in industrial waste salts may pose certain environmental risks.Snow-melting agents and snow samples were collected and analyzed from highways,arterial roads,footbridges,and other locations in Beijing after the snowstorm in December 2023.It was found that the main component of snow-melting agents was sodium chloride with high concentrations of Cu,Mn,and Zn,which are not regulated in the current policies,despite the recent promotion of environmentally friendly snow-melting agents.The Pb,Zn and Cr contents of some snow samples exceeded the limitation value of surface water quality standards,potentially affecting the soil and water environment near roadsides,although the snow-melting agents comply with relevant standards,which indicates the policy gap in the management of recycled industrial salts.We reviewed and analyzed the relevant standards for snow-melting agents and industrial waste salts proposed nationally and internationally over the past 30 years.Through comparative analysis,we proposed relevant policy recommendations to the existing quality standards of snow-melting agents and the management regulations of industrial waste salts,and the formulation of corresponding usage strategies,aimed at reducing the potential environmental release of heavy metals from the use of snow-melting agents,thereby promoting more sustainable green urban development and environmentally sound waste management.
基金supported by the director of Indian Council of Agricultural Research and International Rice Research Institute (ICAR-CRRI), Cuttack, Indiathe coordinator of the ICAR-sponsored project ‘C-reactive protein (CRP) in Biofortification in Selected Crops’, India
文摘CR Dhan 310(CRD310),a biofortified rice variety,contains a significantly higher level of grain protein compared with its recurrent parent Naveen(NV),as well as most adapted high-yielding rice varieties in India.Although a limited investigation depicted that CRD310 contained higher levels of glutelin and some essential amino acids,detailed biochemical,molecular,and cellular mechanisms remain to be studied.As one of the means to identify the proteins and understand the underlying mechanism of higher proteins accumulation in grains of CRD310,the comparative proteomics was undertaken on grains of CRD310 and NV at the yellow ripening stage.
基金supported by the NIA/NIH(1K01AG060040).Studies performed by JN were funded by the NICHD/NIH(5R00HD096117)Microscopy Core Facility supported,in part,with funding from NIH-NCI Cancer Center Support Grant P30 CA016059.
文摘Alzheimer’s disease is initially thought to be caused by age-associated accumulation of plaques,in recent years,research has increasingly associated Alzheimer’s disease with lysosomal storage and metabolic disorders,and the explanation of its pathogenesis has shifted from amyloid and tau accumulation to oxidative stress and impaired lipid and glucose metabolism aggravated by hypoxic conditions.However,the underlying mechanisms linking those cellular processes and conditions to disease progression have yet to be defined.Here,we applied a disease similarity approach to identify unknown molecular targets of Alzheimer’s disease by using transcriptomic data from congenital diseases known to increase Alzheimer’s disease risk,namely Down syndrome,Niemann-Pick type C disease,and mucopolysaccharidoses I.We uncovered common pathways,hub genes,and miRNAs across in vitro and in vivo models of these diseases as potential molecular targets for neuroprotection and amelioration of Alzheimer’s disease pathology,many of which have never been associated with Alzheimer’s disease.We then investigated common molecular alterations in brain samples from a Niemann-Pick type C disease mouse model by juxtaposing them with brain samples of both human and mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease.Detailed phenotypic,molecular,chronological,and biological aging analyses revealed that the Npc1tm(I1061T)Dso mouse model can serve as a potential short-lived in vivo model for brain aging and Alzheimer’s disease research.This research represents the first comprehensive approach to congenital disease association with neurodegeneration and a new perspective on Alzheimer’s disease research while highlighting shortcomings and lack of correlation in diverse in vitro models.Considering the lack of an Alzheimer’s disease mouse model that recapitulates the physiological hallmarks of brain aging,the short-lived Npc1^(tm(I1061T)Dso) mouse model can further accelerate the research in these fields and offer a unique model for understanding the molecular mechanisms of Alzheimer’s disease from a perspective of accelerated brain aging.
基金Research supported in part by DPFIHE(Grant No.96002704),NNSFC(Grant No.19771008)MCSEC,Ying-Tung Fok Educational Foundation and Youth Science Foundation of BNU
文摘This note is devoted to the study of the stochastic comparability of jump processes.On the basis of[2]and[3],it is proved that two jump processes are stochastically comparable if and only if their q-pairs are comparable.Meanwhile,the result concerning the uniqueness given in[6] is also improved upon.
文摘Yttrium-90(Y-90)microsphere therapy,known as radioembolization,has emerged as a pivotal treatment modality for hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),delivering targeted radiation with minimal collateral damage to healthy liver tissues.This review meticulously synthesizes current evidence regarding the clinical efficacy,underlying therapeutic mechanisms,patient selection criteria,and comparative advantages of Y-90 therapy.Clinical studies consistently demonstrate significant improvements in overall survival and progression-free survival,coupled with robust tumor response rates and manageable adverse events.The therapy’s efficacy is substantially enhanced by advanced dosimetric techniques,enabling precise radiation delivery tailored to individual tumor profiles.Comparative analyses reveal that Y-90 therapy provides superior local tumor control and a preferable safety profile compared to conventional treatments such as transarterial chemoembolization and external beam radiation therapy.Additionally,its clinical outcomes are comparable to those achieved with contemporary systemic therapies.Ongoing research into combination treatments incorporating Y-90 with systemic therapies,including targeted agents and immune checkpoint inhibitors,suggests promising advancements in comprehensive HCC management.Future directions highlight the necessity for continued refinement of dosimetry and patient stratification approaches,aiming to further optimize therapeutic outcomes.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32201873)the Key Research and Development Plan of Hubei Province(2023BBB050)。
文摘The genetic basis for Gossypium hirsutum race latifolium,the putative ancestor of cultivated upland cotton,emerging from the semi-wild races to be domesticated into cultivated upland cotton is unknown.Here,we reported a high-quality genome assembly of G.latifolium.Comparative genome analyses revealed substantial variations in both gene group composition and genomic sequences across 13 cotton genomes,including the expansion of photosynthesis-related gene groups in G.latifolium compared with other races and the pivotal contribution of structural variations(SVs)to G.hirsutum domestication.Based on the resequencing reads and constructed pan-genome of upland cotton,co-selection regions and SVs with significant frequency differences among different populations were identified.Genes located in these regions or affected by these variations may characterize the differences between G.latifolium and other races,and could be involved in maintenance of upland cotton domestication phenotypes.These findings may assist in mining genes for upland cotton improvement and improving the understanding of the genetic basis of upland cotton domestication.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U2241221).
文摘This article introduces a novel 20 V radiation-hardened high-voltage metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor(MOSFET)driver with an optimized input circuit and a drain-surrounding-source(DSS)structure.The input circuit of a conventional inverter consists of a thick-gate-oxide n-type MOSFET(NMOS).These conventional drivers can tolerate a total ionizing dose(TID)of up to 100 krad(Si).In contrast,the proposed comparator input circuit uses both a thick-gate-oxide p-type MOSFET(PMOS)and thin-gate-oxide NMOS to offer a high input voltage and higher TID tolerance.Because the thick-gate-oxide PMOS and thin-gate-oxide NMOS collectively provide better TID tolerance than the thick-gate-oxide NMOS,the circuit exhibits enhanced TID tolerance of>300 krad(Si).Simulations and experimental date indicate that the DSS structure reduces the probability of unwanted parasitic bipolar junction transistor activation,yielding a better single-event effect tolerance of over 81.8 MeVcm^(2)mg^(-1).The innovative strategy proposed in this study involves circuit and layout design optimization,and does not require any specialized process flow.Hence,the proposed circuit can be manufactured using common commercial 0.35μm BCD processes.
文摘Particle Swarm Optimization(PSO)has been utilized as a useful tool for solving intricate optimization problems for various applications in different fields.This paper attempts to carry out an update on PSO and gives a review of its recent developments and applications,but also provides arguments for its efficacy in resolving optimization problems in comparison with other algorithms.Covering six strategic areas,which include Data Mining,Machine Learning,Engineering Design,Energy Systems,Healthcare,and Robotics,the study demonstrates the versatility and effectiveness of the PSO.Experimental results are,however,used to show the strong and weak parts of PSO,and performance results are included in tables for ease of comparison.The results stress PSO’s efficiency in providing optimal solutions but also show that there are aspects that need to be improved through combination with algorithms or tuning to the parameters of the method.The review of the advantages and limitations of PSO is intended to provide academics and practitioners with a well-rounded view of the methods of employing such a tool most effectively and to encourage optimized designs of PSO in solving theoretical and practical problems in the future.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42171063)Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute,Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.Y4ZK111B01)+6 种基金the Special Fund for ScientificResearch of Shanghai Landscaping&City Appearance Administrative Bureau(G242414,G242416)the“Yunnan Revitalization Talent Support Program”in Yunnan Province(XDYC-QNRC-2022-0028)Yunnan Revitalization Talent Support Program“Innovation Team”Project(202405AS350019)the CAS“Light of West China”Programthe 14th Five-Year Plan of Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden,Chinese Academy Sciences(XTBG-1450303)the European Research Council(ERC)under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program(No.833522)GhentUniversity(Methusalem funding,BOF.MET.2021.0005.01).
文摘Genetic information has been instrumental in elucidating the relationship between the East Asian Summer Monsoon(EASM)and subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests(EBLFs).However,how the genomic insights of EBLFs’species correspond to environmental shifts induced by the EASM remains limited.In this study,we investigated the adaptive mechanisms of evergreen Engelhardia species in response to the EASM through genome sequencing and comparative genomic analyses from the de novo genome assemblies of fiveclosely related Engelhardia taxa and one Rhoiptelea species.Our findingsrevealed that the divergence of evergreen trees from their sister deciduous species is closely associated with the onset and intensification of the EASM.This genomic transitionmayhave coincided with a significantexpansion of the terpene synthase(TPS)gene family in E.fenzelii,driven by four distinct modes of gene duplication.This expansion enhances the biosynthesis of terpene volatiles,providing a defensive mechanism against potential herbivory in EASM affected environments.We also identifieda shared whole-genome duplication(WGD)event across Engelhardia,along with substantial differences in transposable element(TE)composition and activity,which contributed to genome size variation between E.fenzelii and E.roxburghiana.In addition,demographic analyses revealed a continuous population decline over the past 10 million years,further exacerbated by recenthumandisturbance,underscoring the conservation urgency for these species.These results not only provide preliminary insights into the complex evolutionary dynamics within the Engelhardia genus from genomic insights(e.g.,the intricate relationships between genomic variations,environmental changes,and adaptive responses driven by significantclimatic events such as the EASM),but also provides valuable insights into the conservation significance of EBLFs.
文摘The US market for women's synthetic trou-sers is characterised by intense competition,with Asian countries playing a dominant role in exports.This analysis delves into the market performance of leading exporters,assessing key indicators such as export values,revealed comparative advantage(RCA).unit value realisation(UVR),and the effect of tariff rates.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32401631)Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science Innovation Capability Construction Special Project(KJCX20251401)+1 种基金Research Fund for Youth of Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Science(QNJJ202409)Youth Research Foundation of Institute of Forestry and Pomology,Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science(LGSJJ202302).
文摘Hawthorn(Crataegus pinnatifida)fruit peel color and seed hardness are key traits that significantly impact economic value.We present here the high-quality chromosome-scale genomes of two cultivars,including the hard-seed,yellow-peel C.pinnatifida“Jinruyi”(JRY)and the soft-seed,red-peel C.pinnatifida“Ruanzi”(RZ).The assembled genomes comprising 17 chromosomes are 809.1 Mb and 760.5 Mb in size,achieving scaffold N50 values of 48.5 Mb and 46.8 Mb for JRY and RZ,respectively.Comparative genomic analysis identifies 3.6–3.8 million single nucleotide polymorphisms,8.5–9.3 million insertions/deletions,and approximately 30 Mb of presence/absence variations across different hawthorn genomes.Through integrating differentially expressed genes and accumulated metabolites,we filter candidate genes CpMYB114 and CpMYB44 associated with differences in hawthorn fruit peel color and seed hardness,respectively.Functional validation confirms that CpMYB114-CpANS regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis in hawthorn peels,contributing to the observed variation in peel color.CpMYB44-CpCOMT is significantly upregulated in JRY and has been shown to promote lignin biosynthesis,resulting in the distinction in seed hardness.Overall,this study reveals new insights into understanding of distinct peel pigmentation and seed hardness in hawthorn and provides an abundant resource for molecular breeding.
